IB Global Politics: Peace and Conflict

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82 Terms

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peace

absence of violent conflict, underpinned by a deeper level of equity and harmony

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negative peace

absense of active, organized violence from both state and non state groups

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positive peace

what helps sustain peace beyond reducing or stopping violence such as harmony

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factors in positive peace

-society is equal with no visible violence or deeper causes of conflict

-enemies are at peace with equal stake in society

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what is realism

emphasizing the importance of power and self interest

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what would a realist say about negative peace

protect national interests and prioritize national security over peace

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what would a realist say about positive peace

unrealistic, it is natural for states to compete, equality is impossible

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what is liberalism

stressing cooperation, collective action and mutual benefit amongst states

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what would a liberal say about negative peace

desirable, acheived through diplomacy and negotiation

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what would a liberal say about positive peace

desired final state in conflict resolution, realistic and acheivable

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galtungs peace formula

equity + harmony/ violence + traume

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what does galtungs peace formula suggest

there are specific tasks required for positive peace, increasing equity and harmony and reducing violence and trauma

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what is equity in galtungs peace formula

must be equal

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what is economical equality

equal opportunity and acess to resources

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what is harmony in galtungs peace formula

citizens work together regardless of race, ethnicity, class, religion and sexual orientation

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truth and reconciliation agreements

exposing wrongdoing of those in conflict to promote forgiveness and understanding rather than punishment

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examples of succesfull truth and reconcilliation agreements

South Africa and sierra leone, exposing wrong doings and recommendations for the future

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what is violence in galtungs peace formula

physical or physiological caused by groups in conflict, structures in society or the government

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what is trauma in galtungs peace formula

emotional shock following stress, conflict or violence which leads to long term dristress causing greivances between parties in conflict

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how does trauma effect likelyness of conflict

conflict is more likely to happen again

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retributive justice

punishment for wrongdoing, holding offenders accountable for wrong doing

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restorative justice

repairing harm, restoring relationships and promoting reconciliation between parties

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unipolar power

one great power that cant be militarily challenged

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bipolaity

both sides are powerful in conflict and can inflict damage on eachother

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example of bipolarity

cold war

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multipolarity

many powers competing with eachother and non state groups

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what do realists think of multipolarity

more instability

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what do liberals think of multipolarity

if many states have power states can work together in common interest

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what is the democratic peace theory

democracy promotes peace, conflict between democracies is rare due to fairer balance of power, wealth and resource

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what are some features of democracy

internal stability reduces sources of greivance, promotion of dispute resolution through democratic means rather than violent, democracy is a key part of peacebuilding

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what do realists believe about national security

should be a priority as its crucial for defense to protect the states from aggressors and secure power

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what are the pathways to peace

humanitarian intervention, peacemaking, peacekeeping, peace building, development

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what is peacemaking

stopping violent conflict and creating negative peace, through negotiations and building trust

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what is peacekeeping

sustaining negative peace to build positive peace, monitoring agreements (un peacekeepers)

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what is peacebuilding

building sustainable positive peace and long term conflict resolution, improving standard of living

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what is conflict

when parties disagree or compete over ideas, resources or territory

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2 types of conflict

violent and non violent

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examples of violent conflict

genocide, terror attacks, interstate war, insurgency

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what is insurgency

taking control of the government

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examples of non violent conflict

strike, protest, diplomacy

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example of violent conflict followed by resoltution

The UN was established shortly after World War II, to promote cooperation and prevent future conflicts. Its was motivated by WW2 and the need for a stable organization to facilitate peaceful resolutions

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direct violence

physical harm inflicted intentionally

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reasons for direct violence

lack of trust, lack of structure for peaceful resolution, trauma

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structural factors contributing to conflict

weak states, security concerns

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socio-economic factors contributing to conflict

economic problems, discrimination

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political factors contributing to conflict

discriminatory political institutions, nationalist ideology, inter group politics

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cultural factors contributing to conflict

pattern of discrimination, problematic group histories

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galtungs conflict triangle: manifest

obvious conflict

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galtungs conflict triangle: latent

deeper causes and conditions of conflict

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conditions making conflict more likely

more means of resolution, unequal resource share, poverty, unequal government, hr abuse, unfair/no legal system

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conditions making conflict less likely

democratic institutions, equal share of resource, equal opportunity, impartial judicial system

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intrastate conflict

within a state

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interstate conflict

between 2 states

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example of inter state

pakistan and india: pakistan invading kashmir to incite insurgency against indian rule

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extra-state conflict

conflict outside of territory

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internationalized conflict

between governments and intervention from other states

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example of internationalized conflict

ukraine being funded and supported by the USA during conflict with russia

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non state conflict

armed forces with 2 organized armed groups which are neither the government or the state

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data conflict

inaccurate info

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example of data conflict

saddam-al qaeda conspiracy post 9/11

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old wars were more t______ whilst new wars are more i________

territorial, ideological

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there has been less conflict between _________ groups and more conflict between _________ ________ groups

state, non state

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boiling frog theory

slowly rising tensions which aren't noticed until they all add up which leads to ultimate downfall

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violence

when physical or mental harm is inflicted on individuals by state or non state groups

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direct violence

individual or group is directly harmed through direct action

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is direct violence easy to identify?

its easy to identify who is responsible and gold them accountable

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structural violence

when governments and other individuals in power work in a way that results in physical or mental harm

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cultural violence

violence though mindset and beliefs in society, responsibility is embedded between all levels of society

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non violence

resolving conflicts through diplomacy and negociation

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pacifism

beleif that war and violence is unjustifiable in all contexts

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terrorism

threat of violence and the use of fear to persuade and gain public attention

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state terrorism

nation states abusing power through violence

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sub state terrorism

non state group acting against states and institutions using violence

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just war theory

justifying the reasons and conduction of was

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just ad bellum

reasons for which a war can be started

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just in bello

right conduct of a war, in order for it to be justified

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components of just war theory

right authority, just cause, probability of success, proportionality, last resort

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right authority

legitimate authority to do so

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just cause

aimes to restore peace

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probability of sucess

should be acheivable in making peace

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proportionality

action must be proportionate to the aggression

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last resort

final option where efforts to peacefully resolve conflict have been attempted