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Cuba's Plight
The suffering of Cubans under Spanish rule that fueled American sympathy and intervention.
José Martí
Cuban revolutionary leader who opposed Spanish control and sought U.S. support for independence.
‘Butcher’ Weyler
Spanish general known for brutal tactics in Cuba, including concentration camps.
Yellow Press
Sensationalist journalism by Pulitzer's World and Hearst's Journal that influenced U.S. support for war.
Citizen Kane
A film inspired by media mogul William Randolph Hearst, who used sensationalism to push for war.
DeLome Letter
A letter from a Spanish diplomat criticizing President McKinley, angering many Americans.
USS Maine Explosion
The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana Harbor, a key event leading to the Spanish-American War.
McKinley’s War Request
President McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain in April 1898.
Teller Amendment
An amendment stating that the U.S. would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.
Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders
A volunteer cavalry unit led by TR, famous for their charge up San Juan Hill.
Commodore Dewey
U.S. naval officer who defeated the Spanish fleet in the Philippines.
Treaty of Paris (1899)
This treaty ended the Spanish-American War; the U.S. gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
Platt Amendment
Allowed U.S. intervention in Cuba’s affairs and established the Guantanamo Bay naval base.
Roosevelt Corollary
TR’s addition to the Monroe Doctrine, justifying U.S. intervention in Latin America.
Great White Fleet
A U.S. naval fleet sent on a world tour to demonstrate American military power.
Panama Canal
A strategic waterway built by the U.S. to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Hay’s Open Door Policy
A policy ensuring equal trade rights in China.
Boxer Rebellion
Chinese nationalist uprising against foreign influence, suppressed by an international coalition.
Aguinaldo’s Uprising
Filipino resistance against U.S. rule after the Spanish-American War.
Dollar Diplomacy
U.S. foreign policy under Taft, using financial investments to exert influence.
Wilson vs. Villa
Conflict between U.S. President Wilson and Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Naval strategist who promoted U.S. expansion and advocated for a strong navy.
Josiah Strong
Minister who advocated for U.S. imperialism based on spreading Christianity and civilization.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Filipino leader who fought against both Spanish and U.S. rule.
Albert Beveridge
U.S. senator who supported imperialism for economic and strategic reasons.
Theodore Roosevelt (TR)
Advocate for American expansionism and later president.
William McKinley
President during the Spanish-American War who justified U.S. imperialism.
Senator Bryan
William Jennings Bryan, who opposed imperialism but helped secure the acquisition of the Philippines.
Booker T. Washington
Advocated for vocational education for Black advancement.
W.E.B. DuBois
Demanded immediate civil rights for Black Americans.
Muckrakers
Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices.
Upton Sinclair
Author of 'The Jungle,' which led to food safety reforms.
17th Amendment
Allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators.
Social Gospel
A movement applying Christian ethics to social reform.
Jane Addams
Founder of Hull House, advocate for social work and immigrant rights.
Women’s Trade Union League
Supported working women and labor reforms.
Florence Kelley
Social reformer who fought for child labor laws and workers' rights.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
Deadly factory fire that led to workplace safety reforms.
WCTU (Woman’s Christian Temperance Union)
Advocated for prohibition and women's rights, led by Frances Willard.
Big Stick Policy
TR’s foreign policy of using military strength to achieve diplomatic goals.
Square Deal
TR’s domestic policy focusing on consumer protection, corporate regulation, and conservation.
Northern Securities Case
TR’s trust-busting effort to break up a major railroad monopoly.
Meat Inspection Act
Law ensuring food safety standards in the meatpacking industry.
Pure Food and Drug Act (PFDA)
Law ensuring safety standards for food and drugs.
Preservationist vs. Conservationist
Debate between protecting nature (John Muir) and managing it wisely (Gifford Pinchot).
Department of Commerce & Labor
Created to regulate business and labor disputes.
Elkins Act
Regulated railroad rates to prevent unfair pricing.
Aldrich-Vreeland Act
Allowed emergency currency issuance in financial crises.
Trustbuster of Standard Oil & U.S. Steel
Taft's efforts to break up major monopolies.
Election of 1912
Contested between Taft, Debs, TR, and Wilson, with Wilson emerging victorious.
New Freedom vs. New Nationalism
Wilson’s focus on small businesses vs. TR’s support for government regulation.
16th-19th Amendments
Income tax (16th), direct Senate election (17th), prohibition (18th), women’s suffrage (19th).
Federal Reserve Act
Created the modern banking system.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
Regulated unfair business practices.
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act
Banned child labor in interstate commerce.
Underwood Tariff
Lowered tariffs and introduced an income tax.
Adamson Act
Established an eight-hour workday for railroad workers.
Central vs. Allied Powers
Germany and Austria-Hungary vs. Britain, France, Russia, and the U.S.
American Involvement
Sparked by German unrestricted submarine warfare, Lusitania sinking, and the Zimmerman Note.
Russian Revolution (1917)
Overthrow of the czar, leading to Russia's withdrawal from WWI.
Wilson’s War Message (1917)
Justified U.S. entry into World War I.
Armistice (11/11/1918)
The agreement that ended World War I.
Fourteen Points
Wilson’s peace plan emphasizing self-determination and free trade.
Big Four
Leaders from the U.S., Britain, France, and Italy who negotiated the Treaty of Versailles.
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Ended World War I; blamed Germany and imposed harsh penalties.
League of Nations & Article X
International peacekeeping organization; the U.S. did not join.
Senate Debate
Conflict between Lodge Reservationists, Wilson Democrats, and Irreconcilables over the Treaty of Versailles.
Ashcan School
Art movement focusing on urban realism, represented by artists like George Bellows and John Sloan.
Immigrant Influence
Significantly shaped early 20th-century American culture.
Charlie Chaplin
Silent film icon known for social satire.
Alfred Stieglitz
Photographer who elevated photography to the status of fine art.
Armory Show (1913)
Introduced modern art to America.
Marcel Duchamp
Artist known for 'Nude Descending a Staircase,' a seminal piece of modern art.
Precisionism
Artistic movement focused on industrial subjects, featuring artists like Charles Sheeler and Georgia O’Keeffe.
