RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

pulmonary system

this transports air into the lungs, facilitates diffusion of oxygen into the blood stream, expels CO2

Ventilation

the act of moving air in and out of the lungs

ventilation

where gases move to equalize

decreases

when volume increases, pressure...in

increases

when volume decreases,

Boyle's Law

law involved in ventilation

perfusion

when blood flows to the lungs

base of the lungs

where the greatest amount of perfusion occurs

v/q

equation for perfusion

pulmonary alveolar perfusion

v meaning in perfusion

pulmonary capillary perfusion

q meaning in perfusion

4 liters per minute

v amount in perfusion

5 liters

q amount in perfusion

0.8

v/q = ?

respiration

diffusion of gas across the alveolar-capillary membrane

alveolar-capillary membrane

site of gas diffusion

respiration

the transport of o2 and co2; diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide from a higher to lower concentration

external, internal

two types of respiration

external respiration

respiration that occurs between alveoli and capillaries

internal respiration

respiration that occurs between tissues and capillaries

nose, pharynx, larynx

organs of the upper respiratory system

nose

also known as the nasal cavity

nose

filters; warms; humidifies air

vibrissae

hair in the nose that filters air

pharynx

also known as the throat

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

three parts of the pharynxs

oropharynx, laryngopharynx

parts of pharynx involved in the digestive system

nasopharynx

superior part of throat

laryngopharynx

inferior part of throat

larynx

also known as the voice box

larynx

functions to produce sound or voice

larynx

ensures that air will pass through the trachea

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, corniculate, cuneiform, arytenoid

cartilages of the larynx

corniculate, cuneiform, arytenoid

paired cartilages of the larynx

epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid

single cartilages of the larynx

epiglottis

most superior larynx cartilage

conducting zone, respiratory zone

two parts of the lower respiratory tract

trachea, bronchi, lobular bronchi, segmental bronchi, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles

parts of the conducting zone

alveoli; ducts + capillaries + sacs

parts of the respiratory zone

12 cm

length of the trachea

three

lobes of the right lung

two

lobes of the left lung

left

lung with the cardiac notch

carina

name of the junction of the bronchi

right lung

lung with higher chances of aspiration

right lung

more vertically inverted lung

parietal pleura

covers the thoracic cavity, sensitive to pain

visceral pleura

covers the lungs and tissues, sensitive to stretching

right

more superiorly located lung

hypoxia

oxygen deprivation in the tissues

hypoxemia

oxygen deprivation in the blood

right ventricle

perfusion of the lungs come from the...

pleural space

contains pleural fluid p

pleural fluid

serves as shock absorber in the pleural space

4mmHg

amount of pressure in the pleural space

pneumothorax

increase in pressure to the lungs

type 1 cells

flat cells that line the alveoli

type 1 cells

cells responsible for gas exchange between alveoli and capillary

type 2 cells

cells that synthesize surfactant

type 2 cells

cells that reduce surface tension

type 2 cells

cells that prevent atelacsis

atelacsis

lung collapse / rupture of alveoli

hering-breuer reflex

stretch/inflation reflex that prevents over inflation of the lungs

sternum

anterior thoracic boundary

thoracic vertebrae

posterior thoracic boundary

ribs

lateral thoracic boundary

thoracic outlet

superior thoracic boundary

diaphragm

inferior thoracic boundary

diaphragm, external intercostals

muscles for relaxed inspiration

diaphragm

primary muscle for respiration

diaphragm

location of the phrenic nerve

external intercostals

increase intercostal space between ribs 1, 2, 3

no muscles

muscles for relaxed expiration

lung recoil

reason for no muscle involvement in relaxed expiration

SCM, upper trapezius, Pectoralis Major + Minor, Anterior + Mid + Posterior Scalenes, Serratus Anterior + Serratus Posterior Superior

muscles in forced inspiration

abdominals, serratus posterior inferior, internal intercostals

muscles in forced expiration

internal intercostals

decrease the intercostal space

medulla oblongata

location of autonomic respiratory center

midbrain + pons

controls respiration

dorsal respiratory group

controls inspiration

2 sec on, 3 sec off

inspiratory ramp signal duration

dorsal respiratory medulla

dorsal respiratory group location

ventral respiratory group

controls expiration and inspiration

ventrolateral medulla

ventral respiratory group location

pneumotaxic center

limits inspiration by switching off the IRS

pneumotaxic center

switches off the IRS

upper pons

pneumotaxic center location

apneustic center

prevents switching off the IRS

lower pons

apneustic center location

tidal volume

gas inhaled / exhaled during normal resting breath

functional residual capacity

amount of air left inside the lungs after normal exhalation

inspiratory capacity

amount of air that can be maximally inspired after normal expiration

inspiratory reserve volume

gas that can be inhaled beyond a normal tidal inhalation

expiratory reserve volume

gas that can be exhaled beyond normal resting tidal exhalation

residual volume

gas that remains in the lungs after the ERV has been exhaled

vital capacity

amount of air that can be maximally expired after maximal inspiration

total lung capacity

amount of air that can be contained inside the lungs after a forceful/maximal inspiration

6000 mL

amount in TLC

4800 mL

VC amount in males

3100 mL

VC amount in females