APUSH Terms

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General Court

Massachussets Bay colonies elected officials

John Winthrop

Made the "City Upon a Hill" speech and brought Puritans to America. Leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Restoration Colonies

Colonies under the royal crown given to loyal supporters

Leisler's Rebellion

After the Glorious Revolution, showed opposition to power concentrated in the wealthy class

Saratoga

Burgoyne's defeat that led to French assitance in the Revolutionary war

Quaker

Taught that all persons had an Inner Lights that allowed them to commune directly with God

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement that swept 18th century America. Rationalism; paved the war for American Revolution

Stamp Act

"No taxation without representation," established an internal tax in the colonies on paper goods

Tea Act

Britain's attempt to bail out the East India Company

French and Indian War

Its aftermath forced Britain to establish more control over the colonies and attempt to gain more revenue through taxes

Second Continental Congress

First unofficial government of the US, organized the Revolutionary War

Republican Motherhood

Defined the role of women in the early US; responsible for teaching their children virtues of being a good citizen

Shay's Rebellion

Caused by a poor economy for farmers after the Revolutionary War, showed weakness of the Articles of Confederation

Articles of Confederation

Created a league of friendship between states and a weak central government

Great Awakening

New Light vs Old Light; stressed emotional and personal experience of religion

Treaty of Paris of 1783

America's first land acquisition was done through this

Anti-Federalists

Loosely-organized group that did not support a strong central government

Writs of Assistance

British attempt to strengthen mercantilism by allowing unwarranted searches

Townshend Acts

Britain's attempt to externally tax colonies

Bill of Rights

First list of civil rights for Americans

Dominion of New England

Britain's first attempt to establish more control over the colonies

Common Sense

Revolutionary pamphlet

Navigation Acts

Foundation for Britain's mercantilist system

Hamilton's Reports

3 messages that were meant to stabilize American economy

Election of 1800

"We are federalists. We are all Republicans"

Judiciary Act of 1789

Set up federal court as we know it

Pinckney Treaty

Opened Mississippi to trade

Albany Congress

First attempt at colonial unification that ultimately failed

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

According to these, states had the right to pronounce unconstitutional laws nullified

Newburgh Conspiracy

Occurred because the army wasn't getting paid

Yazoo claims

Jefferson allowed corrupted investors to purchase 5 million acres of land

Jay's Treaty

Britain left the northwest forts in 1790

Federalist Papers

Meant to persuade New Yorkers to accept the Constitution

Embargo of 1807

Jefferson's attempt to be neutral in British-Franco conflict

Federal Naturalization Law of 1790

Stated only white persons were eligible to be citizens

Marbury v Madison

Adam's appointment of midnight judges

Alien and Sedition Acts

Aimed at hurting and quieting Republican opposition

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Group who gathered scientific data on their journey and strengthened US claim to Oregon

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

War almost broke out in 1807

Bacon's Rebellion

Uprising which occurred because of desire for Native American lands

Northwest Ordinance

One of the few successes by the Articles; set regulation for statehood

Louisiana Purchase

One of Jefferson's inconsistencies; hoped it would solidify America's agrarian naure for years to come

Whiskey Rebellion

Pennsylvania farmers hurt by taxes on corn led to this event

Half-Way Covenant

Let children of baptised, even if they weren't saints, get baptised

XYZ Affair

French ambasator XY and Z tried to bribe the US ambasators for them to meet their minister. Led to Quasi-War, the Alien and Sedition Act, and the establishment of the US Navy.

Hartford Convention

New England Federalists drafted a list of proposals and threatoned secession

Tecumseh

Alarmed by the loss of Native American lands, tried to unite Native tribes

Treaty of Ghent

Showed the uselessness of the war of 1812

Rush-Bagot Treaty

British warships would not remain in Great Lakes (demilitarization)

"American System"

National policy proposed by Henry Clay

Monroe Doctrine

Final attempt in US foreign policy to settle outside influences during the Era of Good Feelings

Missouri Compromise

Attempt to appease both North and South by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to the Union

Panic of 1819

Directly related to land overspeculation

Samuel Slater

Brought plans for textile factories to the US

McCulloch v Maryland

Established constitutionality of the Second Bank of the US; re-established dominace of federalism

