bio fall semester exam review.

what was produced from the miller urey experiment?

organic compounds such as amino acids

what are the organic compounds

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

what are lipids

\-made up of glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids.

\-LONG TERM ENERGY SOURCES

\-major part of cell membrane

what is a nucleic acid?

\-dna and rna

\-responsible for transmitting genetic info

\-CHONP

what are carbohydrates?

\-QUICK ENERGY SOURCES

\-include sugar and starches

what are proteins?

\-made up of amino acids

\-major component of skin, hair, nails and transportation

\-used as enzymes

\-CHON

what is a catalyst?

anything that can speed up a reaction by lowering activation energy.

what is an enzyme?

proteins that help speed up metabolism or chemical reactions in the body.

Enzymes are…

organic catalysts

Are all enzymes catalysts?

True

Are all catalysts enzymes?

false

at what temp does the enzyme function best?

40 degrees celsius/ 104 degrees Fahrenheit

what chemicals did miller and urey use in the experiment to stimulate earth’s early atmosphere?

mixture of hydrogen, ammonia, methane, & water

molecular organization

cell, compound, molecule, element, atom

what is the carbohydrate monomer?

monosaccharide

what is the carbohydrate polymer?

disaccharide, and polysaccharide

monosaccharides (starchy)

glucose, frcutose, galactose (“ose” indicates sugar)

disaccharides (starchy)

2 monosaccharides bonded together

dehydration synthesis

removal of water to join 2 molecules together - same thing as formation of disaccharides

hydrolosis

breaking down carbs into disaccharides or monosaccharides

animals store excess sugars as the starch

glycogen

plants store excess sugars as the starch

cellulose

whats a monomer of a protein?

amino acids

whats a polymer of a protein?

polypeptide

what help make proteins?

nucleic acids

whats a monomer of a nucleic acid

nucleotide

what does a nucleotide include?

phosphate group, deoxyribose or ribose, and a nitrogen base

what is needed to start a reaction?

activation energy

enzymes can be affected by…

temperature, pH, and concentration

whats a cell?

basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms.

8 characteristics of life

1. made of cells
2. universal genetic code
3. maintain homeostasis
4. respond to environment
5. obtain + use materials + energy
6. grow and develop
7. reproduce
8. change over time

Cell Theory

1. living things are made of cells
2. cells are the basic unit of life
3. cells come from existing cells

all cells have:

cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes

prokaryotes characteristics

\-no nucleus/organelles

\-oldest cells

\-simple/single celled

\-kingdoms: bacteria, archaea

eukaryotes characteristics

\-nucleus/organelles

\-younger

\-complex/multi-celled

\-kingdoms: protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

prokaryotes and eukaryotes (both) characteristics

\-cell membrane

\-DNA

\-ribosomes

\-cytoplasm

Body System level of organization

cells → tissues → organs →organ systems → organism

plant cells characteristics

cell wall, large vacuole, chloroplasts, flagella only in gametes

animal cell characteristics

no cell wall, small or no vacuole, no chloroplasts, flagella

plant and animal cell characteristics

mitochondrion, golgi apparatus, rough/smooth endoplasmic rectilum, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes

Nucleus:

holds DNA. found in eukaryotic cells.

Cell Membrane:

outside lipid barrier of cell. controls what enters and leaves cell to maintain homeostasis

Mitochondria:

powerhouse of cell; convert glucose into energy

Ribosome:

makes proteins

vacuole

sac-like structure stores water, salts, food, etc.

cell wall

extra barrier ON TOP of cell membrane for extra support. found in plant cells.

chloroplast:

where photosynthesis occurs, found only in plant cells

lysosome

digests lipids, carbs, and proteins into small molecules; involved in breaking down of cells.

golgi apparatus

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic recticulum for storage in cell or secretion outside of cell.

endoplasmic reticulum

where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled with proteins/other materials that are exported from the cell.

whats the endosymbiotic theory

states that mitochondria and chlorplasts in eukaryotic cells were aerobic bacteria (prokaryotes). theory explains origin of eukaryotic cells.

