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Only pressure forces and heitional force are significant and dominating. This differential fluid element can be cheated as a particle moving along a streamline as shown here. The pressure force acting on the left force of the fluid element alarmmed the streamline is mentioned here FPL is equal two PDA, where B is the pressure of the fluid at the left face of the element and BA is the area of the face of the element. 
The pressure force acting on the right face of the fluid element along the streamline is written here, where P+DP is the pressure of the fluid at the right phase of the helment. The weight of the fluid element w has shown in the figure here, acts vertically in a downward direction and is equal to row GK multipl by BS where row is the density of the fluid. G is the excellentation due to gravity and the is the length of the differential fluid element. 
This w can be resolved or decomposed into two components, the weight component, along the streamline is given here. Now let us take the sign convention for the force acting along the streamline towards the right side is positive and towards the left side is negative. Whereas normal force acting in an upper direction is positive and in a downward direction is negative. 
However, the normal forces will be balanced by bounded wall reaction. Now, let us apply nutants second law in the space coordinate direction along the streamline on a differential fluidary met. This is presented here from the figure shown here, scientific can be written as you see here. substituting scient thera in the equition shown here and simplify Isa equation shown here. 
By eliminating TK, which is common in left and right in terms of the equation, the moment term equation can be written as shown here. here, replacing you do you by half day multiplied by you square and dividing the left hand, right hand side terms by row gives the following equusion as depicted here. When this equation is integrated along the streamline for the whole domain, the right hand side down becomes constantly. That is the last two terms of the next side are differential for an incompressible fluid, roof is concert. 
Then the first term becomes the thick set differential. Therefore, thus equation becomes has shown here, is, and it is popularly known as coronly equation. It is valid for steady, incompressible flow, along a streamline in invisite regions of the flow, applying the bonly equation at location one as shown here, one can have the equation you can see.ain, applying the boundary equation at location two, one can have other equation. 
Therefore, the two equations depicted here can be equated since the left hand sideumps are equal to concent the corresponding equation is shown here. In this equation, you square by two can be recognized as kinetic energy, whereas zZ can be recognized as B by row is the flow energy that is to push the fluidement through the conduit. Now, let us summarize the barley equation. 
Barley equation can be stated since the sum of flu energy, kinetic energy, and potational energy is constant for a state flow and incompressible fluid when the net friction effects are negligible. equation is always viewed as the principle of conservation of tennessy. all the three terms in the Bonon equation shown here are mechanical forms of energy terms and no mechanical form of energy term converts into thermal energy, but they convert ham, themselves, keeping the sum of these three terms always constant. Let us write a borrowed equation in towns of, head in meters. dividing by G throughout the bannery equation can be written in terms of head in meters as represented here. Now let us summarize what we have learned in this topic. 
We derive the panel equation to an ideal flu its tradition, explain specific practical cases where boundary can be applied without any penalty of incurrency, explain the terms involved in the bor equation, applied bonly equation for a profile, flowing through a pipe and final we have written the b equation in
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Key Concepts: Cell Theory, Cell Structure & Function, Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic, Cell Membrane, Microscopes, Passive vs. Active Transport, Diffusion, Osmosis, Energy (Potential vs. Kinetic), Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration (Aerobic vs. Anaerobic), Fermentation (Lactic Acid & Alcoholic) 1. Describe one similarity and one difference between the two terms in each of the following pairs: a. Eukaryote, prokaryote Eukaryote: Has a membrane-bound nucleus in the cell Prokaryote: No nucleus, DNA free-floating in the cell, can have flagellum Both: have cell membranes, have DNA, have ribosomes b. Cell wall, cell membrane Cell wall: rigid, not as flexible, more selective (harder for things to pass through) Cell membrane: fluid, flexible, selectively permeable Both: enclose cell, facilitate what goes in/out of cell c. Diffusion, facilitated diffusion Diffusion: movement of particles from high to low concentration Facilitated diffusion: movement of particles through channel proteins Both: are passive transport (no energy required), particles move from HIGH to LOW 2. Describe the structure of a phospholipid bilayer. There are 2 layers of phospholipids (consisting of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails) 3. Explain the following diagram using the terms: diffusion, cell membrane, low concentration, energy, high concentration. The water molecules are moving across the cell membrane to reach a state of equilibrium. The molecules move from HIGH to LOW concentration, so they move downwards across the membrane. This is an example of diffusion, or passive transport - this does not require energy because it is fueled by the difference in concentrations. 4a. What is the microscope magnification of the eye piece? scanning? low power? high power? ● Eye piece = 10x ● Scanning = 4x ● Low power = 10x ● High power = 40x b. If you were looking at an onion cell using the high power lens, what is the TOTAL MAGNIFICATION at which you are looking at the cell? High power = 40x Eye piece = 10x 40 x 10 = 400x Your total magnification would be 400x using the higher power objective lens. 5. Identify the difference between hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions: A = isotonic B = hypotonic C = hypertonic 6. How is active transport different from diffusion and facilitated diffusion? ● Active Transport = requires energy, molecules are forced AGAINST the gradient from LOW to HIGH concentration ● Diffusion = does not require energy, molecules move from HIGH to low concentration ● Facilitated diffusion = does not require energy, molecules move from HIGH to low concentration, but it requires the help of channel proteins (typically larger molecules) 7. Explain what is happening in the following picture. This is an example of ENDOCYTOSIS (Active Transport) - there is a chemical/nutrients being taken into the cell when it’s engulfed by the cell membrane (becomes a vesicle). 8. What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy? Give an example of each. a. Poyential energy - stored energy; e.g,glucose, a ball at the topof ahill b. Kinetic energy - energy of motion e.g., a car onthe freeway 9. Write out the full chemical reaction for PHOTOSYNTHESIS. What organelle is responsible for this? Chloroplast 10. Write out the full chemical reaction for CELL RESPIRATION. What organelle is responsible for this? Mitochondria 11. If we are at 400X magnification (field diameter is 450 micrometers), and there are 10 cells that fit across the diameter of what we’re seeing, what is the estimated size of ONE cell? 450 nanometers / 10 cells = 45 nanometers per cell 12. What is the role of the stomata? What is the role of the guard cells? Stomata role isgas exchange to let oxygen and carbondioxide pass through, as needed for key processes such as photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Guard cells arepairs of cells that surround the stomata and controlgas exchange by regulatingthe openingand closure of stomata. 13. What would cause guard cells to swell and open stomata? What would cause guard cells to shrink and close stomata? → Whentheplanthas anexcess of water, theguard cells swell and create anopeningfor the exchange ofgas → Whentheplanthas a lack of water, theguard cells shrink and close the openingfor the exchange ofgas 14. In fermentation, what relationship exists between the amount of available sugar and amount of carbon dioxide produced? → As more sugar is available, there will be more fermentationthathappens, and more carbondioxideproduced → There is a direct relationshipbetweenthose two factors 15. List the # of ATP produced by each of the following: Glycolysis = 2 ATP Krebs = 2 ATP ElectronTransport = 34 ATP 16. Explain one example of lactic acid fermentation. Explain one example of alcoholic fermentation. a. Lactic acid fermentation- heating milk and combiningit withtwo live bacteria cultures, resultinginthe bacteria breakingdownthe sugars in milk and releasinglactic acid (distinct tart/sour taste) b. Alcoholic fermentation- yeast and bacteria beingadded to tea and fruit (sugar), resultinginkombucha withethanol and carbondioxide bubbles
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