Art of interviewing In an interview, what factor do we need to consider? Social Economic Cultural How does the provider pick up on subtle ques? Shifts in body language in addition to spoken word Patients will tell you what is wrong with them if you ask the right questions Questions Open Ended OLDCARTS Don't use medical jargon Confrontation Watch for subtle ques "You look upset discussing _____, lets talk about it" Points out something striking about the patient's behavior or statement ○ Directs the patient's attention to something of which they may or may not be aware of ○ You look upset, you sound uncomfortable about that, Is there a reason you look away from me as you speak What does good communication improve? Health outcomes by resolving symptoms and reducing patient's psychogical distress and anxiety 85% of all malpractice lawsuits are based on poor communication skills What should we implement during an interview? ACTIVE LISTENING Watch their body language, tone, eye contact, speech and spoken word Understanding of what is being said, body language and other non verbal ques Symptom SUBJECTIVE ~What the patient feels ~Described by the patient Can be influenced by culture, intelligence and socioeconomic background Constitutional Symptom Fevers, Chills, Weight Gain, Weight Loss Effect all symptoms Sign OBJECTIVE What the observer finds on the assessment Crackles, dry skin, bruising What are the basic interviewing techniques? Questions Silence Facilitation Confrontation Interpretation Reflection Support Transitions Silence Silence is ok, but limit to 2 minutes or less If a patient is silent, you are silent Can restart the conversation with, "What are you thinking about?" Should never be used with the overtalkative patients ○ Can indicate interest and support ○ Don't allow more than 2 minutes of silence ○ Ok to ask: What are you thinking about? You were saying? These things are hard to think about Facilitation Keeps the conversation going "Tell me more about..." Encourages a patient to continue talking without controlling the direction of the conversation ○ Verbal and nonverbal communication that encourages the patient to keep talking ○ Go on, Tell me more, uh huh, And then Interpretation Based on inference "It sounds as if you are afraid...." Based on inference rather than observation ○ The provider interprets the patient's behavior, encouraging the patient to observe their own role in the problem. ○ You seem happy about that, Are you afraid you've done something wrong?, I wonder if your ____ is related to _____ Reflection Repeat part of the statement made by the patient Pt: "I haven't worked since 2016" APRN: "You haven't worked since 2016? Lets talk about that" A response that mirrors what the patient has just expressed ○ Patient: I am nervous about starting a new medication ■ Provider: Nervous about starting a new medication? Support Build a trusting relationship with the patient by using reassurance and empathy Shows an interest in or understanding of a patient ○ I understand ■ Reassurance ● A response that conveys to the patient that the interviewer understands what has been talked about ● That's great you were able to stop smoking, I am glad you came in today - we are going to help you ■ Empathy ● Response that recognizes a patient's feelings and does not criticize ● It's an understand, not an emotional state of sympathy ● I know it is not easy ______, I'm sure ______ has caused you a large amount of anxiety Transitions "Now I am going to ask you questions about..." Used as guides to allow the patient to better understand the logic of the interviewers questions in order to have a good flow to change the topic ○ I am now going to ask you questions about ______, Now let's talk about______ What does a past medical hx all include? General state of overall health Past Illnesses Hospitalizations Surgeries Prior injuries and accidents Allergies Current Medications Diet Sleep Patterns Immunizations Substance Abuse Complementary / Alternative Therapies What is sensitivity? How good a test is at identifying people who truly have the disease True Positive - Positive results are convincing RULE OUT = SnNout Sensitive test + Negative = disease OUT What is specificity How well a test does at correctly identifying people who are well True Negative - negative result is convincing RULE IN = SpPin Specific test + Positive = disease IN What