2.1_MIDDLE AGES-Overview, Dark Ages, High Middle Ages

Ancient Greece: The Dark Age and 8th Century Renaissance

Puffs: The Dark Lord AND Snogging 101 #16

Quiz 1 intro to dark room

Was besagt das Vorsichtsprinzip? → Vermögen und Gewinne dürfen nicht zu hoch, Schulden und Verluste nicht zu niedrig angesetzt werden. Warum gibt es das Vorsichtsprinzip? → Zum Schutz der Gläubiger und um eine zu positive Darstellung der wirtschaftlichen Lage zu verhindern. Welche zwei wichtigen Prinzipien leiten sich aus dem Vorsichtsprinzip ab? → Realisationsprinzip und Imparitätsprinzip. Was besagt das Realisationsprinzip? → Gewinne dürfen erst ausgewiesen werden, wenn sie tatsächlich realisiert wurden. Beispiel Realisationsprinzip: → Ware wird für 10.000 € verkauft, aber noch nicht geliefert → Gewinn darf noch nicht ausgewiesen werden. Was besagt das Imparitätsprinzip? → Noch nicht realisierte Verluste müssen bereits berücksichtigt werden, sobald sie erkennbar sind. Beispiel Imparitätsprinzip: → Eine Ware wurde für 10.000 € gekauft, ist am Bilanzstichtag aber nur noch 8.000 € wert → Verlust von 2.000 € muss berücksichtigt werden. Merksatz zum Vorsichtsprinzip: → Gewinne vorsichtig, Verluste früh berücksichtigen.

