Chapter 28-31 Tech +

Data

is raw facts and figures

Information

is processed data with meaning

Critical Data

essential for operations
Examples:
-             Customer financial information

-             Product designs and patents

-             Employee personal records

Non-Critical Data

nice to have but not essential

Data-Driven Business Decisions

-             Using data to guide strategy

-             Facts replace guesswork

-             Improved outcomes and efficiency

Data Capture and Collection

-             Gathering raw data from various sources

-             Customer interactions and transactions

-             Sensors, surveys, and observations

Data Collection Methods

-             Online forms and surveys

-             Point-of-sale systems

-             Website analytics and tracking

Data Correlation

-             Finding relationships between data sets

-             Identifying patterns and connections

-             Reveals insights not obvious individually

Meaningful Reporting

-             Converting data into actionable insights

-             Visual presentations and dashboards

-             Tailored to audience needs

Data Monetization

-             Converting data into revenue

-             Selling insights to other companies

-             Improving products and services

-             Examples

o  Targeted advertising based on user data

o  Premium analytics services

o  Data licensing to partners

Data Analytics

-             Process of examining data for insights

-             Statistically analysis and pattern recognition

-             Transform raw data into knowledge

-             Bulk information

Descriptive Analytics

-             Simply seek to describe your data

Predictive Analytics

-             Seek to use your existing data to predict future events

Big Data

-             Extremely large and complex data sets

-             Traditional tools cannot process effectively

-             Requires specialized technologies

Database

-             Organized collection of structured data

-             Enables efficient storage and retrieval

-             Foundation of modern information systems

Database Uses

-             Multiple operations for data management

-             Essential business and personal functions

-             Support various organizational needs

Create Database Operations

-             Add new records to database

-             Input fresh data from various sources

-             Expand database with new information

Import/Input Operations

-             Bring data from external sources

-             Spreadsheets, text files, other databases

-             Bulk data entry and migration

Query Operations

-             Search and retrieve specific data

-             Filter records based on criteria

-             Answer questions using stored data

Report Operations

-             Formatted presentation of data

-             Summarize and analyze information

-             Professional output for stakeholders

Flat file

-             Limited simultaneous access

o  Scalability: difficult to expand

o  Speed: slower for large data sets

o  Variety of Data: simple data types only

Database

-             Many users can access safely

-             Handle users coordination

o  Scalability: designed to grow

o  Handles increasing data volume

o  Speed: optimized for fast retrieval

o  Uses indexing and optimization

o  Variety of Data: complex relationships supported

o  Databases handles multiple data formats

Database Records

-             Individual entries in database

-             Data is store in tables

-             Contain related information fields

-             Examples:

o  Customer record

o  Product record

Record Structure

-             Fields store specific data pieces

-             Each record has unique identifier

-             Consistent format across records

-             Primary key of the database = ID #

Foreign keys

-             Second type of key

-             Define relationships between tables

-             Other tables

Storage

-             How and where data is physically kept

-             Affects performance and accessibility

-             Critical for data management strategy

Data Persistence

-             Database data survives power loss unlike RAM

-             Essential for business records and transactions

-             Why your bank account survives system restarts

Data Availability

-             When and how data can be accessed

-             Affects business operations

-             Balance between access and security

Cloud (database)

-             Remote server storage

-             Security and access implications

-             Anyone can access it

Local Storage (database)

-             On-premises storage

-             Security and access implications

-             Benefits

o  Direct control over data

o  No internet dependency

o  Potentially faster access

o  Potentially more secure

Online Access

-             Requires internet connect

-             Affects when data is available

Offline Access

-             Works without connectivity

Data Structure

-             Different ways to organize and store data

-             Each approach serves specific needs

-             Choice affects performance and capabilities

Structured Data

-             Highly organized in predefined format

-             Fixed schema with specific fields

-             Examples:

o  Spreadsheets

o  Relational databases (oracle, MySqyel)

