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REVOLUCIÓN DE MAYO Causas * Napoleón Bonaparte invadió España. * El rey Fernando VII fue apresado. * Cayó la Junta de Sevilla. * En el Virreinato surgió la duda sobre quién debía gobernar. ⸻ Cabildo Abierto del 22 de Mayo Se discutió si debía seguir gobernando el virrey Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros. Posturas: * Algunos querían mantener al virrey. * Otros decían que el poder volvía al pueblo. Juan José Castelli defendió la soberanía popular. Cornelio Saavedra propuso destituir al virrey y formar un nuevo gobierno. ⸻ 25 de Mayo de 1810 Se creó la Primera Junta, el primer gobierno patrio

Chapter 4 -CAREW

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Confederacy (CSA) :: Formed in February 1861 by 11 Southern states after secession; capital was Richmond; fought to protect slavery and states’ rights. Lincoln's First Inaugural Address (1861) :: Lincoln said secession was illegal, promised not to interfere with slavery where it existed, and aimed to preserve the Union peacefully. Border States :: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware; slave states that stayed in the Union and were strategically important. North vs South (1861) :: North had ~22 million people, industry, and factories; South had ~9 million people and relied on agriculture and slavery. Conscription (1862 CSA / 1863 USA) :: First national draft in U.S. history used when volunteer numbers dropped. Substitution :: Allowed wealthy men to pay others to fight in their place during the draft. Habeas Corpus Suspension (1861–1863) :: Lincoln suspended legal protection requiring trial before imprisonment during wartime. Union Blockade (Anaconda Plan) :: Naval blockade of Southern ports (1861–1865) that cut off trade and weakened Confederacy. Industrial Advantage :: North had ~90% of factories and weapons production compared to the South. Railroads :: North had far more railroads (~22,000 miles vs ~9,000), allowing faster troop movement. Revenue Act of 1862 :: First federal income tax used to fund the Civil War. Greenbacks (1862) :: Union paper money not backed by gold; caused moderate inflation. Greybacks :: Confederate money that became nearly worthless due to inflation. Jay Cooke :: Banker who sold large amounts of Union war bonds. Cotton Diplomacy :: Confederate strategy expecting Britain and France to support them due to cotton dependence. Trent Affair (1861) :: U.S. captured Confederate diplomats from a British ship, nearly causing war with Britain. Ironclads (1862) :: Armored warships (USS Monitor vs CSS Virginia) that changed naval warfare. Robert E. Lee :: Commander of Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Ulysses S. Grant :: Union general who led successful campaigns like Vicksburg and Appomattox. William T. Sherman :: Union general known for “March to the Sea” and total war tactics. Scorched Earth Policy :: Strategy of destroying enemy supplies, railroads, and farmland. Scott’s Anaconda Plan :: Union strategy to blockade South and split it along the Mississippi River. Telegraph :: Communication system that allowed fast military messaging during war. Appomattox Court House (1865) :: Location where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the Civil War. Enrollment Act of 1863 :: Union draft law allowing substitutions; caused protests in Northern cities. New York Draft Riots (1863) :: Violent protests against the draft; over 100 killed. Emancipation Proclamation (1863) :: Freed enslaved people in Confederate states still in rebellion. Copperheads :: Northern Democrats who opposed the war and wanted peace with the South. Merryman Case (1861) :: Challenged Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus. Vallandigham Case (1863) :: Anti-war politician arrested and exiled for criticizing Lincoln. Milligan Case (1866) :: Supreme Court ruled civilians cannot be tried in military courts if civil courts are open. Election of 1864 :: Lincoln (National Union Party) defeated McClellan; voters chose continuation of war. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) :: Government agency helping freed slaves with food, jobs, and education. 10% Plan (1863) :: Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan allowing Southern states back after 10% loyalty oath. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) :: Radical Republican plan requiring majority loyalty oath; Lincoln vetoed it. 13th Amendment (1865) :: Abolished slavery in the United States. Civil Rights Act of 1866 :: Gave citizenship and equal rights to all born in the U.S. 14th Amendment (1868) :: Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law. 15th Amendment (1870) :: Gave Black men the right to vote. Andrew Johnson :: President after Lincoln; opposed Radical Republicans and favored lenient Reconstruction. Radical Republicans :: Group led by Thaddeus Stevens that wanted strict Reconstruction and Black rights. Military Reconstruction Acts (1867–68) :: Divided South into military districts controlled by Union Army. Tenure of Office Act (1867) :: Required Senate approval to remove cabinet officials. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) :: First presidential impeachment; he was not removed from office. Black Codes (1865–1866) :: Southern laws restricting freedom and labor of freed African Americans. Sharecropping :: Farming system where workers gave a share of crops for land use, often causing debt. Carpetbaggers :: Northerners who moved South after the war for opportunity. Scalawags :: Southern whites who supported Reconstruction governments. Ku Klux Klan (KKK, 1865) :: White supremacist group using violence and terror against Black Americans. Colfax Massacre (1873) :: Over 100 Black Americans killed during election violence in Louisiana. Mississippi Plan (1875) :: Use of violence and intimidation to regain white Democratic control. Force Acts (1870–71) :: Federal laws used to stop KKK violence and protect Black voters. Jim Crow Laws :: Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South. Civil Rights Act of 1875 :: Banned segregation in public places; later