is a functional capacity assessment? Asses geriatric patients abilities to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) -Self Care -Instrumental -Mobility -Timed Get Up and Go test Self Care ADLs Dressing Bathing Transferring from bed to chair Toileting Grooming Feeding oneself Instrumental ADLs Meal Preparation Managing Finances Use the phone Taking Meds Doing Housework Shopping Managing Transport Mobility ADLs Walking from room to room Climbing stairs Walking outdoors What is the timed get up and go test? Rise from chair, walk 10 feet, turn around, walk back to chair, turn and sit down Should be completed in 10 seconds or less If greater than 20 seconds, patient will need further evaluation What is the strongest predictor of future disability and death? Gait What should we be assessing in the elderly in relation to ADLs? # of falls in the last year Gender Identity One's internal sense of gender at a given time How a person feels and identifies themselves in terms of gender such as being a boy, girl or another gender Sexual Orientation The presence and/or object of a person's romantic, sexual, physical or spiritual attractions Who someone is attracted to or has romantic feeing towards ■ Same gender, different gender, more than one gender Alternative Medicine Systems Complete systems of health care that developed separately from Western/conventional medicine i. Traditional Chinese Medicine ii. Traditional Indigenous Healing Practices iii. Homeopathic Medicine Ayurvedic - translates to knowledge of life, origin = India Mind-Body Interventions Techniques that use the mind to help improve physical health and well-being Biofeedback Yoga / Meditation / Deep Breathing Prayer Tai Chi Biologically Based Therapies Natural substances or products from nature to improve health or treat illness Vitamins Herbal Products Probiotics Dietary Supplements Specialty Diets Manipulative and Body Physical movement, pressure, or hands-on techniques to help the body feel better or function better Chiropractic Osteopathy Reflexology / Massage Therapy Energy Therapies Energy fields in or around the body can be influenced to improve health or well-being Biofield therapy ~Intended to affect a patient's energy field for the purpose of healing by having a healer place their hands in or through them; the therapist's healing force restores the patient -Reiki -Therapeutic Touch Bioelectromagnetic based therapies ~Involve the unconventional use of electromagnetic fields. -Positioning external magnetic fields near or around the person, usually by placing magnets on the body, into clothing, or in mattresses Acupuncture -Traditional Chinese medicine in which thin needles are placed into the body to allow qi (energy) to flow unimpeded What is Yin & Yang? 2 opposite yet connected forces that exist in nature and the body They work together to maintain balance and harmony Yin Cooler Darker Quieter Slower Passive Associated with Rest Earth Moon Night Water Femininity Cold Yang Warmer Brighter Active Faster Masculinity Associated with Activity ■ Day, Heat, Light, Movement What is the goal of Yin & Yang? To Remain Healthy: ○ Maintaining a proper balance between yin and yang ○ Neither is considered completely good or bad ○ Both are necessary and work together What is the goal of Chinese Medicine? Not only cure disease, but keep people well Disease means failure in prevention of health care Health is a shared responsibility between the patient and provider Chinese medicine treats the patient as a whole rather than separate systems Preserving health, curing disease of mind, body and spirit The mind can help direct your body's energy toward healing and recovery Disharmony ■ Provides framework to help aid in healing ■ Ex: Patient doesn't catch the flu, develops disharmony. Abx, acupuncture or herbs can help to redevelop harmony What 2 techniques do the Chinese look at to diagnose? Tongue Pulse Assessment Tongue Assessment Believed to be a clear indicator of disharmony Color, Shape, Moisture, Coating, Thickness, Cracks & Texture of the tongue Pulse Assessment Disharmonies of the body have effects on the pulse ● Divided into 3 sections ○ Cun ■ Closest to the wrist ○ Guan ■ Second position ○ Chi ■ 3rd position, furthest from the wrist Left wrist (yin) ■ Heart, liver and kidney Right Wrist (yang) ■ Lungs, spleen and kidney Special Considerations for Peds: Head Palpable Anterior