Semi-structured Data

-             Some organization but flexible format

-             Tags or markers provide structure

-             Examples:

o  XML

o  JSON files – read by multiple apps

Semi-structured Data Characteristics

o  More flexible than structured data

o  Self-describing format

o  Easier to modify than structured

Non-Structured Data

-             No predefined organizational format

-             Free-form content without fixed schema

-             Examples

o  Emails

o  Documents

o  Imagines

Relational Databases

-             Data organized in related tables

-             Structured approach with fixed schema

-             Most common database type

-             Corporate

Table

-             Is made up of rows and fields

-             Collections of related records

-             Organized in rows and column

-             Each table represents entity type

Schema

-             Blueprint defining database structure

-             Specifies tables fields and relationships

-             Must be designed before data entry

-             People create scheme in database

Schema Benefits

o  Ensures data consistency

o  Enforces business rules

o  Provides clear data organization

Rows/Records

-             Individual entries in table

-             Each row contains complete data set

-             Represents single entity instance

Fields/Columns

-             Individual data elements

-             Each column has specific data type

-             Consistent across all rows

Primary Key

-             Unique identifier for each record

-             Cannot be null or duplicate

-             Ensures record uniqueness

-             Each table needs to have a table

Foreign Key

-             Links to primary key in another table

-             Creates relationships between tables

-             Maintains referential integrity

Foreign Key Benefits

o  Prevents orphaned records

o  Enforces data relationships

o  Enables table joins

Constraints

-             Rules that limit allowable data

-             Ensure data quality and integrity

Non-relational Database

-             Flexible data storage approaches

-             No fixed schema required

-             Handle varied data types efficiently

Key/Value Database

-             Simple structure with key-value pairs

-             Fast retrieval using unique keys

-             Examples

o  Redis

o  Amazon

o  DynamoDB

Key/Value Database Characteristics

o  Extremely fast access

o  Simple data model

o  Limited query capabilities

Document Database Benefits

-             Natural fit for application objects

-             Flexible data structure

-             Easy to scale horizontally

Data Backup    

-             Creating copies of important data

-             Protection against data loss

-             Essential for business continuity

Backup purpose

-             Protect against hardware failure

-             Recover from accidental deletion

-             Restore after malware attacks

Data Types for Backup

-             Important documents and files

-             System configurations and settings

-             Application data and database

File Backups

-             Copying specific files and folders

-             Users documents and work files

-             Selective backup of important data

File Backups Benefits

o  Quick and targeted protection

o  Easy to restore individual files

o  Efficient use of storage space

System Backups

-             Complete copy of entire system

-             Operating system and all programs

-             Full restoration capability

System Backups Benefits

o  Complete system recovery possible

o  Restore everything at once

o  Protection against major failures

Restoring Data

-             Process of recovering backup-up information

-             Returns data to usable state

-             Critical when original data is lost

Restoring Data Considerations

o  Verify backup integrity before restoring

o  Choose appropriate restoration point

o  Test restored data for completeness

Backup Location

-             Where backup copies are stored

-             Affects accessibility and security

-             Multiple location strategies recommended

Stored Locally

-             Backup kept on-site with original data

-             Physical control over backup media

-             Immediate access for restoration

Flash Drive Backup

-             Portable USB storage device

-             Convenient for small data sets

-             Easy to transport and use

Flash Drive Backup Considerations

o  Limited storage capacity

o  Can be easily lost damaged

o  Good for personal file backups

External Hard Drive Backup

-             Large capacity external storage

-             Connects via USB or other interface

-             Suitable for system and large file backups

External Hard Drive Backup Benefits

o  High storage capacity

o  Relatively inexpensive

o  Fast backup and restore speeds

SD Card backup

-             Small removable storage card

-             Used in cameras and mobile devices

-             Convenient for specific device backups

Cloud Storage Backup

-             Remote backup via internet

-             Data stored in provider’s data centers

-             Accessible from anywhere with internet

Cloud Storage Backup Benefits

o  Automatic backups scheduling

o  Protection from local disasters

o  Access from multiple devices

Cloud Storage Backup Benefits

o  Automatic backups scheduling

o  Protection from local disasters

o  Access from multiple devices