SOC 168 Test Two (Q&A's)

G.W.F. Hegel

Who originally developed the dialectical method that Karl Marx adapted for his own work about the contradictions of capitalism across time? 

 

• Auguste Comte

• Herbert Spencer

• G.W.F. Hegel

• V.I. Lenin

social facts

For Durkheim, society is made up of “BLANK,” which exceed our intuitive understanding and must be investigated through observations and measurements.

External social forces (e.g., norms, values) that influence individual behavior/phenomena irreducible to individual psychology..
Example: Marriage customs, laws, religious beliefs.

A country’s divorce rate

According to Durkheim, which of the following is a social fact?
A) A person’s personal preference for music
B) A country’s divorce rate
C) An individual’s mood
D) A single conversation

Division of labor and interdependence

In organic solidarity, social cohesion arises from:
A) Similarities in lifestyle
B) Shared religious beliefs
C) Division of labor and interdependence
D) Military structure

egoistic

What type of suicide involves low integration? (Low strength of attachment we have to society— someone who kills themselves due to poor social currents/loneliness)

anomic

What type of suicide involves low regulation? (Low degree of regulation, external constraints to society— someone killing themselves due to loss of norms, unregulated society/social group after financial loss, divorce, moral confusion)

altruistic

What type of suicide involves high integration? (High strength of attachment we have to society— someone killing themselves due to being in a cult, army)

fatalistic

What type of suicide involves high regulation? (High degree of regulation, external constraints to society— someone kills themselves as a result of oppression, slavery)

High interdependence among individuals

Organic solidarity emerges in societies with:
A) Low division of labor
B) Simple social structures
C) High interdependence among individuals
D) Uniform roles and shared values

Division of labor and mutual dependence

Durkheim argued that social solidarity is maintained through:
A) Shared economic interests
B) Division of labor and mutual dependence
C) Individual self-sufficiency
D) Political competition

totemism

Sacred symbols representing a social group or collective identity.

• Often take the form of animals, objects, or symbols

• Strengthens group identity and cohesion

egoistic, anomic

Durkheim admitted that some suicide is normal, but he argued that modern society has seen a pathological increase in both BLANK and BLANK suicides.

Religious institutions

In Marxist theory, which of the following is part of the superstructure?
A) Factories
B) Labor relations
C) Religious institutions
D) Raw materials

objectification, transformation

Labor is thus at the same time (1) the BLANK of our purpose, (2) the establishment of an essential relation between human need and the material objects of our need, and (3) the BLANK of our human nature.

C1-M-C

In a noncapitalist circulation of commodities, the circuit BLANK predominates.

• The primary goal of exchange in noncapitalist circulation is a commodity that one can use and enjoy.

money

In a capitalist circulation of commodities (M1-C-M2), the primary goal is to produce more BLANK. Commodities are purchased in order to generate profit, not necessarily for use. In the capitalist circuit, referred to by Marx (1867/1967:147) as “buying in order to sell,”.

material dialectics

It is this disinclination to deal in grand abstractions that led Marx away from Hegel and would lead him today to reject such a great oversimplification of the dialectic as thesis, antithesis, synthesis, he is instead used BLANK

He felt that the critical analysis of contemporary capitalism would help bring down capitalism.

According to Ritzer, which of the following is TRUE of Karl Marx’s communist predictions?

• He was wary of the notion of social decision making.

• He spent considerable time depicting what the communist world would look like. 

• He felt that the critical analysis of contemporary capitalism would help bring down capitalism.

• He painted utopian visions of the future.

false

T/F: Marx devoted the bulk of his scholarship to outlining how capitalism would transition into communism.

morality

According to Durkheim, which type of nonmaterial social facts provide the foundation for sociological study?

 

• morality

• collective representations

• social currents

• collective conscience
  

celebration of the individual and lack of sufficient moral restraint

Which of the following describes an anomic division of labor common to pathological societies?

