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1. Analogy: A comparison between two things for the purpose of explanation or clarification, often based on their similarities. 2. Tragedy: A dramatic or literary work that deals with serious, often sorrowful themes, usually involving a protagonist’s downfall or death. 3. Allegory: A symbolic narrative in which characters or events represent abstract ideas or moral qualities, often used to convey a deeper meaning. 4. Thesis Statement: A sentence or group of sentences that summarize the main point or argument of an essay or research paper. 5. Genre: A category or type of art, literature, or music characterized by a particular style, form, or content. 6. Motif: A recurring element or theme in a work of art, literature, or music, often contributing to its central idea or meaning. 7. Editorial: A newspaper or magazine article that expresses an opinion or viewpoint on a current issue or topic. 8. Periodical: A publication that is issued regularly (e.g., weekly, monthly), such as a magazine, journal, or newspaper. 9. Non-fiction: Writing that presents factual information, such as biographies, essays, or historical accounts. 10. Fiction: Literature that involves imaginary events, people, or stories, such as novels or short stories. 11. Novella: A short novel, typically between 20,000 and 40,000 words, often focusing on a single theme or character. 12. Hypothesis: A proposed explanation or educated guess about a phenomenon, usually based on limited evidence, that can be tested. 13. Colloquialism: Informal language or expressions used in everyday conversation, often specific to a region or group. 14. Parody: A humorous or exaggerated imitation of a serious piece of literature, music, or art, intended to mock or satirize it. 15. Vignette: A brief, descriptive scene or snapshot of a moment or character, often focusing on a single incident or theme. 16. Anecdote: A short, personal story or account of an event, often used to illustrate a point or entertain. 17. Satire: The use of humor, irony, or ridicule to expose and criticize societal flaws, individuals, or institutions. 18. Euphemism: A mild or less direct word or phrase used to replace one that may be considered harsh, blunt, or offensive. 19. Archetype: A typical or recurrent example of a certain person, thing, or situation, often representing universal themes or symbols. 20. Conflict: The struggle or opposition between two or more forces, characters, or ideas in a narrative, driving the plot forward
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1. Parts of a Drama A.Plot - contains the story and the events that are to unfold -timelines,sequence,flows,events - exposition,rising action,climax,falling action,denouement a.Exposition -introduces the characters,settings,and other things b.Rising Action -where the conflict is introduced and grows through time c.Climax -where the characters face the problem face-to-face,the most exciting partd.Falling Action -where the characters start to solve the problem e.Denouement -the ending;in movies,where the credits start - also called epilogue B.Characters -the ones that move the action of the play - have their own distinct personaliy,age,appearance,beliefs, socio-economic background,and language (characterization) a. Different Types of Characters in Literature - can be characterized according to roles,archetypes,assigned in a fiction ·Character Types in Stories: 1.Protagonist -main character 2.Antagonist -villain of the story 3.Love Interest -love interest 4.Confidant - best friend or sidekick of the protagonist 5.Deuteragonists -characters that often overlap with confidants 6.Tertiary Characters - populate the world of the story but do not necessarily to the main storyline7.Foil Character -instrument that brings out the protagonist's personality ·Character Types in Fiction: 1.Dynamic Character -changes over the course of a story -can have changes i personality,etc. 2.Round Character -major character who flows fluidity and the capacity for change from themoment we meet them 3.Static/Flat Character - does not noticeably change over the course of a story 4.Stock Character -archetypal characters with a fixed set of personality traits 5.Symbolic Character -represents a concept or theme larger than themselves -may also be other character types ·Character Archetypes (Carl Jung): 1.The Lover - romantic lead who's guided by the heart 2.The Hero -the protagonist who rises to meet a challenge and saves the day3.The Magician - a powerful figure who has hamessed the ways of the universe to achievetheir goals 4.The Outlaw -the rebel who won't abide by society's demands - can be a bad guy, but not always 5.The Explorer - a character naturally driven to push boundaries and find what's next6.The Sage 7.The Innocent - morally pure characters, often a child, whose only intentions aregood8.The Creator - motivated visionary who creates art or structures during the narrative9.The Ruler - a character with legal or cmotional power over others10.The