🇺🇸 APUSH CRAM SHEET PERIOD 1: 1491–1607 — Native America & Exploration Native American Societies * Iroquois Confederacy → political alliance of Native nations * Pueblo peoples → Southwest; agriculture, irrigation * Mississippian societies → Cahokia; agriculture and complex societies Columbian Exchange Americas → Europe * Corn * Potatoes * Tomatoes * Tobacco * Cacao Europe/Africa → Americas * Horses * Cattle * Sugar * Wheat * Diseases ⚠️ Major consequence: Native populations dramatically declined because of European diseases. Exploration * Christopher Columbus (1492) → opened sustained European contact * Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) → Spain/Portugal divided claims in the Americas * Encomienda System → Spanish forced Native labor ⸻ PERIOD 2: 1607–1754 — Colonies Jamestown — 1607 * First permanent English settlement * Virginia Company * John Smith → helped colony survive * Tobacco → major cash crop * John Rolfe → tobacco cultivation Important Virginia Developments * House of Burgesses (1619) → representative government * Headright System → encouraged immigration by giving land * Growth of slavery Plymouth & Massachusetts * Pilgrims → Plymouth, 1620 * Mayflower Compact → self-government * Puritans → Massachusetts Bay * John Winthrop → “city upon a hill” Religion Puritans: wanted to reform the Church of England Quakers: * Religious tolerance * Equality * Pennsylvania * William Penn Bacon’s Rebellion — 1676 * Nathaniel Bacon led frontier farmers against Virginia government * Showed conflict between wealthy elites and poorer colonists * Contributed to increased reliance on enslaved labor Colonial Economies New England * Fishing * Shipbuilding * Trade * Small farms Middle Colonies * Grain * Trade * Diverse population Southern Colonies * Tobacco * Rice * Indigo * Plantation agriculture * Slavery ⸻ PERIOD 3: 1754–1800 — Revolution & Constitution French & Indian War — 1754–1763 Britain vs. France + Native allies Consequences * Britain wins * Britain gains territory * Britain has massive debt * Britain begins taxing colonies Proclamation of 1763 * Colonists prohibited from settling west of Appalachian Mountains * Angered colonists ⸻ Road to Revolution Tax Acts Stamp Act (1765) * Tax on printed materials * “No taxation without representation” Townshend Acts (1767) * Taxes on imports * Led to colonial resistance Boston Massacre (1770) * British soldiers killed colonists * Patriot propaganda Boston Tea Party (1773) * Colonists protested Tea Act Intolerable Acts (1774) * Punished Massachusetts * Helped unite colonies ⸻ Declaration of Independence — 1776 Thomas Jefferson Main ideas: * Natural rights * Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness * Government gets power from the people * People can overthrow an abusive government ⸻ Revolutionary War Turning Points Saratoga (1777) → Major American victory → France joins American side Yorktown (1781) → Cornwallis surrendered → Major fighting effectively ended Treaty of Paris (1783) → Britain recognized U.S. independence ⸻ Articles of Confederation Strengths * Won Revolutionary War * Land Ordinance of 1785 * Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Weaknesses * No power to tax * No executive branch * No national court system * Weak central government ⸻ Constitution Great Compromise * House of Representatives → population * Senate → equal representation 3/5 Compromise * Enslaved people counted as 3/5 for representation and taxation Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists Federalists * Strong national government * Hamilton * Madison * Jay Anti-Federalists * Feared centralized power * Wanted Bill of Rights Bill of Rights — 1791 First 10 amendments ⸻ PERIOD 4: 1800–1848 — Expansion & Democracy Jefferson Election of 1800 * Peaceful transfer of power * Jefferson becomes president Louisiana Purchase — 1803 * Bought from France * Doubled U.S. territory Lewis & Clark * Explored western territory ⸻ War of 1812 Causes: * British impressment * British interference with trade * British