PHA618 LAB - Nervous System

Central Nervous System Parts

Brain and Spinal Cord

The CNS is the

neural control centre

The PNS consists of

nerves and sensory receptors

What are the functional divisions of the PNS

Sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent)

What functional division carries impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

Sensory (afferent)

What functional division carries impulses from the CNS to effectors

Motor (efferent)

What are the divisions of the motor division

Autonomic and somatic

Which motor division involves the voluntary control of skeletal muscle

Somatic

Which motor division involves the involuntary

control of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Autonomic

What part of the neuron receives information

Dendrites

Which part of the neuron transmits electrical impulses

Axon

What type of neuron is found both in the CNS and PNS

Multipolar

What type of message does multipolar neurons send

Motor

What direction do messages from multipolar neurons take

Efferent if they are motor

What types of neurons can be found in the nasal cavity, retina, and inner ear

Bipolar

What type of message do bipolar neurons send

Sensory

What direction do messages from bipolar neurons take

Afferent

What types of neurons can be found in the skin, organ, etc.

Unipolar

What type of message do unipolar neurons send

Sensory

What direction do messages from unipolar neurons take

Afferent

What are the 4 types of neuroglial cells found in the CNS

Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Ependymal Cells, Microglia

What type of neuroglial cells make up the myelin sheath

Oligodendrocytes

What type of neuroglial cells make up the blood-brain barrier

Astrocytes

What type of neuroglial cells produce CSF

Ependymal Cells

What type of neuroglial cells seek out and fight pathogens in the CNS

Microglia

What are the two types of neuroglial cells found in the PNS

Schwann, Satellite

Which neuroglial cells form the myelin sheath in the PNS

Schwann cells

Which neuroglial cells control the environment for ganglia in the PNS

Satellite cells

The brain and spinal cord are covered by three membranes called

Meninges

The meninges has 3 fibrous membranes namely

Dura, Arachnoid, Pia

The tough, outermost membrane connected to the skull that forms a protective tube in vertebral canal called the epidural space

Dura

The middle layer that is thin, avascular, and weblike which does not penetrate smaller depressions

Arachnoid

The space containing CSF

Subarachnoid

The thin, innermost layer directly attached to the brain and contains blood vessels to nourish brain and spinal cord

Pia

CSF is produced by which structure in the brain

choroid plexuses

The two lateral ventricles of the brain are located

within the cerebral hemispheres

The third ventricle of the brain is located

at the midline of the diencephalon

The fourth ventricle of the brain is located _______ and is continuous with the

in the midline of the brain stem, central canal of the spinal cord

Flow of the cerebrospinal fluid

lateral-third-fourth-central/subarachnoid-up around the brain/down the posterior of the spinal cord-up the anterior

The CSF is reabsorbed in the

dural sinus within the dura mater

Functions of CSF

buoyancy, protection, nutrients, chemical stability

The cerebrum is characterized by

gyri (folds) and sulci (shallow grooves)

The left and right cerebral hemispheres are separated by

longitudinal fissure

The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by

corpus callosum

The outer surface of the cerebral cortex is made up of

grey matter (neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers)

The inner surface of the cerebral cortex is made up of

white matter

The myelinated fibers in white matter transmit impulses between

hemispheres, cerebral cortex and lower brain areas

What are the 4 lobes in the cerebral hemisphere?

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula

What are the functions of the cerebrum

interpret sensory impulses, control voluntary motor impulses, intellectual processes, will, and personality traits

Lobes responsible for sensation have both a

general sensory and association area

The motor areas of the frontal lobe are

primary motor, pre-motor, Broca’s area

General sensory areas of the parietal lobe

primary sensory area, higher level reasoning

Temporal lobe

Hearing, Wernicke’s area (language)

Occipital lobe

Vision

Complex of deep nuclei in cerebrum, associated with the thalamus

limbic system

Limbic system is involved in

memory (hippocampus), emotions (amygdala), emotional behaviours

Acts as a switching station for incoming sensory messages

Thalamus

Monitors the internal environment and helps regulate homeostasis

Hypothalamus

Directs the sensory messages to the appropriate lobe of the cerebrum

Thalamus

The thalamus serves as a switching station for incoming sensory messages except those for

smell

The brainstem is composed of the

* medulla oblongata
* pons
* midbrain
* reticular formation

All ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) information passes through

Medulla oblongata

Most inferior section of the brainstem

Medulla oblongata

Contains centers to regulate heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood vessel diameter

Medulla oblongata

Emetic centre

Medulla oblongata

Large bulge on the anterior surface of the brainstem between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain

Pons

Serves as a bridge for motor tracts to the cerebellum

Pons

The midbrain has four bulges called ---- on its ------ surface

colliculi, posterior

The two superior colliculi are important

visual reflexes

The two inferior colliculi are important

auditory reflexes

Groups of cell bodies (called nuclei in the CNS, ganglia inthe PNS) are scattered throughout the brainstem

Reticular formation

Important for arousal

Reticular formation

responsible for sleep-wake cycles

Reticular formation

Second largest brain region

Cerebellum

The cerebellum is inferior to the _ and - lobes

occipital, temporal

The cerebellum is posterior to _ and -

pons, medulla oblongata

The two hemispheres of the cerebellum is connected by

the vermis

The outer layer of gray matter surrounding inner white matter in the cerebellum is called

arbor vitae

Controls and coordinates the interaction of skeletal muscles

Cerebellum

Controls posture, balance, and muscle coordination

Cerebellum

Damage results in loss of equilibrium, muscle coordination, and muscle tone

Cerebellum

Responsible for reflexive memory

Cerebellum

The spinal cord is a solid structure from the

foramen magnum to L1

extends from the inferior end of the spinal cord

cauda equina

Descends from medulla oblongata through foramen magnum

Spinal cord

Passes through vertebral canal to level of 2nd lumbar vertebra

Spinal cord

Functions of spinal cord

Transmits impulses to and from brain

Cranial Nerve I (------) is a ------ nerve for -----

olfactory, sensory, smell

Cranial Nerve II (------) is a ----- nerve for -----

optic, sensory, vision

Cranial Nerve III (-------) is a ----- nerve for -------

oculomotor, motor, eye movement

Cranial Nerve IV (-----) is a ------ nerve for -------

trochlear, motor, eye movement

Cranial Nerve V (-------) is a ----- for ------.

trigeminal, mixed, sensory - pain, touch, and temperature for the\]eye and lower and upper jaws, motor - chewing

Cranial Nerve VI (----) is a ----- nerve for -----

abducens, motor, eye movement

Cranial Nerve VII (----) is a ----- nerve for -----.It is sensory for taste and motor for facial expression.

facial, mixed, sensory - taste, motor - facial expression

Cranial Nerve VIII (-------) is a ----- nerve for ----.

vestibulocochlear, sensory, hearing and balance

Cranial Nerve IX (-----) is a ------- nerve for -----. It is sensory for taste and motor for swallowing.

Glossopharyngeal, mixed, sensory - taste, motor - swallowing

Cranial Nerve X (----) is a ----- nerve for ----.

vagus, mixed, sensory and motor for organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities

Cranial Nerve XI (------) is a ----- nerve for------.

accessory, motor, trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and muscles of the larynx.

Cranial Nerve XII (------) is a ----- nerve for-----

hypoglossal, motor, tongue

1

dorsal root