Results for "decompose"

Thermal decomposition of carbonates and nitrates

Chapter 4 The Effects of Chemical Reactions. • Introduction to Chemical Reactions. - Chemical reaction: a process in which one or more substances change into one or more new substances. - Clues that a chemical reaction has occurred : 1. Color change Example: two colorless aqueous solutions mix together to produce a bright yellow precipitate. 2. A precipitate (solid) is formed when mixing two solutions together. 3. Gas formation. Bubbles of gas (effervescence) are produced when mixing substances together (solid – liquid or aqueous – aqueous ….) 4. Heat is produced. - Chemical reactions are described by using word equations or chemical equations. - Chemical equations need to be balanced when written because it shows the correct proportions (amounts) of chemicals in a reaction. - A balanced chemical equation has equal number of atoms of each element in the reactants (left hand side) and the products (right hand side). - Exercise: Balance the following equations. a) KClO3→KCl + O2 b) Na2O + H2O NaOH c) Cu + AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + Ag d) C3H7OH + O2 CO2 + H2O • Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions. Synthesis: Two or more substances (elements and / or compounds) combine to form one larger compound. General pattern: A + B → C Examples: N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3 CaO + CO2 → CaCO3 2 P + 3 Cl2 → 2 PCl3 Decomposition: This is opposite to synthesis; that is, one large compound breaks down (decomposes) into 2 or more simpler substances. Example: 2 KClO3 → 2 KCl + 3 O2 General pattern: R → S + T Remark: Usually decomposition happens due to heat or electricity. - Predicting the product of decomposition or synthesis reactions. 2 AlCl3 (s) → 2 Al (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) Zn (s) + S (s) → ZnS (s) 2 Zn (s) + O2 (g) → 2 ZnO(s) - Single Displacement (Replacement) Reactions. Definition: A reaction in which an element displaces (replaces) another element in a compound, producing a new compound and a new element. General pattern: A + BC → AC + B Example: Mg (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → MgSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) Zn (s) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) → Zn(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 Ag (s) Fe (s) + MgCl2 (aq) → no reaction. Remark: The element that displaces the other element in a compound must be more reactive (active) than that element, otherwise no reaction takes place. In the general pattern above, A should be more reactive than B for the reaction to proceed. The following reactivity (activity) series lists the chemical strength (reactivity) of the metals in order from the more reactive to the less reactive. KPlease stop calling my amazing zebra in the long Nahungry class. sorry !! Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Ag Examples of single displacement reactions : 2 Al (s) + 3 CuSO4 (aq) → Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 3 Cu (s) Sn (s) + Zn(NO3)2 (aq) → no reaction Exercise: Complete and balance the following equations. If there is no reaction occurring write no reaction. a) 2 Al (s) + 6 HCl (aq) → 2 AlCl3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g) b) Cu (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → no reaction c) 2 AlCl3 (aq) + 3 Ca (s) → 3 CaCl2 (aq) + 2 Al (s) d) Mg (s) + 2 HNO3 (aq) → Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + H2(g) - Reactivity of halogens decreases down the group. F2> Cl2> Br2> I2 The reactions taking place for the halogens or their compounds are in solution (aqueous) Examples: Cl2 (aq) + 2 KBr (aq) → 2 KCl (aq) + Br2 (l) Cl2 (aq) + NaF (aq) → no reaction. Exercise: F2 (aq) + 2 LiCl (aq) → 2 LiF (aq) + Cl2 (g) I2 (aq) + NaCl (aq) → no reaction • Double displacement reactions. - Definition: A reaction in which two compounds mix together and an exchange of ions (elements) occurs which results in the formation of 2 new compounds. - General pattern: AB + CD → AD + CB - Solubility: the amount of solute that dissolves in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature. - When we say a substance is soluble, it means it dissolves in water; whereas if it is insoluble it means it doesn’t dissolve in water. - The compound in a reaction that is soluble is in aqueous (aq) phase, whereas the compound which is insoluble is in the solid state (s). - The solid which is formed in a double displacement reaction is called the precipitate and it is insoluble. - Solubility rules (used in double displacement reactions). 