and Posterior Fontanelles Special Considerations for Peds: Eyes Inspecting for red reflex Special Considerations for Peds: Mouth Inspect for oral thrush and geographic tongue Special Considerations for Peds: Genitalia Inspect for hypospadias (males), diaper dermatitis, vaginal yeast Special Considerations for Peds: Hip Dystocia Perform Barlow and Ortolani Maneuvers Assess for normal newborn primitive reflexes Special Considerations for teens Assess Tanner Stages for breast tissue and genitals Can ask parents to step out of the room for the exam to allow you to ask further personal questions. The parents can refuse, although most are happy to step out If the parent does agree, do not continue with further examination until another medical witness is in the room with you Additional questions for teens include social history, illegal drug use, sexuality, suicide/depression screening and safety at home Billing and Coding Current Procedure Terminology (CPT) International Classification of Disease (ICD) Current Procedure Terminology (CPT) -Codes used to document many of the medical procedures performed in a medical office -Services and procedures provided 1. Evaluation and Management 2. Performance and Measurement 3.Emerging Medical Terminology International Classification of Disease (ICD) Explains the reason for the services ○ Classifies diseases and injuries and is used to track mortality and morbidity statistics ○ Assigned to identify the diagnosis, system, condition, problem, complaint or other reason for the encounter Bias An unfair or one sided opinion that can influence how someone thinks or acts Implicit Bias Unconscious attitudes or beliefs about people that can affect how we treat or judge them without realizing it Explicit Bias Conscious and intentional opinions to beliefs about a person or group that can lead to unfair treatment Race Groups of people based on physical traits, national origin and ancestry ■ Skin color, different features Ancestery ○ People, families and backgrounds one comes from ○ Genealogic history, understanding of one's genetic heritage Racial Bias An unfair or one sided opinion/judgement about someone based on their race Racism Treating someone unfairly, badly, negatively because of their race Scientific Racism The false idea that science proves some races are better, smarter or more capable than others Belief of biological evidence of racial inferiority/superiority Example: Black people are biologically different and inferior to white people Dominant Narrative The main or most widely accepted story or viewpoint about a topic, interests or ideas in a dominant social group Spirituality A person's sense of connection to something bigger than themselves, such as nature, a higher power, or their own inner beliefs and values. A person's search for meaning and purpose in life, including how they connect with themselves, others, nature, the present moment, and what they consider meaningful or sacred Religion A set of beliefs, practices, and traditions that help people understand life, spirituality, and their connection to a higher power or something sacred Gender Expression How a person shows or expresses their gender through things like clothing, hairstyle, behavior, voice or appearance What is included with Telehealth? Telemedicine Remote Patient Monitoring Videoconferencing mHealth eConsults Patient education / Coaching Continuing Education for the provider Telemedicine Patient care / Consultation Patient Monitoring Mentoring Digital Imaging What is included in Telehealth Etiquite? Environment Performance Privacy Telehealth - Environment Visual- Provider appearance Room appearance Lighting Picture quality Auditory - Provider noises, background noise, audio quality Telehealth - Performance Provider appearance and communication Use of equipment Provider Preparation Telehealth - Privacy Privacy of sites Equipment privacy settings Consents Mastered (1) You've been getting these terms right! Select this one What is the main purpose of an interview? Gather pertinent information -Patient's illness and how well they are adapting to said illness Goal is to gather important information regarding patient's illness/condition and how they are coping with it Not studied (2) You haven't studied these terms yet! Select these 2 What is included in Chinese medicine? What happens if there is a disharmony between Yin & Yang?