 

• celebration of the individual and lack of sufficient moral restraint

• an over-regulated economic that forces people into positions for which they are poorly suited

• a shift from organic to mechanical economies

• an evolution toward isolated as opposed to interdependent occupations

Interpretive understanding of human action

Verstehen refers to:
A) Economic analysis
B) Statistical modeling
C) Interpretive understanding of human action
D) Military strategy

Acting based on efficiency and calculated goals

Instrumental rationality refers to:
A) Acting based on emotions
B) Acting based on efficiency and calculated goals
C) Following social traditions
D) Pursuing religious devotion

Religious values encouraging work and discipline

Weber’s theory of the Protestant Ethic argues that capitalism emerged due to:
A) Economic necessity
B) Religious values encouraging work and discipline
C) Political reforms
D) Military expansion

dynamic density

Which of the following did Durkheim see as the root cause behind the transition from mechanical to organic society?

• religion

• individualism

• morality

• dynamic density

alienation

Marx’s concept of ______ refers to how capitalism perverts human labor, thereby turning human potential against itself.

 

• Alienation

• objectification

• labor

• species being

 

the totality of beliefs and sentiments common to average citizens of the same society

Durkheim defines the collective conscience as…

 

• an essential element in mechanical solidarity which allows the society’s member to. engage in common, shared practices

• the totality of beliefs and sentiments common to average citizens of the same society

• the system of rituals and symbols that distinguish all that is sacred in a society

• the realization that society is the source of spiritual power

true

T/F: According to Durkheim, the problems associated with dynamic density are resolved by differentiation, especially in the division of labor.b

true

T/F: According to Durkheim, language is a social fact.

base

According to Marx’s historical materialism, the ______ of society refers to the ways people provide for their material needs and the economic relations that grow out of that production.

 

• institutions

• base

• superstructure

• structure

fatalistic

______ suicides occur when moral regulation is excessive and oppressive.

class-for-itself

In terms of the way it is defined, Marx’s ______ is aware of its exploitation and conflict with other classes.

 

• class-in-itself

• proletariat

• class-for-itself

• bourgeoisie

superstructure

According to Marx’s historical materialism, the ______ of society refers to the noneconomic relationships built atop the economic production of material commodities.

occupational associations

Which of the following social collectives does Durkheim think could reduce suicides by better regulating and integrating people into society?

 

• families

• schools

• churches

• occupational associations

false

T/F: Karl Marx was primarily concerned with explaining society; he was not concerned with social change.

egoistic

 ______ suicides occur when individuals are not well integrated into society.

cannot be directly observed

Nonmaterial social facts ______.

 

• are less important than material social facts

• cannot be directly observed

• cannot be empirically studied

• are easier to understand than material social facts

totemism

Which of the following did Durkheim view as the simplest, most primitive form of religion?

false

T/F: Societies with more diversity are more likely be held together with mechanical as opposed to organic solidarity.   

true

T/F: Marx argued that slave owners have a strong vested interest in keeping the slave alive; capitalists, Marx argued, do not feel that way about individual proletariats.

fetishism of commodities

Marx’s concept of ______ refers to the process in which commodities become separated from the needs and purposes of their creators.

• alienation

• species being

• fetishism of commodities

• objectification

species being

Marx’s concept of ______ refers to the unique potentials and powers humans obtain that set us apart from other animals.

 

• species being

• labor

• alienation

• objectification

the process of coming to believe that humanly created social structures are natural, universal, and absolute things

Which of the following describes the concept of reification?

 

• the process by which people become unable to interact with one another outside of economic exchanges

• the process by which people become less able to express their essential humanity

• the process of coming to believe that humanly created social structures are natural, universal, and absolute things

• the process by which a commodity takes on an independent, almost mystical reality

false

T/F: Marx believed that we are less alienated when we identify with and create strong emotional ties with our employers.

use value

According to Karl Marx, which of the following is connected to the intimate relation between human needs and the actual objects that can satisfy those needs?

collective conscience

According to Durkheim, which type of nonmaterial social facts are part of a structure created by the summation of people’s beliefs and sentiments?

class-in-itself

In terms of the way it is defined, Marx’s ______ is not aware of its exploitation and conflict with other classes.

 

• class-in-itself

• class-for-itself

• proletariat

• bourgeoisie

true

T/F: Durkheim argues social facts are best explained by other social facts.

M1-C1-M2

Which of the following is an accurate formula for capitalism according to Marx?

 

• C1-C2-M1

 

• M1-C1-M2

 

• M1-M2-C1

 

• C1-M1-C2

 

• M1-C1-C2

religion

Which of the following did Marx refer to as “the opium of the people?”

labor

Marx’s concept of ______ refers to the human activities undertaken to change material reality.

 

• species being

• alienation

• labor

• objectification