1. All alkali metal ions and ammonium ion (NH4+) are soluble. 2. All nitrates (NO3-) are soluble. 3. All sulfates (SO4-2) are solubleexceptwith Ba+2 , Pb+2 , Ca+2 , Sr+2 , Ag+ . 4. All chlorides, bromides and iodides(Cl-, Br-, I-) aresolubleexcept with Ag+ , Pb+2 , Hg+, Cu+ 5. All OH- are insolubleexceptwith rule 1, and Ba+2 and Sr+2 . 6. All oxides (O2-), sulfides (S2-), sulfites (SO32-), carbonates (CO32-), phosphates (PO43-) are insoluble except with rule 1 Remark: If all compounds formed in a double displacement reaction are soluble (aqueous) then no reaction takes place. Exercise: State whether each of the following compounds is soluble or insoluble ? Na2SO4 : Fe(NO3)2: LiOH: ZnSO4: PbBr2: BaSO4: Mg(OH)2: PbO: NH4Cl: Na2S: Cu(OH)2: KF: Exercise: Complete and balance the following chemical equations: - KNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) → - LiCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) → - Zn (s) + FeSO4 (aq) → - NaOH (aq) + CuCl2 (aq) → - ZnCl2 (aq) + Na3PO4 (aq) → - Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + K2S (aq) → • Net ionic equation: a chemical equation which shows ONLY the ions that are involved in the formation of the precipitate (solid). Examples: Pb+2 (aq) + S-2 (aq) → PbS (s) Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s) Cu+2 (aq) + 2 OH- (aq) → Cu(OH)2 (s) • Full ionic equation: an equation which shows All the ions in the soluble (aqueous compounds) in both reactants and products. Example: - 2 NaOH (aq) + CuCl2 (aq) → 2 NaCl (aq) + Cu(OH)2 (s) 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 OH- (aq) + Cu+2 (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) → 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) + Cu(OH)2 (s) - 3 ZnCl2 (aq) + 2 Na3PO4 (aq) → Zn3(PO4)2 (s) + 6 NaCl (aq) Full ionicequation: 3 Zn+2(aq) + 6 Cl-(aq) + 6 Na+ (aq) + 2 PO4-3 (aq) → Zn3(PO4)2 (s) + 6 Na+ (aq) + 6 Cl- (aq) Net ionic equation: 3 Zn+2 (aq) + 2 PO4-3 (aq) → Zn3(PO4)2 (s) Exercise: Complete and balance the following equation, then write full ionic and net ionic equations for the reaction. Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 NaI (aq) → Full ionic equation: Net ionic equation: Spectator ions: the ions that are not involved in the formation of the precipitate (solid). Note that the spectator ions appear on both sides of the full ionic equation. For example, in the above reaction, Na+ (sodium ions) and NO3- (nitrate ions) are the spectator ions. Exercise: Complete and balance the following equation, then write the net ionic equation and identify the spectator ions. BaCl2 (aq) + K2SO4 (aq) → Net ionic equation: Ba+2 (aq) + SO4-2 (aq) → Spectator ions: - Combustion reaction is a special type of (synthesis) reaction in which the substance reacts with (burns in) oxygen. Examples: C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) • Production of gases (lab scale): 1. CO2 2. SO2 3. H2 4. H2S (hydrogen sulfide) 5. NH3 (ammonia) General pattern of the chemical reactions to produce the above gases: 1. Metal carbonate + acid → CO2 Example: Na2CO3 (aq) + 2 HCl (aq) → 2 NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 2. Metal sulfite + acid → SO2 K2SO3 (aq) + 2 HCl (aq) → 2 KCl(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) 3. Metal + acid → H2 Remark: This is a single displacement reaction therefore the metal used in the reaction should be higher in the reactivity series than hydrogen. Zn (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2(g) 4. Metal sulfide + acid → H2S Na2S (aq) + 2 HCl (aq) → 2 NaCl (aq) + H2S (g) 5. Ammonium compound + base (alkaline solution) → NH3 NH4Cl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + NH3 (g) + H2O (l) Exercise: Write the net ionic equations for each of the above 5 reactions. Answers 1. 2 H+ (aq) + CO3-2(aq) → CO2(g) + H2O (l) 2. 2 H+ (aq) + SO3-2(aq) → SO2(g) + H2O (l) 3. Zn(s) + 2 H+(aq) → Zn+2(aq) + H2(g) 4. 2H+ (aq) + S-2 (aq) → H2S (g)

