Political Restoration and Reform, Isms and 19th Cent. Rev, and the Age of National Unification Key Terms

Charles X

Felt bitter about the French Rev, Law of Sacrilege that ruled death as the penalty for attack on the Church, appointed the Prince of Polignac as his chief minister (someone disliked by the country for being a leading ultra-royalist)

July Revolution

Happened in 1830, prompted revolution throughout Europe, ended with the crowning of Louis Phillipe and the created of the bourgeois (July monarchy), caused by leading liberals who were afraid of Parisian mob and wanted to avoid the creation of a Republic because they associated republics with the violence of the first French Republic dating back to 1792

Carbonari

A secret Italian nationalistic society that helped the Neapolitan army officers and members of the bourgeoisie oppose the monarch

“Eastern Question”

What should be done about the increasingly weak Ottoman Empire, which was breaking down after a series of rulers who couldn’t keep the groups united, tied to the Greek Revolt

Nicholas I

Brother of the dead Alexander I, took over Russia, ruled with an iron fist in response to the Decembrist revolt and made sure there weren’t anymore revolts in his country

Decembrist revolt

When a small group of military officers staged a revolt in support of Constantine, the brother of Alexander I of Russia who had just died. Constantine had turned down the throne but the officers believed that he had wrongly been removed from succession and had intended to implement a constitutional monarchy. The revolt was put down quickly and brutally, and as a result Nicholas I made sure to stamp out movements of reform within Russia

Poor Law of 1834

Forced the destitute to enter into workhouses where conditions were purposefully miserable to discourage people from seeking assistance

Factory Act of 1833

Reduced the number of hours that children could work in factories and established government inspectors to ensure adequate working conditions

Corn Laws (eliminated in 1846)

The laws had imposed high tariffs on imported grain to support domestic growers, they were eliminated in 1846 which showed that G.B. was dominated by manufacturing interests as opposed to the old, landed class, as manufacturers had long supported the end of the these laws because they believed that lower food prices would allow them to pay lower wages to their factory workers

Conservatism

Means commitment to traditional values or beliefs with opposition to change or innovation, rooted in Edmund Burke’s writings (Reflections on the Revolution in France), attack on the principle of the Rights of Man and natural law as fundamentally dangerous to the social order, and emphasis on the role of tradition as the basic underpinning for the rights of those in positions of authority, more extreme form of reactionary conservatism in writings of Joseph de Maistre (advocated that monarchs should be stern with those who advocated even the tiniest degree of political reform)

Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France

Nationalism

Based on the idea that all people’s identities are defined by their connection to a nation and they owe primary loyalty to this nation, emerged as an important ideology during French Rev b/c of conscription (men getting called to serve for their country) which helped create the idea of a citizen whose loyalty lies in their nation, also became important in other parts of Europe in react to expansion in France, in Germany and Italy they wanted to get French soldiers out of their land which created a unifying purpose, was tied to liberalism bc liberals wanted political equality and freedom as well

Liberalism

Foundations found in the writings of philosophers in the Enlightenment, emphasis on the individual’s natural rights and support for limits on political authorities (think Kamala supporters now), connected to early stages of French Rev w/ constitutional monarchy, they hoped to protect the rights of individuals by limiting the power of the state and by emphasizing the individual’s right to enjoy religious freedom, freedom of the press, and equality under the law, also a school of economic thought, most important figures were Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, Jeremy Bentham, and Harriet Taylor

Individual rights

Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

Mercantilism

Laissez-faire

Thomas Malthus, Essay on Population

David Ricardo, “Iron Law of Wages”

John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, The Subjection of Women

Harriet Taylor

Wife of John Stuart Mill, a feminist who inspired Mill’s book The Subjection of Women, which argued in favor of granting full equality to women

Jeremy Bentham

Utilitarianism

Socialism

Partly rooted in the French Rev, radical Jacobins took the idea of political equality for all to the next step: economic equality for all through the common ownership of all property

Henri de Saint-Simon

Charles Fourier

A Utopian Socialist who was considered the blueprint for a cooperative community, and he hoped to make the workday more satisfying by rotating tasks so that everyone would do the boring tasks but not exclusively, and he thought that since children liked to play with dirt, they should take care of the community’s garbage

Robert Owen

Utopian Socialists

Phrase coined by Karl Marx, they believed that expansive possibilities were available to humankind and that poor environments corrupted human nature, also that capitalism overemphasized production, under emphasized distribution, and possessed other serious flaws, such as unemployment and the suffering brought about by low wages

Florence Nightingale

Concert of Europe

Pope Pius IX

Risorgimento

Count Camillo di Cavour

Giuseppe Mazzini

Giuseppe Garibaldi

“Red shirts”

Victor Emmanuel

Franco-Prussian War

Otto von Bismarck

“Blood and Iron”

Danish War

Seven Weeks’ War

Ems dispatch

“Kulturkampf”

Third French Republic

Paris Commune

Great Reform Bill of 1832

Passed in Great Britain, it was hardly radical and expanded the electorate to include those who had become wealthy as a result of industrialization, and it reduced the number of rotten boroughs (sparsely populated electoral districts), it showed that political reform was possible in G.B. without having to resort to the barricades as in continental Europe

Benjamin Disraeli

Second Reform Bill

William Gladstone

Queen Victoria

Tsar Alexander II

Sultan Abdul Mejid

“Young Turks”

Sultan Abdul Hamid II

Revolutions of 1848

About 50 revolts that took place in Europe in the first four months of that year, all of these rebellions were fairly disjointed but one common thread throughout was the widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership and an upsurge in nationalism motivated citizen demands for democratic government as well as other liberal reforms (as a result of the French Rev)