Political views and Types of politics

Animal Adaptations and Light Pollution

Wind Pollination qualities

4.4 Water Pollution

Exam Review Chapters 1, 2, & 3. Chapter 1 The Science of Psychology Behavior: Everything, we do that can be directly observed. Behavioral approach: an approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants. Biological approach: an approach to psychology focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system. Case study or case history: an in-depth look at a single individual. Cognitive approach: an approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems. Control group: The participants in an experiment who are as much like the experimental group as possible and who are treated in every way like the experimental group except for a manipulated factor, the independent variable. Correlational research: research that examines the relationships between variables, whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together. Critical thinking: The process of thinking deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence. Dependent variable: The outcome; the factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable. Double-blind experiment: An experimental design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until the results are calculated. Evolutionary approach: An approach to psychology centered on evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors. Experiment: A carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable. Experimental group: The participants in an experiment who receive the drug or other treatment under study—that is, those who are exposed to the change that the independent variable represents. Functionalism: James’s approach to mental processes, emphasizing the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual’s adaptation to the environment. Humanistic approach: An approach to psychology emphasizing a person’s positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny. Hypothesis: A testable prediction that derives logically from a theory. Independent variable: A manipulated experimental factor; the variable that the experimenter changes to see what its effects are. Longitudinal design: A special kind of systematic observation, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time. Mental processes: The thoughts, feelings, and motives that people experience privately but that cannot be observed directly. Natural selection: Darwin’s principle of an evolutionary process in which organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring. Naturalistic observation: The observation of behavior in a real-world setting. Placebo: In a drug study, a harmless substance that has no physiological effect, given to participants in a control group so that they are treated identically to the experimental group except for the active agent. Placebo effect: The situation where participants’ expectations, rather than the experimental treatment, produce an experimental outcome. Population: The entire group about which the researcher wants to draw conclusions. Psychoanalysis: techniques involves an analyst unlocking a person's unconscious conflicts by talking with the individual about his or her childhood memories, dreams, thoughts, and feelings. Psychodynamic approach: an approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives (such as the drive for sex) and society’s demands, and early childhood family experiences. Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Sample: The subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study. Sociocultural approach: an approach to psychology that examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior. Structuralism: Wundt’s approach to discovering the basic elements, or structures, of mental processes. Theory: A broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations. Validity: The soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment. In the realm of testing, the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. Variable: Anything that can change. Wilhelm Wundt is most often regarded the "founding father" of modern psychology. He was also the founder of structuralism. William James was the founder of functionalism. J. B. Watson and B. F. Skinner believed that psychology should focus on an organism's visible interactions with the environment—that is, behaviors. Ethical Guidelines developed by the American Psychological Association include: • informed consent. • confidentiality. • deception. • debriefing. Chapter 2 The Brain and Behavior Action potential: The brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon. Adrenal glands: glands at the top of each kidney that are responsible for regulating moods, energy level, and the ability to cope with stress. Amygdala: An almond-shaped structure within the base of the temporal lobe that is involved in the discrimination of objects that are necessary for the organism’s survival, such as appropriate food, mates, and social rivals. Association cortex: Sometimes called association areas, the region of the cerebral cortex that is the site of the highest intellectual functions, such as thinking and problem solving. Autonomic nervous system: The body system that takes messages to and from the body’s internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. Axon The part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells. Basal ganglia Large neuron clusters located above the thalamus and under the cerebral cortex that work with the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements. Brain stem The stem like brain area that includes much of the hindbrain (excluding the cerebellum) and the midbrain; connects with the spinal cord at its lower end and then extends upward to encase the reticular formation in the midbrain. Cell body The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus, which directs the manufacture of substances that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance. Central nervous system (CNS): The brain and spinal cord. Cerebral cortex: Part of the forebrain, the outer layer of the brain, responsible for the most complex mental functions, such as thinking and planning. Chromosomes: In the human cell, threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair originating from each parent, and that contain DNA. Corpus callosum: The large bundle of axons that connects the brain’s two hemispheres, responsible for relaying information between the two sides. Dendrites: Treelike fibers projecting from a neuron, which receive information and orient it toward the neuron’s cell body. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): A complex molecule in the cell’s chromosomes that carries genetic information. Dominant-recessive genes principle: The principle that if one gene of a pair is dominant and one is recessive, the dominant gene overrides the recessive gene. A recessive gene exerts its influence only if both genes of a pair are recessive. Endocrine system: The body system consisting of a set of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by releasing their chemical products into the bloodstream. Forebrain: The brain’s largest division and its most forward part. Frontal lobes: The portion of the cerebral cortex behind the forehead, involved in personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles. Genes: The units of hereditary information, consisting of short segments of chromosomes composed of DNA. Genotype: An individual’s genetic heritage; his or her actual genetic material. Glands: Organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions. Glial cells: The second of two types of cells in the nervous system; glial cells (also called glia) provide support, nutritional benefits, and other functions and keep neurons running smoothly. Hindbrain: Located at the skull’s rear, the lowest portion of the brain, consisting of the medulla, cerebellum, and pons. Hippocampus: The structure in the limbic system that has a special role in the storage of memories. Hormones: Chemical messengers that are produced by the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to all parts of the body. Hypothalamus: A small forebrain structure, located just below the thalamus, that monitors three pleasurable activities—eating, drinking, and sex—as well as emotion, stress, and reward. Limbic system: A set of subcortical brain structures central to emotion, memory, and reward processing. Midbrain: Located between the hindbrain and forebrain, an area in which many nerve-fiber systems ascend and descend to connect the higher and lower portions of the brain; in particular, the midbrain relays information between the brain and the eyes and ears. Motor cortex: A region in the cerebral cortex, located just behind the frontal lobes, that processes information about voluntary movement. Myelin sheath: A layer of fat cells that encases and insulates most axons. Neocortex: The outermost part of the cerebral cortex, making up 80 percent of the human brain’s cortex. Nervous system: The body’s electrochemical communication circuitry. Neural networks: Networks of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output. Neurons: One of two types of cells in the nervous system; neurons are the nerve cells that handle the information-processing function. Neurotransmitters: Chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs within the neuron’s terminal buttons and involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next neuron. Occipital lobes: Structures located at the back of the head that respond to visual stimuli. Ovaries: Sex-related endocrine glands that produce hormones involved in women’s sexual development and reproduction. Pancreas: A dual-purpose gland under the stomach that performs both digestive and endocrine functions. Parasympathetic nervous system: The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body. Parietal lobes: Structures at the top and toward the rear of the head that are involved in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): The network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. Phenotype: An individual’s observable characteristics. Pituitary gland: A pea-sized gland just beneath the hypothalamus that controls growth and regulates other glands. Plasticity: The brain’s special capacity for change. Prefrontal cortex: an important part of the frontal lobes that is involved in higher cognitive functions such as planning, reasoning, and self-control. Resting potential, The stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron. Reticular formation: A system in the midbrain comprising a diffuse collection of neurons involved in stereotyped patterns of behavior such as walking, sleeping, and turning to attend to a sudden noise. Somatic nervous system: The body system consisting of the sensory nerves, whose function is to convey information from the skin and muscles to the central nervous system about conditions such as pain and temperature, and the motor nerves, whose function is to tell muscles what to do. Somatosensory cortex: A region in the cerebral cortex that processes information about body sensations, located at the front of the parietal lobes. Stem cells: Unique primitive cells that have the capacity to develop into most types of human cells. Stress: The responses of individuals to environmental stressors. Stressors: Circumstances and events that threaten individuals and tax their coping abilities and that cause physiological changes to ready the body to handle the assault of stress. Sympathetic nervous system: The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to mobilize it for action and thus is involved in the experience of stress. Synapses: Tiny spaces between neurons; the gaps between neurons are referred to as synaptic gaps. Temporal lobes: Structures in the cerebral cortex that are located just above the ears and are involved in hearing, language processing, and memory. Testes: Sex-related endocrine glands in the scrotum that produce hormones