weakened by courts. Election of 1876 :: Disputed election between Hayes and Tilden. Compromise of 1877 :: Hayes becomes president; federal troops leave South, ending Reconstruction. Redeemers :: Southern Democrats who regained control after Reconstruction. Bourbon Democrats :: Conservative Southern Democrats supporting segregation and limited government. Juneteenth (1865) :: June 19, 1865 when enslaved people in Texas learned they were Lincoln's First Inaugural Address (1861) :: Lincoln said secession was illegal, promised not to interfere with slavery where it existed, and aimed to preserve the Union peacefully. Border States :: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware; slave states that stayed in the Union and were strategically important. North vs South (1861) :: North had ~22 million people, industry, and factories; South had ~9 million people and relied on agriculture and slavery. Conscription (1862 CSA / 1863 USA) :: First national draft in U.S. history used when volunteer numbers dropped. Substitution :: Allowed wealthy men to pay others to fight in their place during the draft. Habeas Corpus Suspension (1861–1863) :: Lincoln suspended legal protection requiring trial before imprisonment during wartime. Union Blockade (Anaconda Plan) :: Naval blockade of Southern ports (1861–1865) that cut off trade and weakened Confederacy. Industrial Advantage :: North had ~90% of factories and weapons production compared to the South. Railroads :: North had far more railroads (~22,000 miles vs ~9,000), allowing faster troop movement. Revenue Act of 1862 :: First federal income tax used to fund the Civil War. Greenbacks (1862) :: Union paper money not backed by gold; caused moderate inflation. Greybacks :: Confederate money that became nearly worthless due to inflation. Jay Cooke :: Banker who sold large amounts of Union war bonds. Cotton Diplomacy :: Confederate strategy expecting Britain and France to support them due to cotton dependence. Trent Affair (1861) :: U.S. captured Confederate diplomats from a British ship, nearly causing war with Britain. Ironclads (1862) :: Armored warships (USS Monitor vs CSS Virginia) that changed naval warfare. Robert E. Lee :: Commander of Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Ulysses S. Grant :: Union general who led successful campaigns like Vicksburg and Appomattox. William T. Sherman :: Union general known for “March to the Sea” and total war tactics. Scorched Earth Policy :: Strategy of destroying enemy supplies, railroads, and farmland. Scott’s Anaconda Plan :: Union strategy to blockade South and split it along the Mississippi River. Telegraph :: Communication system that allowed fast military messaging during war. Appomattox Court House (1865) :: Location where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the Civil War. Enrollment Act of 1863 :: Union draft law allowing substitutions; caused protests in Northern cities. New York Draft Riots (1863) :: Violent protests against the draft; over 100 killed. Emancipation Proclamation (1863) :: Freed enslaved people in Confederate states still in rebellion. Copperheads :: Northern Democrats who opposed the war and wanted peace with the South. Merryman Case (1861) :: Challenged Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus. Vallandigham Case (1863) :: Anti-war politician arrested and exiled for criticizing Lincoln. Milligan Case (1866) :: Supreme Court ruled civilians cannot be tried in military courts if civil courts are open. Election of 1864 :: Lincoln (National Union Party) defeated McClellan; voters chose continuation of war. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) :: Government agency helping freed slaves with food, jobs, and education. 10% Plan (1863) :: Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan allowing Southern states back after 10% loyalty oath. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) :: Radical Republican plan requiring majority loyalty oath; Lincoln vetoed it. 13th Amendment (1865) :: Abolished slavery in the United States. Civil Rights Act of 1866 :: Gave citizenship and equal rights to all born in the U.S. 14th Amendment (1868) :: Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law. 15th Amendment (1870) :: Gave Black men the right to vote. Andrew Johnson :: President after Lincoln; opposed Radical Republicans and favored lenient Reconstruction. Radical Republicans :: Group led by Thaddeus Stevens that wanted strict Reconstruction and Black rights. Military Reconstruction Acts (1867–68) :: Divided South into military districts controlled by Union Army. Tenure of Office Act (1867) :: Required Senate approval to remove cabinet officials. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) :: First presidential impeachment; he was not removed from office. Black Codes (1865–1866) :: Southern laws restricting freedom and labor of freed African Americans. Sharecropping :: Farming system where workers gave a share of crops for land use, often causing debt. Carpetbaggers :: Northerners who moved South after the war for opportunity. Scalawags :: Southern whites who supported Reconstruction governments. Ku Klux Klan (KKK, 1865) :: White supremacist group using violence and terror against Black Americans. Colfax Massacre (1873) :: Over 100 Black Americans killed during election violence in Louisiana. Mississippi Plan (1875) :: Use of violence and intimidation to regain white Democratic control. Force Acts (1870–71) :: Federal laws used to stop KKK violence and protect Black voters. Jim Crow Laws :: Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South. Civil Rights Act of 1875 :: Banned segregation in public places; later weakened by courts. Election of 1876 :: Disputed election between Hayes and Tilden. Compromise of 1877 :: Hayes becomes president; federal troops leave South, ending Reconstruction. Redeemers :: Southern Democrats who regained control after Reconstruction. Bourbon Democrats :: Conservative Southern Democrats supporting segregation and limited government. Juneteenth (1865) :: June 19, 1865 when enslaved people in Texas learned they were free