Gibbons v Ogden

Established constitutionality of interstate commerce

Adams-Onis Treaty

Gave US possession of Florida, set border from Atlantic to Pacific

Barbary Wars

Began under Jefferson in response to demands of tribute from Tripoli

Dartmouth v Woodward

Ruled that states could not interfere with legal contracts

Cotton Culture

Existed in the South due to the existence of slavery, plantations, and a dominant crop

Maysville Road

Jackson’s veto of this signaled the end of internal improvements by the federal government

Tariff of Abominations

A high import duty on many products bought by Southern plantations

Force Bill

Empowered Jackson to use federal troops to enforce laws

Kitchen Cabinet

A group of Partisan supporters who had Jackson’s ear and confidence

Worcester v Georgia

Ruling which supported Indian sovereignty; ignored by Jackson

Second Great Awakening

This had a marked emphasis on personal salvation and nationalistic faith

Nicholas Biddle

Attempted to thwart Jackson’s use of pet banks

Lowell System

Employed women in early factories/mills

corrupt bargain

Jackson accused Adams and Clay of this

Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)

Occurred in the Senate. Argument over constitutionality of nullification

Tocqueville’s Democracy in America

Result of observations from traveling through America; observed the Trail of Tears

Specie Circular

This stated that federal land sales could only be paid with hard money

Horace Mann

Education reformer

The Liberator

“And I will be heard”

McGuffey’s Reader

One of America’s first standeardized textbooks

Seneca Falls Declaration

Early women’s rights manifesto

Manifest Destiny

Idea that God had preordained American success and expansion

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Depiction of the evils of slavery

Compromise of 1850

Allowed California to join the Union as a free state

Wilmot Proviso

Stipulated any lands taken from Mexico could not practice slavery or hold slaves

Hudson River School

Painters who focussed their work on America’s natural landscape

“The American Scholar”

Ralph Waldo Emerson’s speech

Free Soil Party

Political unit meant to keep slavery from expanding

Minstrel Shows

Shows by whites in blackface that perpetuated racist stereotyped about black people

Commodore Mathew Perry

Member of the US military who compelled the opening of Japan to the west with the treaty of Kanagawa in 1854. Wanted to show the power of the US and to intimidate Japan (gunboat diplomacy). Modernize the US Navy.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Allowed Douglas’s railroad to take a northern route. Law that allowed for popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories. It contradicted the Missouri compromise.

Bleeding Kansas

Mini “civil war” that broke out; popular sovereignty. Involved abolitionists and pro-slavery people, more strain between the north and south. Northerners and southerners went to Kansas because of popular sovereignty (1854-1859).

Dred-Scott Decision

Said slaves weren’t citizens and therefore couldn’t sue. Said that since slaves were property of their masters, a slave isn’t automatically granted freedom when their master moves them to a new state or territory. Even black people in free states weren’t granted citizenship.

Yeoman Farmers

Non-slaveholding family farmers. They would sometimes rent slaves during harvest time. They usually owned their own modest farm and worked it primarily with family labor.

Hinton R. Helper

Author of “The Impending Crisis of the South”; he hated both slavery and blocks but claimed that non-slaveowning whites were the victims of slavery.

Know Nothing Party

Highlighted the political unease in the 1850s; anti Catholic and anti foreign. Opposed immigration and Catholic influence. Fuled by fears that the country was being overrun by German and Irish immigrants.

Ostend Manifesto

Document written in 1854. Called upon US to acquire Cuba - struck fear into Northerners worried about the expansion of slavery.

Freeport Doctrine

States could decide if they wanted to follow Dred-Scott rule of not. Stated the exclusion of slavery in territory (where is was legal) could be determined by refusal of the voters to enact any laws that protect slavery property. Territorial legislatures have say in whether slavery existed, not supreme court.

John Brown

Helped cause the civil war, led to the south’s created of a stronger military. Northern abolitionist, involved in the raid on harpers ferry (caused sectional tensions).

First Battle of Bull Run

Sent the message that the civil war wouldn’t be concluded so quickly. First major battle of the civil war. Resulting in southern victory.