Caregiver - character who continually supports others and makes sacrifices on theirbehalf 11.The Everyman -relatablc character who feels recognizable from daily life12.The Jester -intentionally funny character who provides comic relief but may alsospeak important truths C.Theme -central idea of the play -subject matter D.Language/Diction -word choices made by the playwright and how the actors play out theirscripts E.Music/Rhythm mean the aspects of the melody and music compositions as wit musicaltheatre F.Spectacle -involves the aspct of scenery, costumes, and special effects in aproduction - visual effects of the play II.Notable Theater Groups in the Philippines 1.Tanghalang Pilipino 3.Repertory Philippines Foundation Incorporated 4.Gantimpala Theater Foundation III.Situation of Drama in the Philippines -Though the Philippines is slowly gaining global recognition due to itsquality, it's slowly losing number due to inadequate support from anaudience and the government. - "Unless it was free, it was hard to take the audience in" Lesson 2: Approaches to Analyzing a Drama Terms Theater Critique: - paper that contains a formal, written discussion of a performance of amusical or a play Literary Criticism: -analyzing a piece,whether prose or poem I.Approaches in Analyzing Literature 1.Formalistic - stressed items like symbols, images, and structure, and how one part ofthe work relates to other parts and the whole - focuses on symbolism and other literary parts 2.Philosophical -focuses on themes,the view ofthe world,moral statements,and theauthor's philosophy 3.Biographical -aims to find the connection between the piece and the author's backgroundand personal experiences 4.Historical - connection of the work to the historical period in which it was written -literary historians attempt to connect the historical background of thework to specific aspects of the work 5.Psychological -focuses on the psychological approach -wise figure with knowledge for those who inquire
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War Causes Mind Map Central Idea: Various causes that led to the outbreak of wars Spanish-American War Cause #1: Propaganda Yellow pages propaganda Antigerman hysteria Cause #2: Struggle for Independence Cubans revolting for independence from Spain Country was struggling with independence/subject vs govt disputes Cause #3: Ship explosion Blamed on Spain Uboats bomb Lusitania, killing US citizens Cause #4: Imperialism Cuba getting rid of Spain US taking over Cuba Austria-Hungary wanted Siberia, so assassination Imperialism in Africa Cause #5: Assistance US wanted to help Cuba gain independence Naval and military bases in Cuba Economic gain More trade routes between South America and US Wanted resources such as sugar and tobacco World War I Cause #1: Propaganda Yellow pages propaganda Antigerman hysteria Cause #2: Struggle for Independence Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated Country was struggling with independence/subject vs govt disputes Cause #3: Ship explosion Although blamed on Spain, US boat exploded, leading to war Uboats bomb Lusitania, killing US citizens Cause #4: Imperialism Cuba getting rid of Spain US taking over Cuba Austria-Hungary wanted Siberia, so assassination Imperialism in Africa Cause #5: Assistance US wanted to help Cuba gain independence Naval and military bases in Cuba Economic gain More trade routes between South America and US Wanted resources such as sugar and tobacco Militarism Industrial Revolution led to newer weapons Alliances Germany promised to stop bombing passenger ships if US convinced British to leave their borders Nationalism Many US citizens signed up and volunteered to help war efforts Assassination Archduke Franz Ferdinand Austria-Hungary (Moderist) Wilson hoped to accomplish a safer world for democracy Economic gain US businesses supplied allied powers, making money War Causes Mind Map Central Idea: Various causes that led to the outbreak of wars Spanish-American War Cause #1: Propaganda Yellow pages propaganda: The Spanish-American War was fueled by propaganda tactics used by both sides. The yellow pages propaganda, which consisted of sensationalized and exaggerated stories published in newspapers, aimed to sway public opinion in favor of war. These stories portrayed the Spanish as brutal oppressors and created a sense of outrage among the American public. Antigerman hysteria: Another form of propaganda that contributed to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War was the antigerman hysteria. As tensions rose between the United States and Germany, the American media played a significant role in demonizing Germans and creating a hostile environment towards them. Cause #2: Struggle for Independence Cubans revolting for independence from Spain: The Cuban people had long been yearning for independence from Spanish colonial rule. The oppressive policies of the Spanish government and the desire for self-governance led to a series of revolts and uprisings in Cuba. These acts of resistance