Dark Matter Vocabulary

NR FSP 05 - Atemwege + Magen-Darm

Driving in dark conditions and licences

sein — είμαι ich bin du bist er/sie/es ist wir sind ihr seid sie/Sie sind ⸻ haben — έχω ich habe du hast er/sie/es hat wir haben ihr habt sie/Sie haben ⸻ werden — γίνομαι / θα ich werde du wirst er/sie/es wird wir werden ihr werdet sie/Sie werden ⸻ heißen — ονομάζομαι / λέγομαι ich heiße du heißt er/sie/es heißt wir heißen ihr heißt sie/Sie heißen ⸻ wohnen — μένω / κατοικώ ich wohne du wohnst er/sie/es wohnt wir wohnen ihr wohnt sie/Sie wohnen ⸻ machen — κάνω ich mache du machst er/sie/es macht wir machen ihr macht sie/Sie machen ⸻ gehen — πηγαίνω ich gehe du gehst er/sie/es geht wir gehen ihr geht sie/Sie gehen ⸻ kommen — έρχομαι ich komme du kommst er/sie/es kommt wir kommen ihr kommt sie/Sie kommen ⸻ fahren — πηγαίνω/ταξιδεύω με όχημα ich fahre du fährst er/sie/es fährt wir fahren ihr fahrt sie/Sie fahren ⸻ sprechen — μιλάω ich spreche du sprichst er/sie/es spricht wir sprechen ihr sprecht sie/Sie sprechen ⸻ essen — τρώω ich esse du isst er/sie/es isst wir essen ihr esst sie/Sie essen ⸻ trinken — πίνω ich trinke du trinkst er/sie/es trinkt wir trinken ihr trinkt sie/Sie trinken ⸻ schlafen — κοιμάμαι ich schlafe du schläfst er/sie/es schläft wir schlafen ihr schlaft sie/Sie schlafen ⸻ sehen — βλέπω ich sehe du siehst er/sie/es sieht wir sehen ihr seht sie/Sie sehen ⸻ lesen — διαβάζω ich lese du liest er/sie/es liest wir lesen ihr lest sie/Sie lesen ⸻ schreiben — γράφω ich schreibe du schreibst er/sie/es schreibt wir schreiben ihr schreibt sie/Sie schreiben ⸻ wissen — ξέρω (πληροφορία) ich weiß du weißt er/sie/es weiß wir wissen ihr wisst sie/Sie wissen ⸻ kennen — γνωρίζω (άτομο/μέρος) ich kenne du kennst er/sie/es kennt wir kennen ihr kennt sie/Sie kennen ⸻ können — μπορώ / έχω την ικανότητα ich kann du kannst er/sie/es kann wir können ihr könnt sie/Sie können ⸻ müssen — πρέπει ich muss du musst er/sie/es muss wir müssen ihr müsst sie/Sie müssen ⸻ wollen — θέλω ich will du willst er/sie/es will wir wollen ihr wollt sie/Sie wollen ⸻ sollen — πρέπει / υποτίθεται ότι ich soll du sollst er/sie/es soll wir sollen ihr sollt sie/Sie sollen ⸻ dürfen — επιτρέπεται ich darf du darfst er/sie/es darf wir dürfen ihr dürft sie/Sie dürfen ⸻ mögen — μου αρέσει ich mag du magst er/sie/es mag wir mögen ihr mögt sie/Sie mögen ⸻ möchten — θα ήθελα ich möchte du möchtest er/sie/es möchte wir möchten ihr möchtet sie/Sie möchten ⸻ geben — δίνω ich gebe du gibst er/sie/es gibt wir geben ihr gebt sie/Sie geben ⸻ nehmen — παίρνω ich nehme du nimmst er/sie/es nimmt wir nehmen ihr nehmt sie/Sie nehmen ⸻ finden — βρίσκω ich finde du findest er/sie/es findet wir finden ihr findet sie/Sie finden ⸻ bleiben — μένω / παραμένω ich bleibe du bleibst er/sie/es bleibt wir bleiben ihr bleibt sie/Sie bleiben ⸻ bringen — φέρνω ich bringe du bringst er/sie/es bringt wir bringen ihr bringt sie/Sie bringen ⸻ denken — σκέφτομαι ich denke du denkst er/sie/es denkt wir denken ihr denkt sie/Sie denken ⸻ glauben — πιστεύω ich glaube du glaubst er/sie/es glaubt wir glauben ihr glaubt sie/Sie glauben ⸻ fragen — ρωτάω ich frage du fragst er/sie/es fragt wir fragen ihr fragt sie/Sie fragen ⸻ antworten — απαντάω ich antworte du antwortest er/sie/es antwortet wir antworten ihr antwortet sie/Sie antworten ⸻ arbeiten — δουλεύω ich arbeite du arbeitest er/sie/es arbeitet wir arbeiten ihr arbeitet sie/Sie arbeiten ⸻ lernen — μαθαίνω / μελετάω ich lerne du lernst er/sie/es lernt wir lernen ihr lernt sie/Sie lernen ⸻ brauchen — χρειάζομαι ich brauche du brauchst er/sie/es braucht wir brauchen ihr braucht sie/Sie brauchen ⸻ suchen — ψάχνω / αναζητώ ich suche du suchst er/sie/es sucht wir suchen ihr sucht sie/Sie suchen ⸻ helfen — βοηθάω ich helfe du hilfst er/sie/es hilft wir helfen ihr helft sie/Sie helfen