involved in men’s sexual development and reproduction. Thalamus: The forebrain structure that sits at the top of the brain stem in the brain’s central core and serves as an important relay station. Left Hemisphere • verbal processing, speech, grammar Right Hemisphere • spatial perception • visual recognition • emotion Chapter 3 Sensation and Perception Absolute threshold: The minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect. Apparent movement: The perception that a stationary object is moving. Auditory nerve: The nerve structure that receives information about sound from the hair cells of the inner ear and carries these neural impulses to the brain’s auditory areas. Binding: In the sense of vision, the bringing together and integration of what is processed by different neural pathways or cells. Binocular cues: Depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes and on the way the two eyes work together. Bottom-up processing: The operation in sensation and perception in which sensory receptors register information about the external environment and send it up to the brain for interpretation. Cones: The receptor cells in the retina that allow for color perception. Convergence: A binocular cue to depth and distance in which the muscle movements in an individual’s two eyes provide information about how deep and/or far away something is. Depth perception: The ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. Difference threshold: The degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected. Feature detectors: Neurons in the brain’s visual system that respond to particular features of a stimulus. Figure-ground relationship: The principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out (figure) and those that are left over (ground). Frequency theory: Theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that the perception of a sound’s frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires. Gestalt psychology A school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns. Inner ear: The part of the ear that includes the oval window, cochlea, and basilar membrane and whose function is to convert sound waves into neural impulses and send them to the brain. Kinesthetic senses: Senses that provide information about movement, posture, and orientation. Middle ear: The part of the ear that channels and amplifies sound through the eardrum, hammer, anvil, and stirrup to the inner ear. Monocular cues: Powerful depth cues available from the image in one eye, either the right or the left. Noise: Irrelevant and competing stimuli—not only sounds but also any distracting stimuli for the senses. Olfactory epithelium: The lining of the roof of the nasal cavity, containing a sheet of receptor cells for smell. Opponent-process theory: Theory stating that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors; a given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green, whereas another cell might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue. Optic nerve: The structure at the back of the eye, made up of axons of the ganglion cells, that carries visual information to the brain for further processing. Outer ear: The outermost part of the ear, consisting of the pinna and the external auditory canal. Pain: The sensation that warns an individual of damage to the body. Papillae: Rounded bumps above the tongue’s surface that contain the taste buds, the receptors for taste. parallel processing: The simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways. Perception: The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense. perceptual constancy: The recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing. perceptual set A predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way. place theory: Theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane. retina The multilayered light-sensitive surface in the eye that records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain. Rods: The receptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to light but not very useful for color vision. selective attention: The act of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others. semicircular canals: Three fluid-filled circular tubes in the inner ear containing the sensory receptors that detect head motion caused when an individual tilts or moves the head and/or the body. Sensation: The process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy. sensory adaptation: A change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation. sensory receptors: Specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory (afferent) nerves and the brain. signal detection theory: An approach to perception that focuses on decision making about stimuli in the presence of uncertainty. subliminal perception The detection of information below the level of conscious awareness. Thermoreceptors: Sensory nerve endings under the skin that respond to changes in temperature at or near the skin and provide input to keep the body’s temperature at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. top-down processing The operation in sensation and perception, launched by cognitive processing at the brain’s higher levels, that allows the organism to sense what is happening and to apply that framework to information from the world. trichromatic theory: Theory stating that color perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retina that are particularly sensitive to different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths. vestibular sense: Sense that provides information about balance and movement. visual cortex: Located in the occipital lobe, the part of the cerebral cortex involved in vision. volley principle: Principle addressing limitations of the frequency theory of hearing, stating that a cluster of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in rapid succession, producing a volley of impulses. Weber’s law: The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceived as different.

