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What are key physical growth patterns in middle childhood?
Grow 2-3 inches and gain 5-7 pounds per year.
By age 11, avg height: ~52 inches; avg weight: ~82 lbs (girls), ~77 lbs (boys).
Girls grow taller than boys starting around age 9.
Lower body grows fastest; long-legged appearance.
Girls accumulate fat faster; boys develop more muscle.
How does the brain develop during middle childhood?
Pruning of unused synapses increases motor speed and reaction time.
Cerebellum growth & myelination improve motor skills and attention.
Prefrontal cortex develops, enhancing response inhibition.
What are common gross and fine motor milestones in middle childhood?
6-7 Years: Skipping, cutting with scissors.
8-9 Years: Jumping vertically, neater handwriting.
10-12 Years: Jumping higher, drawing detailed images.
What cognitive abilities improve in middle childhood?
Tell time, understand cause-and-effect relationships.
Think symbolically, read and comprehend books.
Solve logical problems (math, conservation tasks).
Apply memory strategies like rehearsal.
What are characteristics of Piaget’s concrete operational stage?
Logical, flexible, and organized thinking applied to concrete information.
What are key conservation milestones in Piaget’s theory?
7-8: Conservation of substance.
9-10: Conservation of weight.
12: Conservation of volume.
What are Vygotsky’s stages of learning activities?
0-1 Years: Intuitive & emotional contact.
1-3 Years: Object manipulation.
3-7 Years: Playing games.
7-11 Years: Learning activities (structured education).
11-15 Years: Social communication.
15-17 Years: Vocational learning.
How does information processing improve in middle childhood?
Increased attention span and ability to focus on relevant information.
Better working memory and executive function.
Growth in metacognition and problem-solving.
How does theory of mind develop during this stage?
Children reflect on their own thought processes.
Recognize that success in tasks depends on attention.
Understand interrelatedness of memory and comprehension.
What are key language milestones in middle childhood?
Vocabulary expands ~4x (~40,000 words by age 12).
Improved use of grammar and sentence structure.
Enjoys puns, riddles, metaphors.
Uses passive voice and conditional sentences.
Industry vs. Inferiority
Developing competence in useful skills.
Success leads to confidence; failure can result in feelings of inferiority.
Influenced by school, family, and peer interactions.
How do emotions develop in middle childhood?
Personal responsibility increases self-conscious emotions.
Motivated by self-esteem and peer approval.
Understand mixed emotions and show greater empathy.
Improved emotional regulation and coping strategies.
What are common coping strategies used by children?
Problem solving, cognitive reframing, support seeking, avoidance, rumination
Popular-Prosocial
Friendly, cooperative, socially skilled.
Popular-Antisocial
Aggressive but socially skilled ("tough kids").
Rejected-Aggressive
Poor social skills, often bullied.
Rejected-Withdrawn
Socially anxious, avoids peers.
Controversial
Both liked and disliked.
Neglected
Ignored but not necessarily disliked.
What are characteristics of friendships during this stage?
More selective; friendships last longer.
Based on shared interests and trust.
Peer groups influence behavior and development.
Aggressive friends can reinforce antisocial behaviors.
How does moral reasoning develop in middle childhood?
Move from preconventional (obedience & self-interest) to conventional (social norms & rules).
Understand fairness, justice, and perspective-taking.
Begin to apply moral principles to real-life situations