1. why microbiology?

half hour, 2 questions

why is microbiology important to pharmacists?

-drug resistance

-certain drugs work on certain infectious agents and not others

drug resistance is connected to ____________

fast growth of microorganisms

explain reason for __________ requirement to prevent ________ and secure ____________

-compliance

-resistance

-healing

can penicillin/amoxicillin be used for Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia or mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia?

streptococcus pneumoniae

-mycoplasma pneumoniae has no true cell wall/lacks peptidoglycan, so there is no target for penicillin

T/F microorganisms are sources or factories of many drugs

True!

what is the source of cyclosporins?

fungus tolypocladium inflatum

what is the source of zocor?

fermentation product of Aspergillus terreus (fungus)

human insulin (humulin) is made in __________ by genetic engineering

yeast

what is the thing rudolf virchow said about cell theory?

every cell comes from a cell

what did they use to look at cell growth?

sterilizing (heating) broth

-open container: spoiled with microorganisms

-sealed container: no organisms appear eliminates spontaneous generation as source of life

pasteurization

process of heating liquids in order to destroy viruses and harmful organizms

-named after Louis Pasteur

T/F pasteurization is total killing of life in liquid

FALSE NOT total killing NOT sterilization

cells are classified by

1. fundamental units of structure
   -absence/presence of nucleus: prokaryotes v eukaryotes

2. energy-obtaining method

   -autotroph or heterotroph

absence of nucleus

prokaryotes

pro rhymes with no

presence of nucleus

eukaryotes

eu (you) rhymes with do

autotroph

make their own food

(plants)

heterotroph

gets energy from organic material

(humans/animals)

bacteria are prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

prokaryotes

bacteria have what kind of cell wall?

peptidoglycan

examples of infections caused by bacteria

-cholera

-lyme disease

-syphilis

-meningitis

-tuberculosis

fungi (including yeast) are prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

eukaryotes

fungi have what kind of cell wall?

chitin

examples of infections caused by fungi

-athlete's foot

-thrush

-other skin infections

what kind of cell wall do parasites have?

NONE haha idiot

examples of infections caused by parasites (eukaryotes): protozoa

-malaria

-sleeping sickness

-giardiasis

examples of infections caused by parasites (eukaryotes): helminths or worms

-tape worms

-schistomiasis

-river blindness

viruses are __________ at the genetic level

parasites

viruses are divided into 2 groups

-DNA viruses

-RNA viruses

what is true about viruses regarding metabolism and reproduction?

no metabolism nor reproduction on their own

where do viruses derive energy from?

host

example of mild viral disease

common cold

example of severe viral disease

HIV-AIDS

virus

packaged group of genes with specific instructions to build viral components

T/F a virus is a cell

FALSE

genetic material of viruses can be _______ or ________

-DNA

-RNA

prion diseases

-slow viral diseases

-infectious proteins

—mutated form of a normal protein

examples of slow neurological diseases caused by prions

-kuru

-creutzfeldt-jakob disease (CJD)

-bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

-scrapie

-slow wasting in deer and elk

what is used to treat bacterial infections? what problem can be associated with it?

antibiotics

problem: developing resistance

what is used to treat protozoan infections? what problem can be associated with it?

antiparasitic drugs

problem: developing resistance

what is used to treat fungal and yeast infections?

antifungals

drugs to treat worm infections are usually _________

not very effective or toxic

T/F there are no effective drugs for prion disease, but they're in development

TRUE

characteristics of a good antibiotic drug

1. effective killing or inhbition of growth of pathogen

2. selective toxicity

effective killing or inhibition of growth of pathogen

drug interferes with biological function or metabolic pathway

-inhibits replication enzyme (DNA POL)

-inhibits protein or cell wall synthesis

selective toxicity

1. does not harm the host

2. no inhibition of essential functions of the host

3. no damage of host tissues or organs

best antibiotic exploits __________

metabolic or other differences between infectious agent and host

why is penicillin a good antibiotic?

inhibits peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis in bacteria humans don't have cell wall