eventually escalated into a full-blown war, drawing the attention of the United States. Country was struggling with independence/subject vs govt disputes: The struggle for independence in Cuba was not a simple matter of overthrowing the Spanish colonial government. There were also internal conflicts and disputes within the Cuban society regarding the form of government they wanted to establish. This internal struggle added complexity to the overall situation. Cause #3: Ship explosion Blamed on Spain: The explosion of the USS Maine, an American battleship, in Havana Harbor was a pivotal event that pushed the United States towards war with Spain. Although the cause of the explosion was never definitively determined, the American media and government officials blamed Spain, further fueling tensions between the two nations. U-boats bomb Lusitania, killing US citizens: The sinking of the Lusitania, a British passenger ship, by German U-boats during World War I also played a role in the Spanish-American War. This act of aggression resulted in the loss of American lives and intensified public outrage against Germany, ultimately shaping public opinion in favor of war. Cause #4: Imperialism Cuba getting rid of Spain: The desire to rid Cuba of Spanish colonial rule was not only driven by the aspirations of the Cuban people but also by the United States Mind Map: Spanish American War and WWI Central Idea: Causes and Effects of Spanish American War and WWI Spanish American War Imperialism Cuba getting rid of Spain US taking over Cuba Imperialism in Africa Assistance US wanted to help Cuba gain independence Naval and military bases in Cuba Economic gain More trade routes between South America and US Wanted resources such as sugar and tobacco World War I Militarism Industrial Revolution led to newer weapons Alliances Germany promised to stop bombing passenger ships if US convinced British to leave their borders Nationalism Many US citizens signed up and volunteered to help war efforts Assassination Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary (Moderist) Economic gain US businesses supplied Allied powers, making money Note: This mind map provides a brief overview of the central ideas, main branches, and sub-branches related to the Spanish American War and WWI. It is not an exhaustive representation of all the factors and events involved in these conflicts. Mind Map: Causes and Effects of Spanish American War and WWI Central Idea: Understanding the Complexities of the Spanish American War and WWI Spanish American War The Spanish American War was a significant conflict that arose due to various factors, primarily centered around imperialism and the desire for assistance. Imperialism: A Catalyst for Conflict Cuba's Struggle for Independence: The Spanish American War was triggered by Cuba's fight for independence from Spain. The Cuban people, tired of Spanish colonial rule, sought support from the United States. This struggle for independence was fueled by years of oppression and economic exploitation by the Spanish. US Intervention: The United States, driven by its own imperialistic ambitions, saw an opportunity to expand its influence. By assisting Cuba, the US aimed to establish control over the island and strengthen its presence in the Caribbean. The US government, influenced by the Monroe Doctrine, believed that it was their duty to protect and extend their sphere of influence in the Western Hemisphere. Imperialism Beyond Cuba: The Spanish American War also had implications beyond Cuba. It reflected the broader trend of imperialistic endeavors, as the US sought to expand its dominion not only in the Caribbean but also in Africa. This desire for territorial expansion and access to resources was a common characteristic of the major powers during this time period. Assistance: Motives and Consequences US Support for Cuban Independence: The United States' decision to aid Cuba in its quest for freedom was driven by multiple motives. Firstly, the US sympathized with the Cuban people's desire for self-determination and saw an opportunity to support a fellow nation's struggle for independence. Additionally, the US government recognized the strategic importance of Cuba in terms of trade routes and military positioning. Naval and Military Bases: In addition to supporting Cuba, the United States sought to establish naval and military bases on the island. These strategic locations would enhance the US military presence in the region and secure its economic interests. The US desired to protect its trade routes and ensure the safety of its investments in the Caribbean. Economic Gain: The Spanish American War also had economic implications. The United States aimed to secure more trade routes between South America and itself, facilitating increased commerce. Furthermore, the US desired access to valuable resources such as sugar and tobacco, which were abundant in Cuba. By gaining control over Cuba, the US would have a significant advantage in terms of economic growth and influence