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Fundamentals of Trigonometric Rearrangements and Inverse Functions

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readlang

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3 sigmatropic rearrangements

1. Gravitational Forces What is gravity? Gravity is a force of attraction between objects that have mass. The bigger the mass → the stronger the gravity. The closer the objects → the stronger the gravity. Mass vs Weight Mass Amount of matter in an object Measured in kilograms (kg) Stays the same everywhere Measured with a balance Weight Force of gravity acting on an object Measured in newtons (N) Changes depending on gravity Measured with a spring scale Example Your mass = 50 kg (same on Earth and Moon) Your weight = different (because gravity changes) Formula for Weight F = mg F = weight (N) m = mass (kg) g = gravitational field strength Earth: 9.8 N/kg (≈ 10 N/kg) Example A boy has a mass of 40 kg. What is his weight? F = mg F = 40 × 10 F = 400 N 2. Unit Conversions 1 kg = 1000 g 1 g = 0.001 kg 1 Mg = 1 000 000 g 1 g = 0.000001 Mg Tips kg → g = ×1000 g → kg = ÷1000 g → Mg = ÷1 000 000 Mg → g = ×1 000 000 3. Magnetism Magnetic vs Non-Magnetic Materials Magnetic: iron, steel, nickel, cobalt Non-magnetic: plastic, wood, glass Uses of Magnets Fridges Compasses Electric motors Speakers Magnetic Poles North pole (N) South pole (S) Rule Like poles repel (N–N, S–S) Unlike poles attract (N–S) Magnetic Fields Area around a magnet where force is felt Represented by field lines Field Line Rules Go from North → South Never cross Closer lines = stronger field 4. Electrostatics What is electrostatics? Study of charges at rest Types of Charges Positive (+) Negative (−) Rule Like charges repel Unlike charges attract Charging by Friction When two objects are rubbed together Electrons move from one object to another One becomes negative, the other positive Example Rub a balloon on your hair → it sticks to the wall Interaction of Charges Positive + Positive → repel Negative + Negative → repel Positive + Negative → attract 5. Polarisation (NEW) What is polarisation? Polarisation happens when charges in a neutral object rearrange due to a nearby charged object