Microbiology — Important Test Questions 1. What are microorganisms? Organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye/ Human eye. 2. What are the major types of microbes? Bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. 3. Are all microbes harmful? No. Most are helpful or harmless; only some are pathogenic. (Disease causing) 4. What are some important benefits of microbes? They decompose waste, produce oxygen, make foods and chemicals, and produce useful products such as insulin. (Medicine) Naming Microorganisms 5. What are the two parts of a scientific name? Genus and specific epithet. 6. How are scientific names written? The genus is capitalized, the specific epithet is lowercase, and both are italicized or underlined. 7. How is a scientific name abbreviated? The genus is shortened to its first letter. Example: Escherichia coli → E. coli. Bacteria -single cell 8. Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Prokaryotic. 9. Do bacteria have a nucleus? No. 10. What is found in bacterial cell walls? Peptidoglycan cell wall 11. How do bacteria reproduce? Binary fission. 12. How can bacteria obtain nutrition? From organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis. Archaea- single cell 13. Are archaea prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Prokaryotic. 14. Do archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls? No. 15. Where are many archaea found?c Extreme environments. 16. What are the three major groups of archaea mentioned? Methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles. Fungi - can be mult 17. Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Eukaryotic. 18. What is found in fungal cell walls? Chitin. 19. How do fungi obtain energy? They absorb organic chemicals. 20. What is the difference between yeast and molds? Yeasts are unicellular; molds are multicellular. 21. What are hyphae? Filaments that make up fungal mycelia. Protozoa- single cell 22. Are protozoa prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Eukaryotic. 23. How do protozoa obtain nutrients? They absorb or ingest organic chemicals. 24. How can protozoa move? Using pseudopods, cilia, or flagella. 25. Can protozoa be parasitic? Yes. Algae -can be mult 26. Are algae prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Eukaryotic. 27. What is found in algal cell walls? Cellulose. 28. How do algae obtain energy? Photosynthesis. 29. What do algae produce through photosynthesis? Oxygen and carbohydrates. Viruses- not living 30. Are viruses cellular? No. They are acellular. 31. What genetic material do viruses contain? DNA or RNA. 32. What surrounds the viral genetic material? A protein coat. 33. Can viruses reproduce on their own? No. They replicate only inside living host cells. Can only be seen in microsocp 34. What are viruses like outside a living host cell? They are inert. Classification 35. What are the three domains? Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. 36. Who developed the three-domain system? Carl Woese. History of Microbiology 37. Who first observed microorganisms? Anton van Leeuwenhoek. 38. Who helped establish the idea that living things are made of cells? Robert Hooke. 39. What is cell theory? All living things are composed of cells. Pasteur & Fermentation 40. What did Pasteur show about fermentation? Microorganisms are responsible for fermentation. 41. What is fermentation? The microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air. 42. What is pasteurization? Using high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages. 43. Why is pasteurization important? It helps prevent microbial spoilage and kills harmful bacteria. Major Fields 47. What is bacteriology? Study of bacteria. 48. What is mycology? Study of fungi. 49. What is parasitology? Study of protozoa and parasitic worms. 50. What is immunology? Study of immunity. 51. What is virology? Study of viruses. Penicillin 44. Who discovered penicillin? Alexander Fleming. 45. What organism produced penicillin? The fungus Penicillium. 46. What type of microorganism did penicillin kill in Fleming's observation? Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Genetics & Biotechnology 52. What is microbial genetics? Study of how microbes inherit traits. 53. What is molecular biology? How DNA directs protein synthesis. 54. What is genomics? Study of an organism's genes. 55. What is recombinant DNA? . DNA made from two different sources. 56. What is gene therapy? Replacing missing or defective genes in human cells Microbial Ecology & Biotechnology 57. What is microbial ecology? Study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment. 58. What is bioremediation? Using microorganisms to clean up or detoxify pollutants. 59. How can bacteria help the environment? They can break down sewage and pollutants such as oil. 60. What is biotechnology? Using microorganisms for practical purposes, such as producing foods, chemicals, proteins, vaccines, and enzymes. Microbiota & Biofilms 61. What is microbiota? The microorganisms normally present in or on the body. 62. What is a biofilm? A mass of microorganisms attached to a solid surface. 63. Why are biofilms important medically? They can cause infections and are often resistant to antibiotics. 64. What does “pathogenic” mean? Disease-producing; capable of causing disease. 65. What is binary fission? A process in which one bacterial cell divides into two cells. 71. What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek call the microorganisms he observed? “Animalcules.” 74. Why is Bacillus thuringiensis useful in agriculture? It kills many harmful insects but is harmless to animals and plants, making it an alternative to chemical pesticides. All microorganisms that regularly populate the human body are referred to as the human microbiome

water pollution

apes air pollution

Enlightenment and Revolutions Vocabulary

b18.2, b18.3, b18.4 - land water and air pollution + deforestation and peat destruction

Flashcards Module 1 NOIR types

Watershed and Water Pollution Vocabulary

exam 1 - film noir

RAD 206 Radiographic Noise/ AEC

PBS Chp. 2 Listening and Noise

Unit 2: Constitution

Pollen - Pistil Interaction Vocabulary

Natural Sciences: Electric Circuits, Energy Resources, and Pollution

POLS2409