• Pharmacology:
– The Study Of Drugs And Their Actions
• Drugs:
– Any Synthetic Or Natural Molecule That Is Capable
Of Modifying Cell Biology
• Clinical Pharmacology:
– Is The Study Of Drugs And Their Clinical Use
• Pharmacodynamics:
– Is About All Those Matters That Are Concerned With
The Pharmacological Actions Of Drugs Once They
Reach Their Target
• Pharmacokinetics:
– Pharmacokinetics Is About How Drugs Move
Around The Body, Being Absorbed, Distributed To
Their Sites Of Action, And Being Eliminated
Pharmacodynamics
• Drugs Can Exert Their Actions Via:
1. Binding To Receptors
2. Indirect Alteration Of The Effect Of An
Endogenous Agonist
3. Inhibition Of Transport
4. Inhibition/Activation Of Enzymes
5. Other Mechanisms: Chelation, Altering
Osmotic Pressure, Etc
6. A Combination Of The Above
Drugs And Their Receptors
• Receptors:
• A Molecule That Recognizes Specifically A Second Small Molecule
Whose Binding Brings About The Regulation Of A Cellular Process…In
The Unbound State A Receptor Is Functionally Silent
• Ligands:
– Molecules That Are Capable Of Binding To The Receptor To
Produce An Effect
• Ligands Can Act As:
• Full Agonists:
– Ligands That Bind To A Receptor And Produce A Maximal Biologic
Response (↑ In Heart Rate)
• Partial Agonists:
– Bind To Receptors But Produce Partial Biological Responses (Minimal
Increase In Heart Rate)
• Inverse Agonists:
– Binds To The Receptor And Produce The Opposite Effect (↓ In Heart
Rate)
• Antagonists:
– Ligands Bind To A Receptor But Produce No Effect (No ↑ In Heart Rate)
– An Antagonist Blocks The Action Of The Agonist
Ligands & Their Actions
Examples Of Receptors
Receptor Type Subtype Agonists
Adrenoceptors α/β (G-Protein Coupled
Receptors)
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Cholinoceptors Muscarinic/Nicotinic Acetylcholine And
Analogues
Dopamine
Receptors (G-Protein
Coupled Receptors)
Various Dopamine
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