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peace
absence of violent conflict, underpinned by a deeper level of equity and harmony
negative peace
absense of active, organized violence from both state and non state groups
positive peace
what helps sustain peace beyond reducing or stopping violence such as harmony
factors in positive peace
-society is equal with no visible violence or deeper causes of conflict
-enemies are at peace with equal stake in society
what is realism
emphasizing the importance of power and self interest
what would a realist say about negative peace
protect national interests and prioritize national security over peace
what would a realist say about positive peace
unrealistic, it is natural for states to compete, equality is impossible
what is liberalism
stressing cooperation, collective action and mutual benefit amongst states
what would a liberal say about negative peace
desirable, acheived through diplomacy and negotiation
what would a liberal say about positive peace
desired final state in conflict resolution, realistic and acheivable
galtungs peace formula
equity + harmony/ violence + traume
what does galtungs peace formula suggest
there are specific tasks required for positive peace, increasing equity and harmony and reducing violence and trauma
what is equity in galtungs peace formula
must be equal
what is economical equality
equal opportunity and acess to resources
what is harmony in galtungs peace formula
citizens work together regardless of race, ethnicity, class, religion and sexual orientation
truth and reconciliation agreements
exposing wrongdoing of those in conflict to promote forgiveness and understanding rather than punishment
examples of succesfull truth and reconcilliation agreements
South Africa and sierra leone, exposing wrong doings and recommendations for the future
what is violence in galtungs peace formula
physical or physiological caused by groups in conflict, structures in society or the government
what is trauma in galtungs peace formula
emotional shock following stress, conflict or violence which leads to long term dristress causing greivances between parties in conflict
how does trauma effect likelyness of conflict
conflict is more likely to happen again
retributive justice
punishment for wrongdoing, holding offenders accountable for wrong doing
restorative justice
repairing harm, restoring relationships and promoting reconciliation between parties
unipolar power
one great power that cant be militarily challenged
bipolaity
both sides are powerful in conflict and can inflict damage on eachother
example of bipolarity
cold war
multipolarity
many powers competing with eachother and non state groups
what do realists think of multipolarity
more instability
what do liberals think of multipolarity
if many states have power states can work together in common interest
what is the democratic peace theory
democracy promotes peace, conflict between democracies is rare due to fairer balance of power, wealth and resource
what are some features of democracy
internal stability reduces sources of greivance, promotion of dispute resolution through democratic means rather than violent, democracy is a key part of peacebuilding
what do realists believe about national security
should be a priority as its crucial for defense to protect the states from aggressors and secure power
what are the pathways to peace
humanitarian intervention, peacemaking, peacekeeping, peace building, development
what is peacemaking
stopping violent conflict and creating negative peace, through negotiations and building trust
what is peacekeeping
sustaining negative peace to build positive peace, monitoring agreements (un peacekeepers)
what is peacebuilding
building sustainable positive peace and long term conflict resolution, improving standard of living
what is conflict
when parties disagree or compete over ideas, resources or territory
2 types of conflict
violent and non violent
examples of violent conflict
genocide, terror attacks, interstate war, insurgency
what is insurgency
taking control of the government
examples of non violent conflict
strike, protest, diplomacy
example of violent conflict followed by resoltution
The UN was established shortly after World War II, to promote cooperation and prevent future conflicts. Its was motivated by WW2 and the need for a stable organization to facilitate peaceful resolutions
direct violence
physical harm inflicted intentionally
reasons for direct violence
lack of trust, lack of structure for peaceful resolution, trauma
structural factors contributing to conflict
weak states, security concerns
socio-economic factors contributing to conflict
economic problems, discrimination
political factors contributing to conflict
discriminatory political institutions, nationalist ideology, inter group politics
cultural factors contributing to conflict
pattern of discrimination, problematic group histories
galtungs conflict triangle: manifest
obvious conflict
galtungs conflict triangle: latent
deeper causes and conditions of conflict
conditions making conflict more likely
more means of resolution, unequal resource share, poverty, unequal government, hr abuse, unfair/no legal system
conditions making conflict less likely
democratic institutions, equal share of resource, equal opportunity, impartial judicial system
intrastate conflict
within a state
interstate conflict
between 2 states
example of inter state
pakistan and india: pakistan invading kashmir to incite insurgency against indian rule
extra-state conflict
conflict outside of territory
internationalized conflict
between governments and intervention from other states
example of internationalized conflict
ukraine being funded and supported by the USA during conflict with russia
non state conflict
armed forces with 2 organized armed groups which are neither the government or the state
data conflict
inaccurate info
example of data conflict
saddam-al qaeda conspiracy post 9/11
old wars were more t______ whilst new wars are more i________
territorial, ideological
there has been less conflict between _________ groups and more conflict between _________ ________ groups
state, non state
boiling frog theory
slowly rising tensions which aren't noticed until they all add up which leads to ultimate downfall
violence
when physical or mental harm is inflicted on individuals by state or non state groups
direct violence
individual or group is directly harmed through direct action
is direct violence easy to identify?
its easy to identify who is responsible and gold them accountable
structural violence
when governments and other individuals in power work in a way that results in physical or mental harm
cultural violence
violence though mindset and beliefs in society, responsibility is embedded between all levels of society
non violence
resolving conflicts through diplomacy and negociation
pacifism
beleif that war and violence is unjustifiable in all contexts
terrorism
threat of violence and the use of fear to persuade and gain public attention
state terrorism
nation states abusing power through violence
sub state terrorism
non state group acting against states and institutions using violence
just war theory
justifying the reasons and conduction of was
just ad bellum
reasons for which a war can be started
just in bello
right conduct of a war, in order for it to be justified
components of just war theory
right authority, just cause, probability of success, proportionality, last resort
right authority
legitimate authority to do so
just cause
aimes to restore peace
probability of sucess
should be acheivable in making peace
proportionality
action must be proportionate to the aggression
last resort
final option where efforts to peacefully resolve conflict have been attempted