Only pressure forces and heitional force are significant and dominating. This differential fluid element can be cheated as a particle moving along a streamline as shown here. The pressure force acting on the left force of the fluid element alarmmed the streamline is mentioned here FPL is equal two PDA, where B is the pressure of the fluid at the left face of the element and BA is the area of the face of the element. 
The pressure force acting on the right face of the fluid element along the streamline is written here, where P+DP is the pressure of the fluid at the right phase of the helment. The weight of the fluid element w has shown in the figure here, acts vertically in a downward direction and is equal to row GK multipl by BS where row is the density of the fluid. G is the excellentation due to gravity and the is the length of the differential fluid element. 
This w can be resolved or decomposed into two components, the weight component, along the streamline is given here. Now let us take the sign convention for the force acting along the streamline towards the right side is positive and towards the left side is negative. Whereas normal force acting in an upper direction is positive and in a downward direction is negative. 
However, the normal forces will be balanced by bounded wall reaction. Now, let us apply nutants second law in the space coordinate direction along the streamline on a differential fluidary met. This is presented here from the figure shown here, scientific can be written as you see here. substituting scient thera in the equition shown here and simplify Isa equation shown here. 
By eliminating TK, which is common in left and right in terms of the equation, the moment term equation can be written as shown here. here, replacing you do you by half day multiplied by you square and dividing the left hand, right hand side terms by row gives the following equusion as depicted here. When this equation is integrated along the streamline for the whole domain, the right hand side down becomes constantly. That is the last two terms of the next side are differential for an incompressible fluid, roof is concert. 
Then the first term becomes the thick set differential. Therefore, thus equation becomes has shown here, is, and it is popularly known as coronly equation. It is valid for steady, incompressible flow, along a streamline in invisite regions of the flow, applying the bonly equation at location one as shown here, one can have the equation you can see.ain, applying the boundary equation at location two, one can have other equation. 
Therefore, the two equations depicted here can be equated since the left hand sideumps are equal to concent the corresponding equation is shown here. In this equation, you square by two can be recognized as kinetic energy, whereas zZ can be recognized as B by row is the flow energy that is to push the fluidement through the conduit. Now, let us summarize the barley equation. 
Barley equation can be stated since the sum of flu energy, kinetic energy, and potational energy is constant for a state flow and incompressible fluid when the net friction effects are negligible. equation is always viewed as the principle of conservation of tennessy. all the three terms in the Bonon equation shown here are mechanical forms of energy terms and no mechanical form of energy term converts into thermal energy, but they convert ham, themselves, keeping the sum of these three terms always constant. Let us write a borrowed equation in towns of, head in meters. dividing by G throughout the bannery equation can be written in terms of head in meters as represented here. Now let us summarize what we have learned in this topic. 
We derive the panel equation to an ideal flu its tradition, explain specific practical cases where boundary can be applied without any penalty of incurrency, explain the terms involved in the bor equation, applied bonly equation for a profile, flowing through a pipe and final we have written the b equation in

detritivores and decomposers

🍄 Decomposers

Strong Acids, Soluble Compounds, Decomposed Acids

Strong Acids, Soluble Compounds, Decomposed Acids (copy)

Biotic, Abiotic, Ecosystem, Population, Organism, Decomposer, Consumer, Producer

7.4.1 - Trophic Levels

Unit 5 I wanna die. I wanna decompose, but not help the plants, I want to be turned into fossil fuel to help burn the planet to the ground because I'm so sick of this class.

Q1.PRINCIPLE: Contractual liability is completely irrelevant to the existence of liability in torts. FACTS: X purchased a bottle of ginger-beer from a retailer. As she consumed more than ¾ of the contents of the bottle, she found decomposed remains of a snail in the bottle. After seeing the remains of a snail, she fell sick on the thought of what she consumed. She sued the manufacturer of the beer for negligence, though there is no contractual duty on the part of the manufacturer.Decision:

