middle childhood

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21 Terms

1

What are key physical growth patterns in middle childhood?

  • Grow 2-3 inches and gain 5-7 pounds per year.

  • By age 11, avg height: ~52 inches; avg weight: ~82 lbs (girls), ~77 lbs (boys).

  • Girls grow taller than boys starting around age 9.

  • Lower body grows fastest; long-legged appearance.

  • Girls accumulate fat faster; boys develop more muscle.

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2

How does the brain develop during middle childhood?

  • Pruning of unused synapses increases motor speed and reaction time.

  • Cerebellum growth & myelination improve motor skills and attention.

  • Prefrontal cortex develops, enhancing response inhibition.

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3

What are common gross and fine motor milestones in middle childhood?

  • 6-7 Years: Skipping, cutting with scissors.

  • 8-9 Years: Jumping vertically, neater handwriting.

  • 10-12 Years: Jumping higher, drawing detailed images.

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4

What cognitive abilities improve in middle childhood?

  • Tell time, understand cause-and-effect relationships.

  • Think symbolically, read and comprehend books.

  • Solve logical problems (math, conservation tasks).

  • Apply memory strategies like rehearsal.

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5

What are characteristics of Piaget’s concrete operational stage?

Logical, flexible, and organized thinking applied to concrete information.

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6

What are key conservation milestones in Piaget’s theory?

  • 7-8: Conservation of substance.

  • 9-10: Conservation of weight.

  • 12: Conservation of volume.

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7

What are Vygotsky’s stages of learning activities?

  • 0-1 Years: Intuitive & emotional contact.

  • 1-3 Years: Object manipulation.

  • 3-7 Years: Playing games.

  • 7-11 Years: Learning activities (structured education).

  • 11-15 Years: Social communication.

  • 15-17 Years: Vocational learning.

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8

How does information processing improve in middle childhood?

  • Increased attention span and ability to focus on relevant information.

  • Better working memory and executive function.

  • Growth in metacognition and problem-solving.

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9

How does theory of mind develop during this stage?

  • Children reflect on their own thought processes.

  • Recognize that success in tasks depends on attention.

  • Understand interrelatedness of memory and comprehension.

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10

What are key language milestones in middle childhood?

  • Vocabulary expands ~4x (~40,000 words by age 12).

  • Improved use of grammar and sentence structure.

  • Enjoys puns, riddles, metaphors.

  • Uses passive voice and conditional sentences.

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11

Industry vs. Inferiority

  • Developing competence in useful skills.

  • Success leads to confidence; failure can result in feelings of inferiority.

  • Influenced by school, family, and peer interactions.

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12

How do emotions develop in middle childhood?

  • Personal responsibility increases self-conscious emotions.

  • Motivated by self-esteem and peer approval.

  • Understand mixed emotions and show greater empathy.

  • Improved emotional regulation and coping strategies.

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13

What are common coping strategies used by children?

Problem solving, cognitive reframing, support seeking, avoidance, rumination

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14

Popular-Prosocial

Friendly, cooperative, socially skilled.

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15

Popular-Antisocial

Aggressive but socially skilled ("tough kids").

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16

Rejected-Aggressive

Poor social skills, often bullied.

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17

Rejected-Withdrawn

Socially anxious, avoids peers.

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18

Controversial

Both liked and disliked.

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19

Neglected

Ignored but not necessarily disliked.

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20

What are characteristics of friendships during this stage?

  • More selective; friendships last longer.

  • Based on shared interests and trust.

  • Peer groups influence behavior and development.

  • Aggressive friends can reinforce antisocial behaviors.

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21

How does moral reasoning develop in middle childhood?

  • Move from preconventional (obedience & self-interest) to conventional (social norms & rules).

  • Understand fairness, justice, and perspective-taking.

  • Begin to apply moral principles to real-life situations

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