body systems

what are the appendages of the body meant for?

movement and locomotion

what are modifications of the body parts of the animal related to?

1. their habitat

2. their eating habits

3. position in the food chain (prey vs. predator)

head

The most forward (anterior/cranial) or highest part of a structure or organism

in vertebrates, what structures are included in the head?

1. oral and nasal passages

2. brain

3. organs of special sense

neck

connects the head with the trunk

what structures are included within the neck?

1. trachea

2. esophagus

3. blood vessels

4. spinal cord

5. cervical vertebrae

how many cervical vertebrae do most mammals have?

seven

trunk

main part of the body to which the head and limbs are attached

what structures are included in the trunk?

viscera (organs) of the different body systems

how is the trunk divided?

1. thorax

2. abdomen

3. pelvis

thorax

The part of the body between the neck and abdomen; the chest

what separates the abdomen and thorax?

diaphragm

what forms the walls of the thorax?

formed by pairs of ribs, attached to the sides of the spine and curving toward the sternum

the thorax contains the organs of which body systems?

1. cardiovascular

2. respiratory

the organs of which systems are housed in the abdominal cavity?

1. digestive

2. urinary

3. reproductive.

appendages

a projecting part of an animal body that is typically smaller and of less functional importance than the main part to which it is attached

what are examples of appendages?

limbs

what structures are included in the muzzle?

1. nasal bone

2. nostrils

3. jaws

stop

An indentation between the eyes where the nasal bones and cranium meet

occipult (poll in large animals)

Top point of the skull, area between the ears/horns

cushion

Fullness or thickness of the upper lips

flews

Upper lip pendulous, particularly at their inner corners

chop

Jowls or pendulous flesh of the lips and jaw

what are breeds with loose flews?

1. bloodhounds

2. newfoundlands

3. mastiffs

4. saint bernards

what is a common result of loose flews?

breed with tend to drool more than others

in ruminants and horses, what is the common site for taking incisions for abdominal surgeries?

1. flank

2. paralumbar fossa

brisket

the chest; usually it refers to the sternum but sometimes it refers to entire thorax

withers

highest point of an animal's shoulders

back

the area of an animal's body extending from the withers to the croup

croup

the region of the pelvic girdle

what forms the croup?

the sacrum and surrounding tissue

what structures are included in croup?

1. rump

2. buttocks

3. hips

loin

Area between the Last rib and croup, behind the back

flank

the side of the body between the last rib and the hip

paralumbar fossa

area slightly above the loin

what is another name for the forelimb?

pectoral limb

how many regions is the forelimb divided into?

4

arm/brachium

part below the shoulder which contains the bone humerus

antebrachium

part below the brachium containing the bone radius and ulna

what structure is the lower part of the forelimb?

the manus

what structure is the lowest part of the hindlimb?

pes

what is another name for the immune system?

lymphatic system

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

to provide specific and non-specific defense mechanisms to protect the body against environmental influences

what components can the lymphatic system be divided into?

1. cellular components

2. vascular components

what is included in the cellular component of the lymphatic system?

lymphatic tissue

what is included in the vascular component of the lymphatic system?

1. lymph capillaries

2. lymph vessels

3. lymph collecting ducts

what is the thymus essential for?

development of lymphatic cellular components

how does the thymus work?

controls growth of the lymphatic organs in immature animals

what components make up the upper respiratory tract?

external nares and their associated nasal cartilagesthe nasal cavity with the nasal meatuses and conchae the paranasal sinuses

what components make up the lower respiratory tract?

1. larynx

2. trachea

3. lungs

blood

a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells and plasma

plasma

fluid extracellular material

plasma

the liquid component of blood

what is the composition of plasma?

a mixture of water, sugar, fat, protein, and salts

what is the most abundant cell in the blood?

erthyrocytes

what percentage (in volume) do erythrocytes make up in the blood?

40-45%

what is the function of leukocytes?

protect body from infection

what percentage in the blood is comprised of leukocytes?

1%

true/false: platelets are considered cells

false; they are fragments of cells

what is the function of platelets?

help coagulate blood

how do platelets help coagulate blood?

• sticks to lining of injured blood vessel, creating a platform in which fibrin clot can be created

• fibrin clots covers the wound and prevents blood from leaking

• fibrin creates initial scaffolding which new tissues can form

what are the different types of leukocytes?

1. neutrophil

2. lymphocyte

3. eosinophil

4. basophil

5. monocyte

absorption

movement of material or substance from the lumen of the organ to the extracellular fluid and ultimately to the bloodstream

digestion

Chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into absorbable units

filtration

Passage through a filter or other material that prevents passage of certain molecules, particles, or substances

pinocytosis

uptake of extracellular fluids and dissolved solutes, such as fat droplets, vitamins, and antigens into the cells

exocytosis

the process by which cells move materials from within the cell into the extracellular fluid

when does exocytosis occur?

when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, releasing its contents outside the cell

phagocytosis

process by which a cell engulfs particles such as bacteria, other microorganisms, aged red blood cells, foreign matter, etc

solvent drag

the bulk movement of solute and absorbed water osmotically coupled to solute transport into the lateral intercellular space

what structures are included in the urinary system?

1. kidneys

2. ureters

3. bladder

4. urethra

what are the functions of the kidney?

1. get rid of waste products

2. maintain correct balance of water and electrolytes in cells

3. processes vitamin D

4. production of specific hormones to maintain blood pressure

5. produce blood cells, and absorb salt correctly