Dari 🇦🇫✨

Wait Until Dark lines

GREEK DARK AGE & CITY-STATES

🏠 DOM — HOUSE / HOME * house — dom * apartment / flat — mieszkanie * room — pokój * door — drzwi * window — okno * wall — ściana * floor — podłoga * ceiling — sufit * stairs — schody * roof — dach * garden — ogród * balcony — balkon * garage — garaż * key — klucz * lock — zamek * furniture — meble * table — stół * chair — krzesło * lamp — lampa * light — światło * shelf — półka * wardrobe — szafa * mirror — lustro * carpet — dywan * curtain — zasłona 🛋️ SALON — LIVING ROOM * living room — salon * sofa / couch — kanapa * armchair — fotel * coffee table — stolik kawowy * TV — telewizor * remote control — pilot * bookshelf — regał na książki * fireplace — kominek * cushion — poduszka dekoracyjna * blanket — koc * rug — dywan * picture — obraz * decoration — dekoracja 🍳 KUCHNIA — KITCHEN * kitchen — kuchnia * fridge — lodówka * freezer — zamrażarka * oven — piekarnik * microwave — mikrofalówka * dishwasher — zmywarka * sink — zlew * tap / faucet — kran * cooker / stove — kuchenka * kettle — czajnik * frying pan — patelnia * pot — garnek * plate — talerz * bowl — miska * cup — filiżanka * mug — kubek * glass — szklanka * fork — widelec * knife — nóż * spoon — łyżka * teaspoon — łyżeczka * chopping board — deska do krojenia * bin / trash can — kosz na śmieci 🚿 ŁAZIENKA — BATHROOM * bathroom — łazienka * shower — prysznic * bathtub — wanna * toilet — toaleta * sink — umywalka * mirror — lustro * washing machine — pralka * towel — ręcznik * soap — mydło * shampoo — szampon * toothbrush — szczoteczka do zębów * toothpaste — pasta do zębów * toilet paper — papier toaletowy * hair dryer — suszarka do włosów * comb — grzebień * brush — szczotka * razor — maszynka do golenia 🍎 JEDZENIE — FOOD * food — jedzenie * bread — chleb * butter — masło * cheese — ser * ham — szynka * egg — jajko * meat — mięso * chicken — kurczak * beef — wołowina * pork — wieprzowina * fish — ryba * rice — ryż * pasta — makaron * potatoes — ziemniaki * vegetables — warzywa * fruit — owoce * apple — jabłko * banana — banan * strawberry — truskawka * tomato — pomidor * cucumber — ogórek * onion — cebula * garlic — czosnek * soup — zupa * salad — sałatka * cake — ciasto * ice cream — lody * breakfast — śniadanie * lunch — lunch / obiad * dinner — obiad / kolacja * dessert — deser 👨 WYGLĄD — APPEARANCE * appearance — wygląd * tall — wysoki * short — niski * slim — szczupły * thin — chudy * overweight — z nadwagą * muscular — umięśniony * handsome — przystojny * beautiful — piękna * pretty — ładna * attractive — atrakcyjny * young — młody * old — stary / starszy * beard — broda * moustache — wąsy * blue eyes — niebieskie oczy * green eyes — zielone oczy * brown eyes — brązowe oczy * pale skin — blada skóra * tanned — opalony 💇 WŁOSY I FRYZURY — HAIR * hair — włosy * long hair — długie włosy * short hair — krótkie włosy * medium-length hair — włosy średniej długości * straight hair — proste włosy * curly hair — kręcone włosy * wavy hair — falowane włosy * thick hair — gęste włosy * thin hair — cienkie / rzadkie włosy * blonde hair — blond włosy * dark hair — ciemne włosy * brown hair — brązowe włosy * black hair — czarne włosy * red hair — rude włosy * grey hair — siwe włosy * bald — łysy * haircut — fryzura / strzyżenie * fringe / bangs — grzywka * ponytail — kucyk * bun — kok 🧠 CHARAKTER — PERSONALITY * friendly — przyjazny * nice — miły * kind — życzliwy * funny — zabawny * happy — szczęśliwy * cheerful — pogodny * calm — spokojny * shy — nieśmiały * confident — pewny siebie * brave — odważny * honest — uczciwy / szczery * helpful — pomocny * polite — uprzejmy * patient — cierpliwy * generous — hojny * hardworking — pracowity * lazy — leniwy * nervous — nerwowy * serious — poważny * rude — niegrzeczny * selfish — samolubny * talkative — rozmowny * quiet — cichy / małomówny * stubborn — uparty * responsible — odpowiedzialny 🍽️ RESTAURACJA — RESTAURANT * restaurant — restauracja * menu — menu * table — stolik * waiter — kelner * waitress — kelnerka * customer — klient * order — zamówienie / zamawiać * bill / check — rachunek * tip — napiwek * starter — przystawka * main course — danie główne * dessert — deser * drink — napój * still water — woda niegazowana * sparkling water — woda gazowana * reservation — rezerwacja * available table — wolny stolik Przydatne zdania: * A table for two, please. — Stolik dla dwóch osób, proszę. * Can I see the menu? — Czy mogę zobaczyć menu? * I’d like to order. — Chciałbym zamówić. * Can I have the bill, please? — Czy mogę prosić rachunek? * Is service included? — Czy obsługa jest wliczona? ☕ KAWIARNIA — CAFÉ * café — kawiarnia * coffee — kawa * tea — herbata * espresso — espresso * latte — latte * cappuccino — cappuccino * sugar — cukier * milk — mleko * cake — ciasto * sandwich — kanapka * takeaway — na wynos * to go — na wynos 💊 APTEKA — PHARMACY * pharmacy — apteka * pharmacist — farmaceuta * medicine — lekarstwo * tablets / pills — tabletki * painkiller — lek przeciwbólowy * prescription — recepta * cream — krem / maść * bandage — bandaż * plaster — plaster * cough — kaszel * headache — ból głowy * sore throat — ból gardła * cold — przeziębienie * fever — gorączka 🚆 POCIĄG / DWORZEC — TRAIN / RAILWAY STATION * train — pociąg * railway station / train station — dworzec kolejowy * platform — peron * ticket — bilet * ticket office — kasa biletowa * timetable — rozkład jazdy * departure — odjazd * arrival — przyjazd * delay — opóźnienie * passenger — pasażer * seat — miejsce / siedzenie * carriage — wagon * return ticket — bilet w obie strony * one-way ticket — bilet w jedną stronę * ticket machine — biletomat * luggage — bagaż 🏙️ MIASTO — CITY * city — miasto * town — miasteczko * street — ulica * road — droga * pavement / sidewalk — chodnik * crossroads / intersection — skrzyżowanie * traffic lights — światła * pedestrian crossing / crosswalk — przejście dla pieszych * road sign — znak drogowy * traffic — ruch uliczny * city center — centrum miasta * bus stop — przystanek autobusowy * station — stacja / dworzec * shop — sklep * supermarket — supermarket * bank — bank * hospital — szpital * police station — komisariat * post office — poczta * hotel — hotel * park — park * airport — lotnisko 🧭 PYTANIE O DROGĘ — DIRECTIONS * left — lewo * right — prawo * straight ahead — prosto * turn left — skręć w lewo * turn right — skręć w prawo * go straight — idź prosto * go back — wróć * cross the street — przejdź przez ulicę * at the corner — na rogu * around the corner — za rogiem * next to — obok * opposite — naprzeciwko * between — pomiędzy * behind — za * in front of — przed * near — blisko * far — daleko * on your left — po twojej lewej stronie * on your right — po twojej prawej stronie

