RAD2206 Skull radiography

What are the two main sets of bones in the skull?

what is the function of the skull?

What is cranium and whats its function?

What are the 8 bones that make up cranium?

8 bones of the cranium are divided into what?

How many bones does Clavaria consist of, and what are they?

How many bones does the Floor consist of, and what are they?

How many facial bones are there?

What are the anatomical landmarks/ planes/ lines of the skull?

Median Sagittal Plane

Anthropological plane

Interorbital or interpupillary line

Anthropological line

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Orbito-meatal base line (OMBL)

What is the angle difference between OMBL and anthropological line/IOBL

Anatomical lines

Why is erect positioning convenient?

Why is horizontal beam essential?

What is the minimum SID

100cm

What are the best techniques for minimizing radiation exposure to the patient in skull radiography?

Proper centering

Immobilizing the head when necessary so as to minimize repeats

Applying accurate collimation to area of interest

Using anatomical markers at the time of examination and not by adding them electronically during post processing

Why is proper centering importanat?

Why is Applying accurate collimation to area of interest important?

How do fractures appear?

How do vascular markings appear?

What are basic standard skull projections?

When is Towne’s projection used?

Which side is placed touching the bucky/IR

The affected side

Lateral projection in non-trauma cases

Lateral projection patient positioning and angulation

Mid sagittal plane of the head in lateral projection

Parallel to the bucky/IR

What distance should be between nasion and bucky/IR?

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Obtaining the Interpupillary line on lateral projection

Perpendicular to the bucky/IR

Obtaining the infra-orbito meatal line on lateral projection

Parallel to the transverse axis of the bucky/IR

Position of the central ray on lateral projection

Position of the upper border of bucky/IR on lateral projection

5cm above the vertex of skull

Instructions for the patient during thescan

When it is not possible to adjust the head to a true lateral

Patient positioning for stretcher or bedside examinations

What is the evaluation criteria for lateral projection?

What structures are superimposed when there is no rotation of cranium on lateral scan?

Patient positioning for Occipito Frontal (OF) projection

What is the angulation of central ray for Occipito Frontal (OF) projection and why are they used?

How is 15 degree caudal angulation for OF projection perfomed?

How is 25 degree caudal angulation for OF projection perfomed?

Patient positioning for Fronto-occipital (FO) projection

What are the two positionings used for central ray of 15 degrees in Fronto-occipital (FO) projection

Patient positioning for stretcher or bedside examinations for Fronto-occipital (FO) projection

What is important to rule out before elevating head in patient positioning for stretcher or beside examinations?

Cervical injury

OF and FO projections evaluating criteria

What are the other names for Towne’s projection?

AP Axial or 30 degree Fronto-occipital

What structures are shown on Towne’s projection?

Patient positioning for Towne’s projection

Where should the Central ray be directed for Towne’s projection?

How will the top part of bucky/IR cassette appear?

Adjacent to vertex of skull

What should be done if its not possible to get the OMBL perpendicular to bucky/IR?

The anthropological line (IOBL) should be placed perpendicular to bucky/IR cassette

How is central ray directed when it is not possible to get OMBL perpendicular to bucky/IR

Patient positioning for stretcher/bedside examinations for Towne’s projection

Evaluation criteria for Towne’s projection

What are Paranasal sinuses (PNS)

What are the four groups in which paranasal sinuses are divided into and what are the bones in those groups

Paranasal sinuses visual

When do paranasal sinuses develop?

What are the functions of paranasal sinuses?

Maxillary sinuses position, and appearance on different views

Frontal sinuses, location and anatomy

Ethmoid sinuses location and appearance

Sphenoid sinuses location and anatomy

What are the objectives for imaging paranasal sinuses?

Common indication for imaging paranasal sinuses

How will patients with sinusitis appear?

How do healthy sinuses appear on radiogrpah?

On what does the number of projections depend?

Local protocols

Patient’s age

What are the basic standard projections for imaging paranasal sinuses?

Considerations taken for radiography of the skull

What are the planes and lines used for paranasal sinuses radiography?

Projection of Lateral Sinuses

In the projection of lateral sinuses in what position is the mid sagittal plane of the head?

Parallel to the bucky/IR

The distance between nasion and bucky/IR should be equal to which distance?

To distance between external occipital protuberance and the bucky/IR

In the projection of lateral sinuses in what position is the interpupillary line?

Perpendicular to the bucky/IR

In the projection of lateral sinuses in what position is the infra-orbito meatal line?

Parallel to the transverse

axis of the bucky/IR

What is the position of central ray in projection of lateral sinuses?

What are the instructions for the patient for lateral sinuses projection?

Structures shown on the lateral sinuses projection

Evaluation criteria for lateral sinuses projection

What is the other name for Occipito Frontal Projection of sinuses

PA sinuses Caldwell

How much is bucky tilt in occipito frontal projection of sinuses and what is the aim of this

Patient positioning form occipito frontal projection of sinuses

Position of central ray for occipito frontal projection

What to do when bucky cannot be tilted for OF projection?

What are the structures shown on OF projection of sinuses?

What is the evaluation criteria for OF projection of sinuses?