GCSE PE - AQA - Paper 2

Ability

Inherited, stable traits that determine an individual's potential to learn or acquire a skill

Adaptability

The potential to change with ease

Adrenaline

Natural hormone released to speed heart rate up

Aggression

A deliberate intent to harm or injure another person, which can be physical or mental

Amateur

This term defines someone who: takes part in an activity as a hobby, rather than for financial gain/ has another main job outside of sport/ takes part for fun/ could be at a lower level

Arousal

A physical and mental (physiological and psychological) state of alertness/readiness, varying from deep sleep to intense excitement/ alertness

Balanced diet

It is defined as eating: the right amount (for energy expended)/ the right amount of calories/ according to how much you exercise/ different food types to provide suitable nutrients, vitamins and minerals

Beta blockers

Drugs that are used to steady nerves by controlling heart rate which have a calming and relaxing effect.

(Blood) doping

Defined by World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as the misuse of techniques and/or substances to increase one's red blood cell count

Body composition

The percentage of body weight which is fat and non-fat (muscle and bone).

Calorie

A unit which measures heat or energy production in the body, normally expressed as Kcal.

Carbohydrate

The body's preferred energy source

Closed skill

A skill which is not affected by the environment or performers within it and the skill tends to be done the same way each time

Commercialisation

To manage or exploit (an organisation, activity, etc) in a way designed to make a profit (i.e.: sponsorship and the media)

Contract to compete

Unwritten agreement to follow and abide by the written and unwritten rules

Deep breathing

Slow, deep breaths whilst relaxed

Dehydration

Excessive loss of body water interrupting the function of the body

Hydration

Having enough water to enable normal functioning of the body

Rehydration

Consuming water to restore hydration

Direct aggression

Aggressive act which involves physical contact with others, eg a punch.

Diuretic drugs

Drugs that remove fluid from the body, elevating the rate of bodily urine excretion

Ectomorph

A somatotype characterised by being tall and thin - Individuals with narrow shoulders and narrow hips

Endomorph

A somatotype, characterised by a pear shaped body/fatness - Individuals with wide hips and narrow shoulders

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A type of peptide hormone that increases the red blood cell count

Etiquette

A convention or unwritten rule in an activity. It is not an enforceable rule but it is usually observed

Externally-paced skill

The skill that is started because of an external factor, the speed, rate or pace of the skill is controlled by external factors, eg an opponent.

Extrinsic feedback

Received from outside of the performer, eg from a coach

Extrovert

Sociable, active, talkative, out-going personality type usually associated with team sports players

Feedback

Information a performer receives about their performance which can be given during and/or after performance.

Fine movement

Small and precise movement, showing high levels of accuracy and coordination which involves the use of a small group of muscles

Gamesmanship

Attempting to gain an advantage by stretching the rules to their limit, eg time wasting

Goal setting

A method to increase motivation and reduce anxiety

S in SMART

Specific - to the demands of the sport/muscles used/movements used

M in SMART

Measurable - it must be possible to measure whether they have been met

A in SMART

Accepted - they must be accepted by the performer and others involved, eg coach

R in SMART

Realistic - they are actually possible to complete

T in SMART

Time bound - over a set period of time

Performance goals

Personal standards to be achieved - Performers compare themselves against what they have already done or suggest what they are going to do and there is no comparison with other performers.

Outcome goals

Focus on end result/winning

Gross movement

Using large muscle groups to perform big, strong, powerful movements

Guidance

A method to convey information to a performer

Types of guidance

Visual (seeing), verbal (hearing), manual (assist movement - physical), mechanical (use of objects/aids)

Health

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (as per the World Health Organisation- WHO)

Ill health

Refers to being in a state of poor physical, mental and/or social wellbeing

Hooliganism

Disorderly, aggressive and often violent behaviour by spectators at sporting events

Home field advantage

Gaining an advantage in a sporting event from being in familiar surroundings, with the majority of the spectators supporting you

Indirect aggression

Aggression which does not involve physical contact as the aggression is taken out on an object to gain advantage, eg hitting a tennis ball hard during a rally

Information processing

Gathering data from the display (senses), prioritising the most important stimuli to make a suitable decision

Introvert

A quiet, passive, reserved, shy personality type, usually associated with individual sports performance

Intrinsic feedback

Feedback received via receptors in the muscles with sensations that are felt by the performer, providing information from movement

Level playing field

The same for all competitors

Media

Diversified technologies which act as the main means of mass communication

Printed media eg

Newspapers

Broadcast media eg

TV and radio

Internet/social media eg

Facebook

Outdoor media eg

Billboards

Mental health and well-being

A state of well-being in which every individual realises his/her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community (as per WHO) - It works in conjunction with physical and social health.

Mental rehearsal/visualisation/imagery

Cognitive relaxation techniques involving control of mental thoughts and imagining positive outcomes

Mesomorph

A somatotype, characterised by a muscular appearance - Individuals with wide shoulders and narrow hips

Minerals

Inorganic substances which assist the body with many of its functions, eg bone formation (Calcium)

Intrinsic motivation

The drive that comes from within (eg for pride, satisfaction, a sense of accomplishment, self-worth)

Extrinsic motivation

The drive to perform well or to win in order to gain external rewards (eg prizes, money, praise)

Narcotic analgesics

Drugs that can be used to reduce the feeling of pain

Nutrition

The intake of food, considered in relation to the body's dietary needs

Good nutrition

An adequate, well balanced diet, combined with regular physical activity.

Obese

A term used to describe people with a large fat content, caused by an imbalance of calories consumed to energy expenditure + a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or over (or over 20% above standard weight for height ratio)

Open skill

A skill which is performed in a certain way to deal with a changing or unstable environment, eg to outwit an opponent.

Peptide hormones

Drugs that stimulate the production of naturally occurring hormones (eg EPO), which increase red blood cell count/oxygen carrying capacity

Physical health and well-being

All body systems working well, free from illness and injury + Ability to carry out everyday tasks - It works in conjunction with social and mental health

Physiology

Study of how our cells, muscles and organs work together, and how they interact

Positive self-talk

Developing cognitive positive thoughts about your own performance

Sedentary lifestyle

A lifestyle with irregular or no physical activity

Self-paced skill

The skill is started when the performer decides to start it - The speed, rate or pace of the skill is controlled by the performer

Skill

A learned action/learned behaviour with the intention of bringing about predetermined results, with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time and energy

Skill classification

Categorisation of sporting skills in accordance with set continua

Social health and well-being

Basic human needs are being met (food, shelter and clothing). The individual has friendship and support, some value in society, is socially active and has little stress in social circumstances - It works in conjunction with physical and mental health.

Somatotype

A method of classifying body type

3 Somatotypes

Ectomorph, endomorph & mesomorph

Sponsor

An individual or group that provides financial support to an event, activity, person, or organisation

Sponsorship

Provision of funds or other forms of support to an individual or event in return for some commercial return

Sportsmanship

Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport

Stimulants

Drugs that have an effect on the central nervous system, ie they increase mental and/or physical alertness

Tangible

Something that can be seen and touched, eg a trophy

Vitamins

Organic substances that are required for many essential processes in the body, eg Vitamin A for structure and function of the skin

Well-being

Involves physical, mental and social well-being - The dynamic process that gives people a sense of being comfortable, healthy or happy