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until page 5 only for 1ST LE

3rd

TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF FLAGELLATES:

kingdom: protista -- it is the __ kingdom in the organism world

Sarcomastigophora

mastigophora

TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF FLAGELLATES:

kingdom: protista

Phylum: ___

subphylum: ___

phytomastigophora and zoomastigophora

TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF FLAGELLATES:

kingdom: protista

Phylum: sarcomastigophora

subphylum: mastigophora

class: what are the 2 types which are classified into 2 based on the presence or absence of plastids

chromatophores or plastids

TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF FLAGELLATES:

kingdom: protista

Phylum: sarcomastigophora

subphylum: mastigophora

class: phytomastigophora has __

does not have chromatophores or plastid

TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF FLAGELLATES:

kingdom: protista

Phylum: sarcomastigophora

subphylum: mastigophora

class: phytomastigophora has plastid or chromatophores while **zoomastigophora __**

plastids

___ are organelles in which photosynthesis occurs and can also be found in plants and algae, however the function of plastids in obligate intracellular parasites has not been established.

chromatophores

___ - they are cytoplasmic structures that give color and pigment to your cytoplasm.

* bodonida
* tetramitida
* hexamitida
* trichomonadida
* trypanosomatida

TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF FLAGELLATES:

kingdom: protista

Phylum: sarcomastigophora

subphylum: mastigophora

class: zoomastigophora and phytomastigophora

order:?? enumerate

2

TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF FLAGELLATES:

kingdom: protista

Phylum: sarcomastigophora

subphylum: mastigophora

class: zoomastigophora and phytomastigophora

order: **Bodonida has __ flagella**

tetramitida - 3 flagella

hexamitida - 6 or 8 flagella

Trichomonadida - 3 to 5 flagella

trypanosomatida - single flagellum

TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF FLAGELLATES:

kingdom: protista

Phylum: sarcomastigophora

subphylum: mastigophora

class: zoomastigophora and phytomastigophora

order:

* Bodonida has 2 flagella


* **Tetramitida has __ flagella**
* **Hexamitida has __ flagella**
* **Trichomonatida has __ flagella**
* **Trypanosomatida has __ flagellum**

bodonidae

INTESTINAL (DIGESTIVE AND UROGENITAL) FLAGELLATES: IDENTIFY THE FAMILY:

* Usually has 2 flagella: 1 is directed anteriorly, the other is posteriorly & trailing both arising from a blepharoplast in front of the nucleus.

retortamonas intestinalis

INTESTINAL (DIGESTIVE AND UROGENITAL) FLAGELLATES: give 1 member under the family of bodonidae

retortamonas intestinalis

INTESTINAL (DIGESTIVE AND UROGENITAL) FLAGELLATES: IDENTIFY THE MEMBER: bodonidae

* Most important member
* Non-pathogenic but opportunistic
* Only harmful in immunocompromised patients

BODONIDAE; Retortamonas intestinalis

IDENTIFY THE FAMILY AND MEMBER

BODONIDAE; Retortamonas intestinalis

IDENTIFY THE FAMILY AND MEMBER:

* In total, the posterior part also contains a small version of a flagella
* Has 3; but the most prominent feature is found in the interior portion (the trailing one)
* Flagella is for the locomotion of the parasite

TETRAMITIDAE

INTESTINAL (DIGESTIVE AND UROGENITAL) FLAGELLATES: IDENTIFY THE FAMILY:

* 3 anterior flagella, with 4th trailing flagellum
* Lack an axostyle or other axial organelles

Enteromonas hominis

name 1 member under tetramitidae

tetramitidae, Enteromonas hominis, there are 3 anterior flagellum, trailing, and a posterior flagellum

identify the family and the member:

also identify the flagellum located

Chilomastigidae

INTESTINAL (DIGESTIVE AND UROGENITAL) FLAGELLATES: IDENTIFY THE FAMILY:

* 3 anteriorly directed free flagella, 4th delicate flagellum lying within a cytosomal cleft
* Pear-shaped cysts with clear visible cytosome