PENYAKIT DARI 3 FAKTOR BAHAYA (5)

For these women, reading is a daring act

The dark side of the technological boom

Dark Ages Quiz

GEJALA UTAMA DARI BAKTERI (6)

2. chemistry and thearte - dark

📝 THEOC 1301 — QUIZ 1 COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 🟣 SESSION 1: INTRODUCTION TO THEOLOGY slide 2 — overview: theology theology = a reasoning process about god and all he has made known to us through divine revelation. THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf in simpler words: theology is using reason/thinking to understand what god has revealed. MEMORIZE: theology = reasoning about god + divine revelation ⸻ slide 3 — overview: oikonomia oikonomia = economy it means: * stewardship * administration it refers to: the works by which god reveals himself and communicates his life. THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf MEMORIZE: oikonomia = stewardship/administration + god revealing himself and communicating his life ⸻ slide 4 — the bible the bible is: * the primary source for studying theology * the inspired and inerrant word of god * god’s self-communication to us * given for the sake of our salvation the slide also says: “the study of the sacred page should be the very soul of sacred theology” — dei verbum 24 THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf what you need to understand: the bible is extremely important to theology because it is god communicating himself to us, and theology studies it to understand what god has revealed. MEMORIZE: bible = primary source + inspired/inerrant word of god + god’s self-communication + salvation ⸻ slide 5 — the church fathers the slide connects theology with: “faith seeking understanding” this is from st. anselm. THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf fathers the fathers are: * orthodox * holy * pre-800 ad doctors doctors are people who made significant contributions through profound understanding of the faith. THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf easiest way to remember: fathers → orthodox + holy + before 800 doctors → significant contributors + profound understanding ⸻ slide 6 — the magisterium what is the magisterium? the official teaching authority of the church. the pope’s primary duties regarding christ’s teaching: 1. protect 2. interpret 3. pass down THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf MEMORIZE: magisterium = official teaching authority pope = protect, interpret, pass down ⸻ ⭐ slide 11 — the vocation of the theologian 🚨 ESSAY TOPIC this is one of the most important sections. the theologian’s vocation is: to pursue an ever-deeper understanding of the word found in scripture, handed on by tradition, in communion with the magisterium. THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf the theologian also: * responds to the invitation of truth * seeks to understand faith * helps the people of god give an accounting for their hope * seeks truth so people can become disciples * communicates the faith * serves love by giving people better knowledge of god THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf basically: the theologian is supposed to understand the faith more deeply and help other people understand it too. ⭐ essay formula: deeper understanding → scripture + tradition → communion with magisterium → help people understand faith → communicate faith → better knowledge of god ⸻ slide 12 — vocation of the theologian, continued the theologian should: 1. deepen their own faith they unite: research + prayer 2. use proper intellectual standards they should be attentive to: * epistemological requirements * critical standards * rational verification 3. grow spiritually they should make a spiritual effort to grow in: virtue + holiness THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf remember: the theologian needs BOTH: intellectual growth → research + critical thinking + rational verification spiritual growth → prayer + virtue + holiness ⸻ slide 13 — vocation of the theologian, continued theologians understand revelation through: * philosophical concepts * historical disciplines * human sciences BUT: the ultimate normative principle is revealed doctrine. their teaching must in no way harm the doctrine of the faith. THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf there is freedom within the church’s faith. the theologian should also be open to: * objective discussion * fraternal dialogue * modifying their own opinions THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf ⭐ important idea: theologians can think, research, and discuss, but their work remains within the church’s faith and revealed doctrine. ⸻ ⭐ slide 17 — magisterium & theology (collaborative) 🚨 ESSAY TOPIC the magisterium and theology have the same goal: preserving the people in truth. but they have different roles: magisterium → authentically teaches doctrine theology → strives to clarify revelation with regard to reason the theologian must present doctrine with full accuracy and integrity. the magisterium’s infallible pronouncements call for assent of theological faith. THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf memorize: same goal, different roles. ⸻ slide 18 — magisterium & theology (continued) definitive truths the magisterium’s definitive truths concerning: faith + morals must be: firmly accepted and held. non-definitive teaching teaching meant to: * aid understanding * guard against error calls for: religious submission of will and intellect. theologians theologians are expected to loyally submit to the teaching of the magisterium, including when it intervenes authoritatively. THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf memorize this distinction: definitive → firmly accepted and held non-definitive → religious submission of will + intellect ⸻ slide 19 — magisterium & theology (continued) the relationship isn’t necessarily perfect agreement all the time. the slide says magisterial documents might not be free from all deficiencies. there can also be: non-hostile tensions between theologians and the magisterium. these tensions can become a dynamic factor stimulating both when they practice dialogue. THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf basically: disagreement/tension isn’t automatically bad. non-hostile tension + dialogue → can stimulate both ⸻ slide 20 — magisterium & theology (continued) the theologian should not present personal opinions or divergences as if they were