Behavioral Neuroscience - Chapter 5 (Regulation of Behavior)

Amine

derived from modified amino acids (ex. norepinephrine)

Peptide

short chains of amino acids (ex. oxytocin)

Protein

long chains of amino acids (ex. human growth hormone)

Steroid

derived from cholesterol (ex. testosterone, progesterone)

Pituitary Gland

pea sized gland attached to the bottom of the hypothalamus by the median eminence (anterior and posterior)

Pineal Gland

Thyroid Gland

Adrenal Gland

Pancreas

Reproductive Gland

Neuroendocrine Cell

located in the hypothalamus, release hormones that control pituitary gland

Median Eminence

secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones by the endocrine cells of the hypothalamus controls anterior lobe

Anterior Pituitary Lobe

mainly composed of endocrine cells, release a variety of hormones involved in thyroid, adrenal, reproductive regulation, growth, and breastfeeding.

Posterior Pituitary Lobe

an extension of the hypothalamus because of the axon terminals from neuroendocrine cells, hormones originally produced in the cell body in hypothalamus

Melatonin

hormone involved in regulating sleep cycles, stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light due to light sensitive neurons in the eyes and hypothalamus

TSH

thyroid stimulating hormones control thyroid hormones from anterior pituitary gland. under the control thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) from hypothalamus

TRH

thyrotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus control secretion of TSH in the anterior pituitary gland

GnRH

gonadotropic releasing hormone from hypothalamus controls the release of LH and PSH from anterior pituitary gland

LH

luteinizing hormone from anterior pituitary gland works FSH to regulate estrogen and testosterone in reproductive glands

FSH

follicle stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary gland works LH to regulate estrogen and testosterone in reproductive glands

Estrogen

from reproductive glands controlled by LH and FSH

Testosterone

from reproductive gland controlled by LH and FSH

Cortisol

a steroid hormone from the adrenal glands, in response to stress thats duration is longer than a few minutes. induces glucose release for fight or flight

ACTH

adrenocoticotropic hormone from anterior pituitary gland controls cortisol. controlled by CRH of hypothalamus

CRH

corticotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus regulates ACTH

Homeostasis

the regulation of an organism’s internal environment, meant to be stable for optimal functionality

Endotherm

warm blooded, regulate their temperature using mainly physiological processes

Ectotherm

use mostly environment to regulate their body temperature

Preoptic Area

in the hypothalamus controls the physiological aspects of thermoregulation

Thermoreceptor

located in the hypothalamus, directly responds to changes in temperature of local blood flow, sends signals tothe preoptic area

Lateral Hypothalamus

lesions show without it cant regulate responses to cold but physiological responses like shivering is present

Osmotic Pressure

influences movement of water molecules, water diffusion where it does from high to low

Osmotic Thirst

when water concentration decreases around the cll, osmotic pressure pulls water out of the cells, they shrink and get damaged. extracellular water concentration may decrease because sodium concentration increases or because water is lost

Osmoreceptor

Vasopressin

Hypovolemic Thirst

Baroreceptor

Renin

Angiotensin II

Aldosterone

Diabetes Insipidus

Glucose

Fatty Acid

short-Term Reservoir

Long-Term Reservoir

Insulin

Glucagon

Glycogen

Adipose Tissue

Triglyceride

Ghrelin

CCK

Leptin

Arcuate Nucleus

Lateral Hypothalamus

Paraventricular Nucleus

Obesity

Anorexia

Bulimia

Diabetes Mellitus

endocrine system

a main communication system in the body besides the nervous system for chemical communication

gland

a group of cells distributed throughout the body that releases hormones in the blood to be transported to organs

hormone

chemical signal sent from glands to organs via bloodstream

negative feedback loops

hormones secreted in response to physiological change, induces a response so that further secretion of the hormone takes place