Chilomastix mesnili

give one member under chilomastigidae

3 anterior flagellum, 4th delicate flagellum (shorter and curved), axostyle (spine of organism)

IDENTIFY THE FAMILY AND THE MEMBER: also find the flagellum and their location

axostyle

what is known as the spine of organism

5 flagella (3 anterior, 4th delicate, 1 posterior)

in total, how many flagellum are there in Chilomastix mesnili (member of Chilomastigidae)

HEXAMITIDAE

INTESTINAL (DIGESTIVE AND UROGENITAL) FLAGELLATES: IDENTIFY THE FAMILY:

* Have 2 nuclei lying side by side in the same transverse plane, 6 to 8 (3 to 4 pairs) flagella in bilateral symmetry
*  Usually, there are 6 flagella

Giardia lamblia

give one member under hexamitidae

Hexamitidae, Giardia lamblia

IDENTIFY THE FAMILY AND MEMBER:

* Described to be **bilateral symmetry** (whatever parts or structures that is found in the right side, can also be seen in the left side)

Hexamitidae; Giardia lamblia

IDENTIFY THE FAMILY AND MEMBER:

Trichomonadidae

INTESTINAL (DIGESTIVE AND UROGENITAL) FLAGELLATES: IDENTIFY THE FAMILY:

* Have 4 anterior flagella
* Have cytosome with 3 to have free flagella
* Additional flagellum on the margin of an undulating

membrane
* Axostyle protrudes through the posterior end of the body

Trichomonas vaginalis; Dientamoeba fragilis

name the members under trichomonadidae

Trichomonadidae; Trichomonas vaginalis; Dientamoeba fragilis; red arrow is **Undulating flagellum** while the orange at the middle is the **Axostyle**

IDENTIFY THE FAMILY & MEMBER as well as name the arrows pointed

Trypanosomatidae

BLOOD AND TISSUE FLAGELLATES: IDENTIFY THE FAMILY:

* Single flagellum which arises from a nucleus and kinetoplast (composed of Blepharoplast & Parabasal body)

* trypanosomes & Leishmania

name the members under trypanosomatidae

Trypanosomes & Leishmania

Trypanosomatidae: they are members who are medically important

Trypanosomes

Trypanosomatidae: ____ blood parasites/ flagellates

leishmania

Trypanosomatidae: ___ are tissue flagellates

Blepharoplast and Parabasal body

trypanosomatidae contains **kinetoplast** which are made of ??

true

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: T/F: **Motion** is by **flagella**. The flagellum arises from kinetoplast. The kinetoplast is composed of the **blepharoplast** and the **parabasal body**.

Blepharoplast

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: ___ protein structure that serves as the base of the flagella; site for nucleation (production of the nucleus and microtubules)

Parabasal body

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: ___ - similar to Golgi bodies in plants; serve as intracellular structure membranes which glycosylation and packaging of secretive proteins take place.

true

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: T/F: **Vesicular nucleus** with **central karyosome**.

* Some flagella have granulated nucleus but they are mononucleated

binary fission

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:

* Reproduction is by longitudinal ___.
* Asexual method; therefore, there are no male and female flagella.

1. SIMPLE LIFE CYCLE
2. COMPLEX LIFE CYCLE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Complex life cycles include alternation of hosts.

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF LIFE CYCLES IN FLAGELLATES

SIMPLE LIFE CYCLE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: THE TWO TYPES OF LIFE CYCLES IN FLAGELLATES:

* ___ - urogenital and intestinal flagellates

COMPLEX LIFE CYCLE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: THE TWO TYPES OF LIFE CYCLES IN FLAGELLATES:

* ___ - tissue and blood flagellates

Intermediate hosts

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: ___ commonly serve as vectors, which transport developing parasites from one definitive host to another.

DEFINITIVE HOST

“the organism harbors the sexual portion of the parasite”

a. Trypanosoma

B. Leishmania

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:

* Their transmission requires a biological vector.
* Parasitical species parasites of tissues and blood are??

TRUE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: T/F: Their transmission **does not require** a biological vector.

