Genotype: The genes that control a particular trait ex) homozygous dominant BB, heterozygous Bb
Biological exponential growth: When resources are unlimited, a population can experience exponential growth, where its size increases at a greater and greater rate.
Phenotype: The observable physical characteristics of an organism ex) purple flower
Patterns of dispersion: The spatial distribution of individuals within a population is called dispersion.
1. Uniform distribution: Equidistant from each other, may result from social interactions such as competition and territoriality.
Penguins!
2. Clumped distribution: Individuals are clustered together in herds/flocks
Elephants!
3. Random distribution:
Dominant: Trait is always expressed as the dominant trait if one connected allele is dominant.
Species interactions:
Competition (-/-)
Predation (+/-)
Mutualism (+/+)
Commensalism (+/0)
Parasitism (+/-)
Recessive Adaptation: Process driven by natural selection, where a recessive trait becomes more prevalent in a population over time due to its beneficial effects in a specific environment.
Codon: Sequence of 3 nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid on mRNA. There are 64 codons for 20 amino acids. More than 1 codon can code for 1 amino acid.
Nucleotides can be: A, C, G, U
DNA: A nucleic acid of two linked strands wounded in a double helix shape. The helix shape comprises a backbone of deoxyribose sugar and phosphates that link the sugars together. The nitrogenous bases lie in the inside of the double helix, purines A and G pair with pyrimidines T and C. A-T C-G
Anticodon: An anticodon is the complementary sequence to a codon in mRNA that is found in tRNA.
Transcription DNA, mRNA (nucleus)
Translation mRNA, tRNA, Protein (ribosome)
Codon: AUG
Anticodon: UAC
Speciation: Process by which new species emerge from an existing one.
Allopatric Speciation: Formation of new species due to geographic isolation, populations begin to differ from genetic drift.
Sympatric Speciation: Formation of new species due to reproductive isolation from behavioral differences.
Spontaneous generation: Simpler forms of life were generated from spontaneous generations…organisms can ‘spawn’ from nonliving matter.
Logistic growth: Due to limiting factors within a population. The growth rate of a population will start high and then decline as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the ecosystem.
Species Biotic vs abiotic = Living vs nonliving
Levels of organization in ecology
Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere
DNA replication
Population density: Population density is the number of individuals of a species per unit area.
10% rule: k
Carrying capacity: Maximum number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support indefinitely
Limiting factor: A limiting factor is a factor that restricts the growth or survival of a population. Limiting factors can be either density-dependent (e.g., competition for resources) or density-independent (e.g., natural disasters).
Density-dependent (due to its density) vs independent factors (regardless of its density)
Interdependence: The interconnectedness of organisms in their surroundings and with the abiotic factors of their environment
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