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EXS 411 Prescribing Intensity for CRE - Exam 2

# SSUSH 1–19 Study Guide (Quizlet Style) ## SSUSH 1–5: Colonization, Revolution, and Constitution Southern Colonies - Established mainly to create wealth for England - Economy based on cash crops like tobacco and rice - Used enslaved labor New England Colonies - Founded mostly for religious freedom - Economy based on trade, fishing, and shipbuilding - Small farms and towns Trans-Atlantic Trade - Trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas - Included enslaved Africans and cash crops - Helped colonies grow wealthy Mercantilism - Economic system where colonies existed to benefit the mother country - Colonies sent raw materials to England - England sold finished goods back Intolerable Acts - Laws passed by Britain after Boston Tea Party - Punished Massachusetts - Increased colonial anger toward Britain Declaration of Independence - Written mainly by Thomas Jefferson - Declared independence from Britain - Said people can overthrow abusive governments Three-Fifths Compromise - Enslaved persons counted as 3/5 of a person for representation - Increased Southern power in Congress Shays’ Rebellion - Farmer rebellion in Massachusetts - Showed Articles of Confederation was too weak - Led to calls for stronger central government Thomas Paine / Common Sense - Argued independence was necessary - Convinced many colonists war was unavoidable Treaty of Paris (1783) - Ended Revolutionary War - Britain recognized U.S. independence - Made future U.S. expansion possible Federalists vs Anti-Federalists - Federalists wanted stronger central government - Anti-Federalists feared too much national power - Debate led to Bill of Rights Standing Army Debate - Federalists wanted army for defense - Anti-Federalists feared army could threaten liberty --- ## SSUSH 6–10: New Nation, Sectionalism, Civil War, Reconstruction Election of 1800 - Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams - Criticism of Sedition Act hurt Federalists - Peaceful transfer of power Sedition Act - Made criticism of government illegal - Hurt Federalists politically Marbury v. Madison - Established judicial review - Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional Monroe Doctrine - Warned Europe to stay out of Western Hemisphere - U.S. opposed new colonization in the Americas Louisiana Purchase - Bought from France in 1803 - Doubled size of U.S. - Opened West to settlement Second Great Awakening - Religious revival movement - Inspired reform movements Reform Movements - Abolition - Women’s rights - Education reform - Temperance - Goal: improve society James K. Polk - Expanded U.S. territory - Annexed Texas - Settled Oregon boundary - Won Mexican Cession Sectionalism - Differences between North and South increased - North = industry - South = agriculture/slavery Civil War North Advantages - More railroads - More factories - Larger population Civil War South Advantages - Better military leaders - Fought defensive war Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address - Focused on healing the nation - Called for unity after Civil War Freedmen’s Bureau - Helped formerly enslaved people - Provided food, education, and aid Reconstruction Amendments - 13th: ended slavery - 14th: citizenship and equal protection - 15th: voting rights for Black men --- ## SSUSH 11–19: Industrialization to World War II Railroad Expansion - Helped settle the West - Increased trade and movement - Led to conflict with American Indians Plains Indians - Resisted westward expansion - Forced onto reservations by U.S. government Transcontinental Railroad - Connected East and West - Built heavily by immigrants Ellis Island - Immigration station in New York - Processed many European immigrants Standard Oil / John D. Rockefeller - Used horizontal integration - Bought smaller companies - Created monopoly Labor Unions - Formed because of long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions - Fought for workers’ rights Plessy v. Ferguson - Established “separate but equal” - Allowed segregation and Jim Crow laws World War I Causes - Militarism - Alliances - Imperialism - Nationalism Unrestricted Submarine Warfare - German U-boats attacked ships - Helped cause U.S. entry into WWI Harlem Renaissance - African American cultural movement in 1920s - Literature, music, art flourished 19th Amendment - Gave women the right to vote Great Depression - Began with stock market crash in 1929 - Massive unemployment and poverty Eugene V. Debs - Criticized U.S. involvement in WWI - Punished under Espionage Act New Deal - Roosevelt’s programs to fight Depression - Relief, Recovery, Reform Second New Deal - Focused on long-term reform - Included Social Security Act Social Security Act - Helped elderly, unemployed, disabled - Long-term economic reform Dust Bowl - Caused by drought + poor farming practices - Forced migration west Manhattan Project - Secret U.S

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