Free-living

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:

* SPECIES LIVING IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT AND GENITALS ARE:
* ___ flagellates.
* __ in the digestive tract and genetals
* Can survive in the environment even outside the

body of the host

a. Giardia lamblia

b. Trichomonas vaginalis

c. Trichomonas hominis

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:

examples under transmission does not require a biological vector

C. Giardia lamblia

GROUPS OF PARASITES WITH MEDICAL & PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE: THE FF ARE **NON-PATHOGENIC** EXCEPT:

A. Chilomastix mesnili

B. Dientamoeba fragilis

C. Giardia lamblia \n D. Trichomonas hominis

B. Trichomonas vaginalis

GROUPS OF PARASITES WITH MEDICAL & PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE: THE FF ARE **PATHOGENIC**:

A. Trichomonas tenax

B. Trichomonas vaginalis

C. Retortamonas intestinalis

D. Enteromonas hominis

TRUE

DIFFERENTIATING FLAGELLATES: T/F: Flagellates are one of the **smallest parasites** under the microscope.

* ANTERIOR FLAGELLA
* UNDULATING MEMBRANE
* NUCLEUS

IN DIFFERENTIATING FLAGELLATES, YOU WILL NEED TO OBSERVE THE PRESENCE OF??

MOVEMENT

In dealing with flagellates in the laboratory, observe first the ___

presence of the nucleus

To differentiate a contaminant from a real parasite, take note of the ___.

The development of trophozoite and cyst.

There are only 2 stages in the life cycle of flagellates. What are they??

cyst

___ are the inactive form; just like cells; round or oval in shape

Chilomastix mesnili

identify the parasite:

* **common name** - none
* **geographical distribution** - Cosmopolitan
* **pathogenesis -** Nonpathogenic but opportunistic
* **Habitat** - Colon

chilomastix mesnili: identify the ff:

* common name
* geographical distribution
* pathogenesis
* Habitat

* **Intermediate host** - none
* **Reservoir host** - none
* **Infected form** - Mature Cyst
* **Mode of infection** - Ingestion

chilomastix mesnili: identify the ff:

* Intermediate host
* Reservoir host
* Infected form
* Mode of infection

* **mode of entry** - mouth
* **laboratory indication** - Direct Fecal Smear (Wet & Stained)
* **specimen source** - Feces

chilomastix mesnili: identify the ff:

* mode of entry
* laboratory indication
* specimen source

Chilomastix Mesnili Trophozoite

identify :

* **size** - 6-24 micometer/microns
* **shape** - pyriform; Asymmetrical; with a longitudinal spiral torsion
* **nucleus** - one (mononucleated); relatively big; large nucleus to cytoplasm ratio; usually found in the anterior portion of the organism, by the cytoplasm, centrally located karyosome

Chilomastix Mesnili Trophozoite: Identify the ff:

* size
* shape
* nucleus

**flagella:**

* **external -** 2; anterior
* **internal -** 1; cytostomal
* **kinetosomes -** anterior; connected by microfibrils

**Chromosomal groove:** prominent; near the anterior end; hour glass shape

**Cytostomal Fibril:** support along each side of the cytostomal groove

Chilomastix Mesnili Trophozoite: Identify the ff:

CYTOPLASM:

**flagella:**

* **external -**
* **internal -**
* **kinetosomes -**

**Chromosomal groove:**

**Cytostomal Fibril:**

**mobility** - stiff and rotary

Chilomastix Mesnili Trophozoite:

* mobility

Chilomastix Mesnili cyst

identify:

* **size** - 6-10 microns/micrometer
* **shape -** prominent lemon-shape, ovoid
* **nucleus** - one
* **cytoplasm** - remnants of flagella, kinetosomes, and cytostomal groove (hour-glass shape); hyaline anterior nipple

Chilomastix Mesnili cyst: identify the ff:

* **size**
* **shape**
* **nucleus**
* **cytoplasm**

cytoplasm of chilomastix mesnili cyst

* remnants of flagella, kinetosomes, and cytostomal groove (hour-glass shape); hyaline anterior nipple

* infective stage
* Diagnostic stage

LIFE CYCLE OF CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: what are the 2 different roles/stages

infective stage

LIFE CYCLE OF CHILOMASTIX MESNILI:

* Stage that causes infection to humans.
* Stage being ingested by humans.

diagnostic stage

LIFE CYCLE OF CHILOMASTIX MESNILI:

* Stage that you can identify in the laboratory using the specimen.