in the region World War I World War I was a global conflict that was caused by a combination of factors, including militarism, alliances, nationalism, assassination, and economic gain. Militarism: The Industrial Revolution led to the development of advanced weapons and military technology, which increased the arms race among nations. This militaristic mindset and the desire to demonstrate military power contributed to the outbreak of war. Alliances: The complex system of alliances between European powers created a delicate balance of power. When tensions escalated, these alliances pulled nations into the conflict. For example, Germany promised to stop bombing passenger ships if the US convinced Britain to leave their borders. Nationalism: Strong feelings of nationalism and patriotism fueled the desire for war. Many citizens signed up and volunteered to help their respective countries in the war efforts, believing that their nation's cause was just and worth fighting for. Assassination: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist was the immediate trigger for the war. This event ignited a series of diplomatic crises and military mobilizations that eventually led to the outbreak of war. Economic Gain: Economic interests also played a significant role in the outbreak of World War I. US businesses supplied the Allied powers, making money from the war. Additionally, controlling territories and resources was seen as a way to secure economic dominance and expand markets. Note: This summary provides a brief overview of the causes of World War I. It is important to note that the war was a complex and multifaceted event with numerous contributing factors. The Spanish-American War was driven by the US's desire to assist Cuba in gaining independence, establish naval and military bases in Cuba, and pursue economic gains such as trade routes and resources like sugar and tobacco. The Spanish-American War, which took place from April to August 1898, was a pivotal event in the history of the United States. It was driven by a multitude of factors that not only encompassed the US's desire to assist Cuba in gaining independence, but also included the establishment of naval and military bases in Cuba, and the pursuit of economic gains such as trade routes and resources like sugar and tobacco. The conflict between Spain and Cuba had been brewing for years, as the Cuban people fought for their independence from Spanish colonial rule. The United States, sympathetic to the cause of the Cubans, saw an opportunity to assert its influence in the region. The US government, under President William McKinley, sought to intervene in the conflict, not only to support the Cuban rebels but also to protect American interests in the Caribbean. In addition to assisting Cuba, the United States had its own strategic interests in mind. The establishment of naval and military bases in Cuba would provide the US with a significant military advantage in the region. The US Navy, with its modern and powerful fleet, was eager to secure bases that would allow for easier access to the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. This would not only enhance the US's ability to project its power globally but also serve as a deterrent to potential adversaries. Furthermore, the pursuit of economic gains played a crucial role in the US's decision to engage in the Spanish-American War. Cuba, with its fertile land and abundant resources, presented lucrative opportunities for American businesses. The US sought to establish trade routes that would facilitate the export of Cuban commodities, such as sugar and tobacco, to American markets. This would not only bolster the US economy but also provide the American people with access to affordable goods. Moving on to World War I, which spanned from 1914 to 1918, it was a conflict that was influenced by a complex web of factors. One of the key factors was the rise of militarism in Europe, as nations engaged in an arms race, constantly seeking to outdo each other in terms of military capabilities. This was fueled by the Industrial Revolution, which had led to advancements in weaponry and the mass production of arms. Additionally, the formation of alliances among the major powers further escalated tensions. The system of alliances created a delicate balance of power, with countries pledging to come to each other's aid in the event of an attack. These alliances created a domino effect, where a conflict between two nations could quickly escalate into a full-scale war involving WWI was influenced by factors such as militarism, the Industrial Revolution leading to advanced weaponry, alliances, and nationalism. Germany made promises regarding passenger ship bombings if the US convinced Britain to leave their borders. Many US citizens volunteered to support the war efforts. President Wilson aimed to create a safer world for democracy and also sought economic gains through US businesses supplying the Allied powers.
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