microorganisms are organisms too small to be seen with a naked eye Includes bacteria, fungi, Protozoa, microscopic, algae, and viruses Or pathogenic causes diseases Majority are helpful Decompose organic waste (planet not be filled with dead organic waste) Produce industrial chemicals, such as ethanol and acetone Produces fermented food like vinegar, cheese, and bread Produce products used in manufacturing and disease treatment History of microbiology Greek air with bad older causes diseases or could catch disease by breathing bad air Romans believed in Miasma hypothesis and created a complex sanitation infrastructure to deal with sewage Build aqueducts that brought freshwater in Giant sewer, Cloaca Maxima that carried waste away and into the river Tiber Greek physician HIPPOCRATES (460-370 BC) Father of Western medicine Dismiss the idea that diseases come from supernatural forces Diseases have natural causes from patients environment THUCYDIDES observed that survivors of Athenian plague where immune to the infection after MARCUS TERENTIUS VARRO propose the diseases can be caused by certain minute disease, causing animals to small to be seen The birth of microbiology Antonine Van Leeuwenhoek: first, to develop a lens powerful enough to view microbes The golden age of Michael biology 1857-1914 Louis Pasteur French Chemist Introduce discrimination, pasteurization and vaccines for the treatment of diseases, mostly in rabies and animals and humans Rober Koch German Physician First to demonstrate the connection between a single, isolated micro, and a known human disease Discovered the bacteria Anthrax (Bacillos anthracis) Cholera (Vibrio Cholera) Tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis) Microbiology toolbox Microscopes produce magnified images of microorganisms Stains and dyes are used to add color to microbes, so they are more visible in a microscope Growth Media are used to grow microorganisms in the lab Petri dish flat lidded dish typically 10 to 11 cm in diameter and 1 - 1.5 cm Test tube, cylindrical, plastic or glass two used to grow microbes in broth or semi solid or solid gross media Bunsen burner metal apparatus creates a flame used to sterilize equipment Micro incinerators, have same sterilization purpose with no open flame Inoculation loop handle with a small wire loop on one end Binomial nomenclature: where the first part of a name is the genus name and the species name after. Naming and Classifying Microorganisms Carl Linnaeus- Binomial nomenclature Each organism has two names the genus and species ESCHERICHIA COLI Honors the discoverer, Theodore Escherichia Describes the bacterium’s habitat the large intestine or colon Three Domains: Bacteria (prokaryote) , Archaea(prokaryote), and Eukarya ( Eukaryote) 4 major kingdoms: Protists ( “catchall”) Fungi Plants Animals Prokaryotic Microorganisms: BACTERIA (unicellular) found in nearly every habitat on earth: including within and on humans Most are harmless or helpful They don’t have a nucleus or nuclei Their genetic material is located in the nucleoid and not a true nucleus Most have cell walls that have peptidoglycan Coccus: Circular Bacillus: little rods Vibrio: slightly curved rod Coccobacillus: oval shaped Spirillum: spiral Spirochete: long loose helical spiral (cork screw) Prokaryotic Microorganisms: ARCHAEA (unicellular) found in nearly every habitat on earth Include extreme environments that are very cold, hot, basic, or very acidic Lack Peptidoglycan cell walls instead are made of Pseudomurein No known human pathogen, completely harmless EUKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS cells have a nucleus (major feature where the genetic material is enclosed) Uni or multicellular The kingdoms are Protists, fungi, plants, and animals Plant like protists= algae Animal like protists= protozoans EUKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS: PROTISTS eukaryotes that are not plant, animals, or fungi Ex: ALgae and Protozoa Algae: Cellulose Cell Walls Use photosynthesis for energy PROTOZOA Very diverse Live as free entities or as “parasites” May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella Some are pathogens FUNGI yeast are unicellular Good (fermentation) Cell walls are made of Chitin Not photosynthetic (no pigments to trap energy from sun) they depend on other organisms VIRUSES ( do not fall into any domains) ACELLULAR (not composed of cells) They have either DNA or RNA core Core is surrounded by a protein coat and genetic material ( can be enclosed in a lipid envelope) Replicate only when they are in a living host (“obligate parasite”) Terms that fall under Microbiology: Bacteriology: study of bacteria Mycology: study of fungi Protozoology: study of Protozoa Virology: the study of viruses Parasitology: the study of Protozoa and parasitic worms

Living World: Organisms, Immune System, Nervous System, Endocrine System, Circulatory System, Urinary System, Organism Interactions, Nutrient Cycles, Biotic and Abiotic Factors, Energy in an Ecosystem, Decomposers, Food Webs and Food Chains

1.1.2 - Be able to decompose problems by:

producer consumer and decomposer

CH5: Metabolism //Pt1: Intro to Metabolism