AP HUG Exam review

What are the two main types of reference maps?

Political maps and physical maps.

What do thematic maps communicate?

They tell us how human activities are distributed.

Define absolute location.

The precise spot where something is located.

How does distance decay affect cultural interactions?

It describes the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions.

What does sustainability aim to achieve?

Equilibrium between human needs and environmental preservation.

What is the main focus of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)?

It is a computer system for capturing, storing, and displaying geospatial data.

What does GPS stand for?

Geographic Positioning System.

What is the purpose of census data?

To provide an official count of individuals in a population.

What is meant by 'globalization'?

World interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments.

What defines a formal region?

A region based on quantitative data that can be measured.

Explain the concept of 'carrying capacity'.

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain.

What is the 'Demographic Transition Model'?

A model that explains population growth and decline through different stages.

Define Malthusian Theory.

It suggests that population increases geometrically while food supply increases arithmetically.

What are 'push factors' in migration?

Forces that drive people away from a place.

What is 'urban sprawl'?

The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas.

Define 'gentrification'.

The restoration of deteriorated urban areas by wealthier individuals.

What is the difference between biological and cultural diffusion?

Biological diffusion involves the spread of species, while cultural diffusion involves the spread of cultural traits.

What characterizes a world city?

A city that acts as a control center of the global economy.

What is a megacity?

A city with 10 million inhabitants or more.

What role do 'intervening opportunities' play in migration patterns?

They can diminish the appeal of farther migration sites by presenting closer options.

Define 'dependency ratio'.

The ratio of people not in the workforce to those who are.

What is the significance of the Human Development Index (HDI)?

It measures a country's level of development based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.

What does the term 'accommodation' refer to in cultural interaction?

The social adjustment of a group to the prevailing culture.

What does 'agglomeration' refer to in economic geography?

The clustering of industries for mutual advantage.

Explain 'commodity dependence'.

Reliance of a country’s economy on a single or a few commodities, exposing it to price fluctuations.

What does 'urban sustainability' aim to achieve?

Improvement of urban life quality while maintaining environmental health.

Define 'ecotourism'.

Tourism that supports conservation efforts and local communities in natural environments.

What is a primary sector in economic activities?

The extraction of raw materials like mining, fishing, and agriculture.

What is the goal of 'fair trade'?

To ensure fair prices are paid to producers, particularly in developing countries.

Describe the 'Gravity Model' in urban geography.

It assesses the interaction of places based on their population sizes and distances.

What is a 'cultural landscape'?

The forms superimposed on the physical environment resulting from human activities.

Define 'cultural relativism'.

The practice of evaluating a culture based on its own standards.

What is the purpose of the 'World Trade Organization' (WTO)?

To negotiate trade rules among member states.

What are 'push-pull factors' in migration?

Push factors drive people away while pull factors attract them to a new location.

Define 'smart growth' in urban planning.

Urban planning that avoids sprawl and focuses on sustainable development.

What does 'urban hierarchy' refer to?

The ranking of cities based on their population and economic function.

What is a nomadic warrior theory in language diffusion?

The idea that language diffused through the conquests of nomadic peoples.

What does 'formal region' mean in geography?

A region defined by measurable characteristics such as language or governmental systems.

What is an example of a superimposed boundary?

A boundary drawn by colonizers that ignores existing cultural groups.

What are pronatalist policies?

Policies encouraging higher birth rates in a country.

What is 'environmental determinism'?

The theory that the physical environment determines human cultures and societal development.

What do 'stateless nations' refer to?

Nations that do not have an independent state of their own.

Explain the concept of 'cultural assimilation'.

The process by which a person or group's culture comes to resemble those of another group.