cardio quiz 1

myofibril

thread-like structure found in muscle cells, composed of repeating units called sarcomeres

perfusion of tissues at capillaries over narrow range of hydrostatic pressures

funciton of cardiovascular system

vena cava

blood vessel with the lowest pressure

vein

A

artery

B

nerve

C

lymphatic vessel

D

H and E biopsy and DIF biopsy

differential diagnosis for oral lesions

pemphigus vulgaris

immune system attacks desmosomes

mucous membrane pemphigoid

immune system attacks hemi-desmosomes

oral lichen planus

a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the mucous membranes, characterized by white patches and lesions.

erythema multiform

caused by apoptosis, characterized by distinctive TARGET LESIONS on palms

separation between keratinocytes, separation from basement membrane, dead keratinocytes, heavy inflammation

causes of blister formation

mucous membrane pemphigoid

with which disease is an OCULAR REFERRAL necessary

HSV

most common trigger of erythema multiform

stevens johnson syndrome

a severe skin reaction often triggered by medications, leading to blistering and detachment of the epidermis.

high risk for reactivation (with rituximab)

why should you test for hep B when starting immunosuppressants

associated with lichen planus

why should you test for hep C when starting immunosuppressants

arteriole

A small blood vessel that branches from an artery and leads to capillaries, determinant of SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE

capillary

gas/nutrient exchange vessel

oral hygiene, topical steroids, systemic steroids, immunosuppressants

general treatment of oral erosive disease

myosin heads crawl along actin filaments, pulling them closer together

what happens to actin and myosin during muscle contraction

provides energy for myosin heads to detach from actin and reattach

role of ATP in muscle contraction

Acetylcholine

neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction

binds to troponin, tropomyosin moves and exposes binding sites on actin

role of calcium in muscle contraction

Calcium ions

what is stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum

myofibril bundles

muscle fiber composition

mediastinum

The central compartment of the thoracic cavity, containing the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, and other structures.

middle

part of mediastinum containing heart and pericardium

phrenic nerve

which nerve innervates the fibrous pericardium

epicardium

outer most layer of connective tissue that covers the heart

myocardium

middle layer of heart and bulk, composed of heart muscles

endocardium

innermost layer of heart, lines chambers and valves

cardiac plexus

network of nervees that surround the heart

vagus and sympathetic trunk

nerves that contribute to cardiac plexus

ascending aorta

origin of right and left coronary arteries

coronary sinus

what vessel lies in coronary sulcus

left anterior descending artery

what vessel lies in anterior interventricular sulcus

coronary artery dominance

refers to which coronary artery supplies the majority of the heart's blood supply, typically either right or left

right

most common coronary artery dominance

drain deoxygenated blood from heart to right atrium

function of cardiac veins

thymus, brachiocephalic veins, aortic arch, trachea, esophagus

order of structures in superior mediastinum from anterior to posterior

Umbilical vein

oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus towards liver

Ductus venosus

shunt through which blood bypasses liver to inferior vena cava 

Foramen ovale

shunt from right atria to left atria allows bypass of lungs

Ductus arteriosus

shunts blood that enters the pulmonary trunk to descending aorta to bypass lungs

Umbilical arteries

deoxygenated blood from fetus back to placenta for reoxygenated 

closure of formaen ovale, ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus

changes that occur after baby takes its first breath

ligamentum teres of liver

the remnant of the umbilical vein that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.

medial umbilical ligaments

the remnants of the umbilical arteries that become fibrous cords in the adult

systole

Av valvees close, ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart, semilunar valves forced open

diastole

AV valves open, blood flows from atria to ventricles, semilunar valves close

SA node

The heart's natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses that initiate each heartbeat and regulate heart rhythm

wall of right atrium near SVC

where is the SA node

Av node

located at the junction of the atria and ventricles, transmits electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles

Av bundle

A bundle of heart muscle fibers that carry electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles

purkinje fibeers

Specialized fibers that conduct electrical impulses throughout the ventricles, ensuring coordinated contraction

osteoclast

A type of bone cell responsible for bone resorption and remodeling by breaking down bone tissue.

osteocyte

A mature bone cell that maintains bone tissue and regulates mineral content.

RANkL and OPG

secreted by osteocyte and regulate osteoclast activity

osteeoblast

A type of bone cell responsible for bone formation by synthesizing and mineralizing bone matrix

RANKL

a protein involved in bone remodeling that stimulates osteoclast differentiation

OPG

protein that suppresses osteoclast differentiation

reversal phase

phase of bone remodeling marked by reduction of osteoclasts and recruitment of osteoblast precursors

type I collagen

type of collagen produced by osteoblast during formation phase

sclerostin

osteoblast inhibitor expressed as osteoblasts become osteocytes

sclerosteosis

genetic disorder characterized by BONE OVERGROWTH caused by loss of sclerostin

promotes osteoclast differentiation and bone loss

how does periodontitis progress

tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

layers of blood vessels

tunica media

largest layer in arteries

tunica externa

largest layer in veins

vaso vasorum

small blood vessels that supply the walls of larger blood vessels

large veins

blood vessels with more vasa vasorum

veins

largere, thinner, vessels with collapsed walls

venule

small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries and drain into veins, increased permeability during inflammation

arteries

thicker walls, narrower and rounder lumen

continuous capillary

most common type of capillary

fenestrated capillaries

capillaries with small pores that allow for increased permeability, found in organs like the kidneys and intestines.

discontinuous capillaries

capillaries with larger openings that facilitate the passage of larger molecules and cells, typically found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

arteriovenous shunt

a direct connection between an artery and a vein that bypasses capillary beds, allowing for rapid blood flow to facilitate heat loss in hot conditions

fibrous skeleton

structure of heart that provides support and electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles

bundle of His

a group of heart muscle fibers that transmits electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles, COORDINATING CONTRACTION

macule

flat lesion less than 1 cm

papule

raised lesion less than 1 cm

patch

flat lesion greater than 1 cm

plaque

raised lesion greater than 1 cm

Seborrheic keratosis

benign epidermal growth, “stuck on” appearance

skin tags

benign epidermal growth, increased prevalence with pregnancy age, diabetes, and obesity

thrombosed skin tag

a skin tag that has formed a blood clot, leading to a painful and discolored lesion

Acanthosis nigricans

benign velvety darkened skin, increased prevalence with obesity and insulin resistance

Cherry angioma

benign vascular proliferation, increased prevalence with pregnancy

bite fibroma

 benign fibroma caused by trauma, painless asymptomatic

Fordyce spots

ectopic sebaceous glands, asymptomatic, no treatment needed

Mucocele

rupture of minor salivary gland, swells and pops repeatedly

Xanthelasma

yellow, raised deposit of cholesterol that typically appears on the eyelids

Solar lentigo

benign brown patches associated with sun exposure

nevi

common benign skin growths, often called moles, that can vary in color and size.

changes in size, shape, color, itching, bleeding

when to worry about nevi

how long has it been there, has it changed

key questions that may suggest a more serious lesion

rapid growth, symptomatic (pain, bleeding, itching, burning)

qualities of serious skin lesions