IB Global Politics: Peace and Conflict

peace

absence of violent conflict, underpinned by a deeper level of equity and harmony

negative peace

absense of active, organized violence from both state and non state groups

positive peace

what helps sustain peace beyond reducing or stopping violence such as harmony

factors in positive peace

-society is equal with no visible violence or deeper causes of conflict

-enemies are at peace with equal stake in society

what is realism

emphasizing the importance of power and self interest

what would a realist say about negative peace

protect national interests and prioritize national security over peace

what would a realist say about positive peace

unrealistic, it is natural for states to compete, equality is impossible

what is liberalism

stressing cooperation, collective action and mutual benefit amongst states

what would a liberal say about negative peace

desirable, acheived through diplomacy and negotiation

what would a liberal say about positive peace

desired final state in conflict resolution, realistic and acheivable

galtungs peace formula

equity + harmony/ violence + traume

what does galtungs peace formula suggest

there are specific tasks required for positive peace, increasing equity and harmony and reducing violence and trauma

what is equity in galtungs peace formula

must be equal

what is economical equality

equal opportunity and acess to resources

what is harmony in galtungs peace formula

citizens work together regardless of race, ethnicity, class, religion and sexual orientation

truth and reconciliation agreements

exposing wrongdoing of those in conflict to promote forgiveness and understanding rather than punishment

examples of succesfull truth and reconcilliation agreements

South Africa and sierra leone, exposing wrong doings and recommendations for the future

what is violence in galtungs peace formula

physical or physiological caused by groups in conflict, structures in society or the government

what is trauma in galtungs peace formula

emotional shock following stress, conflict or violence which leads to long term dristress causing greivances between parties in conflict

how does trauma effect likelyness of conflict

conflict is more likely to happen again

retributive justice

punishment for wrongdoing, holding offenders accountable for wrong doing

restorative justice

repairing harm, restoring relationships and promoting reconciliation between parties

unipolar power

one great power that cant be militarily challenged

bipolaity

both sides are powerful in conflict and can inflict damage on eachother

example of bipolarity

cold war

multipolarity

many powers competing with eachother and non state groups

what do realists think of multipolarity

more instability

what do liberals think of multipolarity

if many states have power states can work together in common interest

what is the democratic peace theory

democracy promotes peace, conflict between democracies is rare due to fairer balance of power, wealth and resource

what are some features of democracy

internal stability reduces sources of greivance, promotion of dispute resolution through democratic means rather than violent, democracy is a key part of peacebuilding

what do realists believe about national security

should be a priority as its crucial for defense to protect the states from aggressors and secure power

what are the pathways to peace

humanitarian intervention, peacemaking, peacekeeping, peace building, development

what is peacemaking

stopping violent conflict and creating negative peace, through negotiations and building trust

what is peacekeeping

sustaining negative peace to build positive peace, monitoring agreements (un peacekeepers)

what is peacebuilding

building sustainable positive peace and long term conflict resolution, improving standard of living

what is conflict

when parties disagree or compete over ideas, resources or territory

2 types of conflict

violent and non violent

examples of violent conflict

genocide, terror attacks, interstate war, insurgency

what is insurgency

taking control of the government

examples of non violent conflict

strike, protest, diplomacy

example of violent conflict followed by resoltution

The UN was established shortly after World War II, to promote cooperation and prevent future conflicts. Its was motivated by WW2 and the need for a stable organization to facilitate peaceful resolutions

direct violence

physical harm inflicted intentionally

reasons for direct violence

lack of trust, lack of structure for peaceful resolution, trauma

structural factors contributing to conflict

weak states, security concerns

socio-economic factors contributing to conflict

economic problems, discrimination

political factors contributing to conflict

discriminatory political institutions, nationalist ideology, inter group politics

cultural factors contributing to conflict

pattern of discrimination, problematic group histories

galtungs conflict triangle: manifest

obvious conflict

galtungs conflict triangle: latent

deeper causes and conditions of conflict

conditions making conflict more likely

more means of resolution, unequal resource share, poverty, unequal government, hr abuse, unfair/no legal system

conditions making conflict less likely

democratic institutions, equal share of resource, equal opportunity, impartial judicial system

intrastate conflict

within a state

interstate conflict

between 2 states

example of inter state

pakistan and india: pakistan invading kashmir to incite insurgency against indian rule

extra-state conflict

conflict outside of territory

internationalized conflict

between governments and intervention from other states

example of internationalized conflict

ukraine being funded and supported by the USA during conflict with russia

non state conflict

armed forces with 2 organized armed groups which are neither the government or the state

data conflict

inaccurate info

example of data conflict

saddam-al qaeda conspiracy post 9/11

old wars were more t______ whilst new wars are more i________

territorial, ideological

there has been less conflict between _________ groups and more conflict between _________ ________ groups

state, non state

boiling frog theory

slowly rising tensions which aren't noticed until they all add up which leads to ultimate downfall

violence

when physical or mental harm is inflicted on individuals by state or non state groups

direct violence

individual or group is directly harmed through direct action

is direct violence easy to identify?

its easy to identify who is responsible and gold them accountable

structural violence

when governments and other individuals in power work in a way that results in physical or mental harm

cultural violence

violence though mindset and beliefs in society, responsibility is embedded between all levels of society

non violence

resolving conflicts through diplomacy and negociation

pacifism

beleif that war and violence is unjustifiable in all contexts

terrorism

threat of violence and the use of fear to persuade and gain public attention

state terrorism

nation states abusing power through violence

sub state terrorism

non state group acting against states and institutions using violence

just war theory

justifying the reasons and conduction of was

just ad bellum

reasons for which a war can be started

just in bello

right conduct of a war, in order for it to be justified

components of just war theory

right authority, just cause, probability of success, proportionality, last resort

right authority

legitimate authority to do so

just cause

aimes to restore peace

probability of sucess

should be acheivable in making peace

proportionality

action must be proportionate to the aggression

last resort

final option where efforts to peacefully resolve conflict have been attempted