non-arguable conclusions. also: conscience is NOT an autonomous and exclusive authority for deciding doctrinal truth. obedience of faith leads to loyal acceptance of the magisterium’s teaching. if difficulties continue, the theologian should: make the problems known to the magisterium — NOT the mass media. they should also remain open to a deeper examination of the question. THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf ⭐ remember: personal opinion ≠ unquestionable doctrine problem → magisterium, not mass media ⸻ slide 24 — dissent: following one’s conscience the slide says: “following one’s conscience” cannot legitimate dissent. a right conscience is: * illumined by faith * based on objective moral law * has an upright will * pursues the true good things that are NOT legitimate include: * polling public opinion * pressuring through public opinion * claiming there is a consensus among theologians * presenting theologians as a prophetic “base” THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf important: the slide isn’t saying conscience doesn’t matter. it’s saying following your conscience cannot simply be used as a justification for dissent. ⸻ 🟢 slide 27 — why study theology? truth is food + truth is light revealed truth = food we need to be nourished by it. the eucharist ensures we aren’t entirely unnourished. doctrine = light much of reality can only be known if god tells us. the church helps communicate some truths even to people who aren’t very interested. living undernourished or half in the dark is a pity. THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf MEMORIZE: truth = food doctrine = light ⸻ slide 28 — why study theology? ignorance is not a virtue ignorance is not a virtue. why? knowledge serves love. more knowledge of god: → helps us love him more → removes misunderstandings → gives us more reasons to love him. THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf memorize: knowledge of god → greater love ⸻ slide 29 — ignorance is not a virtue continued the slide says millions are spiritually “starved” because they lack truth and don’t have the eucharist. the slide says spiritual starvation should largely be relieved by the laity, because they are in contact with those who need it. the laity need to understand the great dogmas: * for the sake of those who are hungry * and for their own sake. THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf key idea: laity → understand the great dogmas → help relieve spiritual starvation ⸻ slide 30 — ignorance is not a virtue continued studying theology should be accompanied by: reading scripture because scripture has a wonderful power to make truths: come alive in the soul. THEO2301 Session01 (1 per page)(1).pdf ⸻ 🔵 SESSION 2 — FAITH & REASON slide 2 — faith & reason main idea: there can’t be a real discrepancy between faith and reason. why? because the light of both comes from god. THEO2301 Session02 (1 per page).pdf memorize: faith + reason don’t truly contradict because both come from god. ⸻ slide 3 — faith defined you have THREE definitions. biblical: “the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen.” dogmatic: faith is: * a gift of god * a human act * complete submission of intellect + will to god common sense: faith = complete trust and confidence in someone. THEO2301 Session02 (1 per page).pdf MEMORIZE THIS: biblical → assurance of things hoped for dogmatic → gift of god + intellect/will submitted to god common sense → trust/confidence ⸻ slide 4 — knowledge revealed by god knowledge directly revealed by god is: more certain than knowledge gained through mere human experience. THEO2301 Session02 (1 per page).pdf that’s basically the entire slide. ⸻ slide 5 — faith is absolute trust faith = absolute trust in god. and this is: eminently reasonable. THEO2301 Session02 (1 per page).pdf again, this reinforces the idea that faith isn’t opposed to reason. ⸻ slide 9 — mysteries of christian faith the mysteries of christian faith: transcend human reason BUT never contradict reason. THEO2301 Session02 (1 per page).pdf THIS DISTINCTION IS IMPORTANT: transcend = go beyond contradict = go against so: faith can go beyond what human reason can fully understand without contradicting reason. ⸻ slide 10 — qualities of faith faith is: * personal + communal relationship * seeks understanding * friend of reason * necessary for salvation * gift of grace * free human act * believes with conviction in a message THEO2301 Session02 (1 per page).pdf memorize the list. ⸻ slide 11 — challenges to faith 1. “wall” of separation faith should have no impact on the state/society. 2. ideological secularism the idea that: we are self-sufficient + self-explanatory therefore: faith isn’t needed. THEO2301 Session02 (1 per page).pdf ⸻ slide 16 — complementary forms of wisdom there are two: philosophical wisdom the naturally limited capacity of the intellect to explore reality. theological wisdom explores the contents of faith based upon revelation. THEO2301 Session02 (1 per page).pdf memorize: philosophical → intellect → reality theological → revelation → faith they are complementary, meaning they’re meant to work together. ⸻ slide 17 — faith + reason this is another VERY important contrast: without faith: reason is in danger of losing sight of its final goal. without reason: faith has stressed feeling and experience. THEO2301 Session02 (1 per page).pdf easiest way: reason needs faith faith needs reason ⸻ slide 18 — st. bonaventure this is basically a warning about separating intellectual study from spiritual life. the slide says theologians should recognize the inadequacy of things like: * reading without repentance * knowledge without devotion * research without wonder * prudence without joy * action divorced from religion * learning separated from love * intelligence without humility * study without divine grace * thought without wisdom inspired by god THEO2301 Session02 (1 per page).pdf don’t worry about memorizing every word. remember the overall point: studying and intelligence aren’t enough by themselves; they need devotion, humility, love, religion, and divine grace. ⸻ slide 19 — final conclusion 1. god can be known with certitude by reason from created things. 2. revelation is necessary because we are ordained for a supernatural end that surpasses human understanding. THEO2301 Session02 (1 per page).pdf easiest way: reason → can know god revelation → necessary because supernatural end surpasses human understanding