phopholipid bliayer

double layer of phospholipids that make the membrane

phospholipid

the monomer of a cell membrane

receptor protein

sends and receives messages; usually in from of hormones

channel protein

works like a tunnel → allow things in & out of membrane

marker protein

often have carb chains. identify cell, every cell has marker proteins.(act as name tag)

passive transportation characteristics

1. requires NO energy
2. high to low concentration
3. molecules move WITH gradient. Go with the flow!

active transport characteristics

1. requires energy
2. low to high concentration
3. molecules move AGAINST gradient

diffusion

molecules naturally move from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

requires NO ENERGY.

facilitated diffusion

movement of larger molecules from high to low concentrations through channel proteins until equilibrium is reached and requires no energy.

osmosis

diffusion of water from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

ATP:

energy storage molecule

“Hypo”

lesser, lower

“hyper”

more, higher

“iso”

equal”

“tonic”

solute concentration

Solute

anything but water

Solvent

H20 (water)

Hypotonic Solution

* solution w/ LOWER solute concentration OUTSIDE cell
* water moves INTO cell
* cell will burst

Isotonic Solution

* solution w/ = solvent & solute concentration
* cell is in equilibrium
* water moves in/out @ equal rate

Hypertonic Solution

* solution w/ HIGHER solute concentration OUTSIDE of cell
* water will move OUT of cell
* cell will shrink

Hypotonic Solution effect on cells

Animal Cell: swells, may burst (cytolosis)

Plant Cell: normal, vacuole is full, turgor pressure

Isotonic Solution effect of cells

Animal Cell: normal

Plant Cell: wilts, no pressure on cell wall, vacuole is not as full

Hypertonic Solution effect on cells

Animal Cell: shrivels up and dies

Plant Cell: membrane shrinks & breaks from cell wall (plasmolysis)

Endocytosis

taking in of large particles

Exocytosis (exo=exterminate)

removal of large particles

osmoregulation

control of water balance.

if you drink a lot of water, water levels in blood will be higher than normal. hypothalamus will send a message to the pituitary gland, will send hormones through circulatory system to increase kidney filtration, will cause you to pee, brings water levels back to normal and the feedback loop shuts off.

thermoregulation

process of maintaining internal temp. within tolerable range.

\
you go out jogging in summer, hypothalamus sends a message to Pituitary Gland to bring your body temperature down, sends hormonal messages through the circulatory system to the sweat glands, will secret to the surface of your body in order to cool your body back until your body is back to its normal levels and the feedback loop will shut off

glucose regulation

process of maintaining optimal blood glucose levels

If you eat alot of food, hypothalamus will recognize that your blood sugar levels are starting to peak, will send a message through your circulatory system to your pancreas that will secrete hormone insulin, will cause your cells to allow more sugar in and will combine these sugars to make a starch called glycogen, will get stored away in your liver, which will help get sugar out of your blood and bring your blood sugar back to normal which will end the feedback loop

positive feedback loop

keeps the stimulus in the same direction and presumably speeds up the action.

negative feedback loops

process in which the body senses a change, and activates mechanisms to reverse that change.

example: thermoregulation and glucose regulation

Hypothamulus

recognize pH in blood, b/p, body temp, respiratory levels

Pituitary gland

master gland of endocrine system

Circulatory System

network connected to the heart that deliver molecules through the body.

respiratory system

responsible for taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from lungs

nervous system

transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including internal organs

muscular system

enables movement of body parts

skeletal system

give structure and make blood cells

endocrine system

sends chemical signals to the other body systems to turn them on or off.  Hormones are produced in this system.

lymphatic (immune) system

responsible for making white blood cells to fight infections. 

James Watson and Francis Crick

discovered structural model of DNA

how many chromosomes does the body have?

46(2n or diploid)

DNA characteristics

* contains deoxyribose sugar
* double stranded
* A-T & C-G
* never leaves nucleus

RNA characteristics

* contains ribose sugar
* single stranded
* A-U & C-G
* can leave nucleus
* located in cytoplasm
* helps make protein

DNA & RNA characteristics (both)

* located in nucleus
* function in protein synthesis
* composed of nucleotides

mRNA, messenger RNA

copies/carries DNA code

tRNA, transfer RNA

carries amino acids

rRNA, ribosomal RNA

guides process in the ribosome

what term describes DNA to mRNA?

transcription

what term describes mRNA to Protein

translation