* **mode of infection:** ingestion of contaminated food or drinks
* **portal of entry:** mouth
* **final habitat:** large intestine

Chilomastix mesnili:

* mode of infection:
* portal of entry:
* final habitat:

cyst

cyst or trophozoite:

* under the stained smear, the remnant of the flagella in the cytoplasm and the nucleus is very prominent

Trophozoite

cyst or trophozoite:

* The anterior flagella and the posterior flagellum

* Cercomonas hominis var. A
* Chylomastix hominis

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: what are the synonyms of chilomastix mesnili

Davaine (1854)

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

* **Cercomonas hominis var. A** is from ___ in (year) ?

von Prowazek & Werner (1914)

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

* Chylomastix hominis is by ____ (year)??

* Davaine (1854)

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Chilomastix Mesnili:

it was discovered by __

Wenyon (1910)

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Chilomastix Mesnili:

* accurately described by ____

Alexieff

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Chilomastix Mesnili:

named by ___ into C. mesnili (1912)

C. mesnili

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Chilomastix Mesnili:

it was named by Alexieff into __ (1912)

True

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Chilomastix Mesnili:

T/F: they are prevalent in **warm countries** (hence its presence in the philippines)

Iodine, Giemsa, Mayer’s hematoxylin

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Chilomastix Mesnili:

what are the stain used for smear

Wet mount preparation

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Chilomastix Mesnili:

identify the stain used:

* unstained, refractile components under the microscope

Iodine Stain

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Chilomastix Mesnili:

identify the stain used:

* brownish in color

Giemsa stain

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Chilomastix Mesnili:

identify the stain used:

* purple to violet in color

Mayer’s hematoxylin

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Chilomastix Mesnili:

identify the stain used:

* Grayish-charcoaled color in brown background

Dientamoeba Fragilis

IDENTIFY:

* **common name -** None
* **geographical distribution -** Costmopolitan
* **pathogenesis** - Nonpathogenic by opportunistic
* **Habitat** - lumen of caecum and upper colon

Dientamoeba Fragilisi: identify the ff:

* common name
* geographical distribution
* pathogenesis
* Habitat

diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weight loss

Dientamoeba Flagilis:

* pathogenesis: what are the symptoms that have been associated with this infection

* **Intermediate host** - none
* **Reservoir host** - none
* **Infected form** - mature trophozoites
* **Mode of infection** **-** ingestion of contaminated food/drinks (w/ mature trophozoites), fecal - oral route, via Helminth eggs such as Ascaris spp., and Enterobius spp.

dientamoeba fragilis: identify the ff:

* Intermediate host
* Reservoir host
* Infected form
* Mode of infection

* **portal of entry** - mouth
* **laboratory identification** - Direct Fecal Smear (Wet & Stained)
* **specimen source** - Feces

dientamoeba fragilis: identify the ff:

* portal of entry
* laboratory identification
* specimen source

trophozoite

Dientamoeba fragilis has only 1 stage of development, which is??

Dientamoeba Fragilis Trophozoite

is is Similar to Active Amoeba trophozoite

Dientamoeba fragilis Trophozoite

identify:

* **size** -
* small: 3-22um
* Narrow size: 5-12 um

Dientamoeba fragilis Trophozoite: identify:

* size

* Rounded but also elongated, sometimes pointed at one end or racket-shaped

Dientamoeba fragilis Trophozoite: identify:

* shape

nucleus of dientamoeba fragilis trophozoite

identify:

* Can be Mononucleated or Binucleated, Rosette-shape, Has large central chromatin karyosome with 4(tetrad like) discrete granules

cytoplasm of dientamoeba fragilis trophozoite

identify:

* May contain food vacuoles with bacteria, flagella extend from the cell wall and resembles like pseudopods