Chapters 2-5 Anatomy & Physiology

element

substance cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means

atom

smallest object that retains the properties of an element

molecule

group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

compound

substance composed of two or more chemical elements that are chemically bonded together

ionic bond

type of chemical bond formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound

covalent bond

two atoms connect by sharing electrons

cation

positive ion

anion

negative ion

polar covalent bond

the two sharing atoms have an unequal charge

nonpolar covalent bond

the two sharing atoms have an equal charge

anabolism

building up complex macromolecules, like nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

catabolism

breakingdown complex macromolecules, like nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

organic

inorganic

high heat capacity

water needs to absorb a lot of heat in order to raise in temperature, which makes it a very good cooling method for sweating animals

polarity

water has this ability to attract other water molecules and create hydrogen bonds

chemical reactivity

water is generally pretty stable, but can be used to react to elements like sodium, potassium, lithium, and aluminum, by adding hydrogen bonds or donating a H+ proton

cushioning

water is spread throughout the body to act as a shield for physical trauma injuries. it also fills the womb during pregnancy to protect the fetus

intracellular fluid

extracellular fluid

plasma

a type of extracellular fluid in the body and blood. formed from B lymphocytes white blood cells (B cells, made in bone marrow) and make antibodies to fight bacteria and stop infection and disease

interstitial fluid

an extracellular fluid that exists between blood vessels and cells, surrounding plasma. obtains nutrients from nearby capillaries by diffusion and holds water that was excreted by cells from cell metabolism.

salts

ionic bonds. acidic, basic, or neutral. electrical conductivity. high melting point. crystalline structure when solid.

acids

in water, react with metals to make hydrogen gas. conduct electricity. destructive. sour. are electrolytes. react with their counterpart to produce salts

bases

bitter. conduct electricity. react with counterpart to form salt and water. slippery or soapy texture.

pH

acidic 1-6, 7 neutral. 8-14 basic

carbohydrate

CHO. chain. can be glucose and fructose.

lipid

CHO. longer chain. saturated (full) or unsaturated (bent). insoluable in water

nucleic acid

CHONP. sugar main, phosphate, and nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil). nucleotide structure.

protein

CHON. almost asterisk shaped??? has the primary, secondary, (hydrogen bonds fold it into either pleated sheets or alpha helix) tertiary (3D from side-chain interactions), and quarternary structures (multiple tertiaries)

cell metabolism

convert food to energy, convert food to building blocks, and excrete nitrogenous waste

cell transportation

passive and active transport within cell. cilia and flagellum move the cell around its environment

cell communication

through chemical signals and received by other cells

cell reproduction / division

plasma membrane

filled with lipids and proteins, and surrounds a cell’s cytoplasm or acts as a vacuole. mitochrondria, nucleus, and chloroplasts have two membranes.

cytoplasm

nucleus

nuclear envelope

highly regulated, separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm to keep the chromatin in

phospholipid bilayer

membrane proteins

integral, peripheral, protein channel, cholesterol

DNA

RNA

passive transport

active transportation

diffusion

osmosis

facilitated diffusion

diffusion by is assisted by a passive membrane protein as a bridge

solute pumping

solutes that cannot naturally diffuse through the membrane enter an active transport protein to pass

endocytosis

cell membrane creates a vacuole to steal nutrients from the outside of the cell

exocytosis

cell membrane creates a vacuole to trash waste to the outside of the cell

transcytosis

a cell does endocytosis but then exocytosis-es the material to the opposite side of the cell, allowing for adjacent cells to pick at it

mitochondrion

peroxisome

small, single-membrane organelles that contain digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic substances, and oxidative enzymes for metabolic activity

ribosome

read mRNA to translate it into a polypeptide or protein

endomembrane system

nucleus, rough ER, smoother ER, golgi apparatus

rough endoplasmic reticular

home for ribosomes and protein production. creates proteins and lipids for golgi.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

open membrane for vesicles to be made from for golgi

golgi apparatus

sorts the incoming materials to be shipped off wherever they are meant to go

lysosome

in eukaryotes and have digestive enzymes for breaking down work-out cell parts

cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments and tubules to give the cell structure and help with movement

actin filament / microfilament

under the plasma membrane, and allow for cell movement and structure

intermediate filament

filaments that come directly from the nuclear envelope area and reach the edges of the cell for structure

microtubule

long thin tubes that go from one cell edge to another

centriole

microvilli

cilium

for movement

flagellum

for movement. either go side to side or in a spiral motion

nucleolus

chromatin

chromosome

sister chromatid

polypeptide / protein

transcription

translation

gene expression regulation

interphase

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

cytokinesis

mitosis

meiosis

cell cycle control

there’s a G1 check, a G2 check, and a mid-mitosis spindle check. if the cell is deemed unstable, it goes into G0 where the replication process does not move forward until the issue is resolved or the cell dies.

cancer

cell growth checks are overridden or mutated to prevent normal replication

mRNA

DNA translated strand

rRNA

the ribosome

tRNA

attaches to peptides to bring to the ribosome to create a protein based off of the mRNA script

histology

the study of microscopic structures in tissues

extracellular matrix

tight junction

impermeable. waterproof. digestive tract

desmosome

reduce tension. in stress areas like skin and heart

gap junction

only allow ions and small molecules to pass through

epithelial tissue

connective tissue

muscle tissue

nervous tissue

simple columnar, pseudostratified

ciliated and nonciliated

stratified squamous

keratinized and nonkeratinize

exocrine gland

release waste (or milk) to outside of the body