General content

Phonological Environment

________: corresponds to the segments after or before a given phone, or the place it occupies in the word or utterance.

Phonetic

________: relates to the articulation, transmission, and perception of all speech sounds in all the human languages.

Allophone

________: member of a phoneme with "similar "sounds.

Phoneme

________: minimal sound unit which distinguish meanings.

Phonemic Phonological

________: relates to the phonemes of a language.

Phonemic/Phonological

relates to the phonemes of a language

Phonetic

relates to the articulation, transmission, and perception of all speech sounds in all the human languages

Phonological Environment

corresponds to the segments after or before a given phone, or the place it occupies in the word or utterance

Phoneme

minimal sound unit which distinguish meanings

Allophone

member of a phoneme with "similar" sounds

Facilitation

similarities between two systems. It is also called "positive transfer".

Interference

differences between two systems. It is also called "negative transfer".

Lenis

English consonants which tend to be articulated with relatively weak energy.

Fortis

English consonants which tend to be articulated with relatively strong energy.

Complete closure

affricates, nasals, plosives.

Partial closure

laterals.

Intermittent closure

flap or roll [ ɾ, r ].

Narrowing with friction

fricatives.

Narrowing without friction

approximants.

Oral speech sound

is produced when the position of the velum or soft palate is raised.

Nasal sounds

are produced when the velum is lowered.

Obstruents

when the constriction to the airflow through the vocal tract is sufficient to cause noise.

Sonorants

voiced sounds in which there is no noise component.

Obstruents (cons)

plosives, fricatives and affricates.

Sonorants (cons)

nasals, lateral, approximants and vowels.

Air

raw material of speech.

Airstream mechanism

pulmonic egressive.

Free variation

when two or more allophones can be found in the same phonological environment.

Complementary distribution

when two or more allophones cannot be found in the same phonological environment.