support for Native resistance Effects * Increased nationalism * Weakened Federalist Party * Encouraged American manufacturing ⸻ Market Revolution Transportation * Canals * Roads * Railroads * Steamboats Industrialization * Factories grew * Wage labor expanded * Cities grew Erie Canal → connected Great Lakes to Hudson River ⸻ Jacksonian Democracy Andrew Jackson * Expanded voting for white men * Spoils system * Popular democracy Indian Removal Act — 1830 * Forced Native Americans west * Trail of Tears * Major example of U.S. expansion and Native displacement Bank War Jackson opposed the national bank. ⸻ Manifest Destiny Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across North America. Texas * Texas declared independence from Mexico * Alamo * Texas becomes U.S. state in 1845 Mexican-American War — 1846–1848 U.S. victory → Mexican Cession Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo * U.S. gained California, New Mexico and huge western territory ⸻ PERIOD 5: 1844–1877 — Civil War & Reconstruction Sectionalism North * Industry * Free labor * Railroads * Growing cities South * Plantation economy * Cotton * Slavery West * Competition over whether slavery would expand ⸻ Slavery Cotton Gin * Eli Whitney * Made cotton processing faster * Increased demand for enslaved labor Missouri Compromise — 1820 * Missouri → slave * Maine → free * 36°30′ line Compromise of 1850 * California → free * Popular sovereignty in Utah/New Mexico * Fugitive Slave Act strengthened Kansas-Nebraska Act — 1854 * Popular sovereignty * Repealed Missouri Compromise * Led to Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott v. Sandford — 1857 Supreme Court ruled: * African Americans were not citizens * Congress couldn’t prohibit slavery in territories Lincoln-Douglas Debates Major issue → slavery’s expansion ⸻ Civil War Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln wins Southern states secede. Emancipation Proclamation — 1863 * Freed enslaved people in rebelling states * Changed war aims toward ending slavery Gettysburg — 1863 Major Union victory Gettysburg Address * Equality * Democracy * “new birth of freedom” Appomattox — 1865 Lee surrendered to Grant. ⸻ Reconstruction — 1865–1877 13th Amendment Abolished slavery 14th Amendment Citizenship + equal protection 15th Amendment Voting rights for Black men Freedmen’s Bureau * Helped formerly enslaved people * Education * Employment * Food/housing assistance Black Codes Southern laws restricting African Americans after the Civil War. Ku Klux Klan Used violence and intimidation to suppress Black political participation. Compromise of 1877 * Ended disputed 1876 election * Federal troops withdrawn from South * Reconstruction effectively ended ⚠️ APUSH connection: Reconstruction achieved major constitutional changes but failed to permanently protect many of those gains. ⸻ PERIOD 6: 1865–1898 — Gilded Age Industrialization Important Industrialists * Andrew Carnegie → steel * John D. Rockefeller → oil * J.P. Morgan → banking/finance Robber Barons vs. Captains of Industry Robber Baron → exploited workers, monopolies Captain of Industry → created jobs/industry and sometimes philanthropy Social Darwinism Applied survival-of-the-fittest ideas to society/economics. ⸻ Labor Knights of Labor * Broad membership * Wanted better working conditions AFL * Samuel Gompers * Skilled workers * Higher wages * Shorter hours Major Strikes Haymarket Affair → labor unrest + anarchism Homestead Strike → Carnegie Steel Pullman Strike → railroad workers → federal government intervened ⸻ Immigration Old Immigration Mostly: * Northern/Western Europe New Immigration Mostly: * Southern/Eastern Europe * Italians * Poles * Russians Chinese Exclusion Act — 1882 Restricted Chinese immigration. ⸻ Urbanization Problems: * Tenements * Disease * Crime * Poor sanitation Political machines * Ex: Tammany Hall * Provided services in exchange for votes ⸻ PERIOD 7: 1890–1945 — Progressive Era & World Wars Progressivism Goals: * Reduce corruption * Regulate corporations * Improve working conditions * Consumer protection * Women’s suffrage Muckrakers Investigative journalists exposing problems. Upton Sinclair → The Jungle → exposed meatpacking conditions → helped inspire Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal * Trust busting * Conservation * Consumer protection 16th Amendment → Federal income tax 17th Amendment → Direct election of senators 18th Amendment → Prohibition 19th Amendment → Women’s suffrage ⸻ Imperialism Spanish-American War — 1898 U.S. victory U.S. gains influence over: * Puerto Rico * Guam * Philippines Open Door Policy U.S. wanted equal trade access in China. Roosevelt Corollary U.S. claimed right to intervene in Latin America. ⸻ World War I Causes Think MAIN * Militarism * Alliance system * Imperialism * Nationalism U.S. enters in 1917. Wilson’s Fourteen Points * Self-determination * League of Nations * International cooperation Treaty of Versailles Senate rejected it. ⸻ 1920s Consumer Culture * Cars * Radios * Movies * Advertising Harlem Renaissance African American cultural movement. Important figures: * Langston Hughes * Zora Neale Hurston * Duke Ellington Great Migration African Americans moved from South → Northern/Western cities. ⸻ Great Depression Causes * Stock market speculation * Bank failures * Unequal wealth * Overproduction * Consumer debt FDR’s New Deal Relief → help people now Recovery → rebuild economy Reform → prevent future depression Important Programs CCC → jobs for young men WPA → public works/jobs Social Security Act → retirement assistance FDIC → protects bank deposits SEC → regulates stock market ⸻ World War II Pearl Harbor — 1941 Japan attacks U.S. U.S. enters WWII. Japanese American Internment Executive Order 9066 → forced relocation/internment D-Day — 1944 Allied invasion of Europe. Manhattan Project Developed atomic bomb. Hiroshima & Nagasaki Atomic bombs used against Japan. Japan surrenders → 1945 ⸻ PERIOD 8: 1945–1980 — Cold War & Civil Rights Cold War U.S. vs. USSR Capitalism vs. Communism Truman Doctrine Contain communism. Marshall Plan Economic aid to rebuild Europe. NATO Western military alliance. Korean War U.S. supports South Korea against communist North Korea. ⸻ Civil Rights Movement Brown v. Board — 1954 School segregation unconstitutional. Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Boycott Martin Luther King Jr. * Nonviolent protest * Civil rights Civil Rights Act — 1964 Banned segregation/discrimination in many public settings. Voting Rights Act — 1965 Protected voting rights. Malcolm X Initially promoted Black nationalism/self-defense; later shifted views toward broader cooperation. ⸻ Vietnam War Domino Theory If one country becomes communist, nearby countries may follow. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Expanded presidential power in Vietnam. Vietnamization Nixon’s policy of reducing U.S. troops while South Vietnam took more responsibility. Effects * Antiwar movement * Distrust of government * War Powers Act ⸻ PERIOD 9: 1980–Present Reagan Reaganomics Tax cuts + deregulation + reduced government spending Conservative Movement * Lower taxes * Smaller government * Anti-communism * Traditional social values Cold War Ends 1989 → Berlin Wall falls 1991 → USSR collapses ⸻ ⭐ MUST-KNOW APUSH THEMES 1. Federal Power Articles → weak government ↓ Constitution → stronger government ↓ Civil War → massive federal expansion ↓ New Deal → federal government expands economically ↓ Great Society → federal government expands social programs ⸻ 2. Race Colonial slavery ↓ Expansion of slavery ↓ Civil War ↓ 13th/14th/15th Amendments ↓ Jim Crow ↓ Civil Rights Movement ↓ Civil Rights Act + Voting Rights Act ⸻ 3. Expansion Louisiana Purchase ↓ Manifest Destiny ↓ Mexican-American War ↓ Westward expansion ↓ Imperialism ↓ Overseas influence ⸻ 4. Economy Agricultural colonies ↓ Market Revolution ↓ Industrial Revolution ↓ Gilded Age corporations ↓ Great Depression ↓ New Deal ↓ Modern consumer economy ⸻ 🔥 20 EVENTS YOU ABSOLUTELY NEED TO KNOW Date Event 1492 Columbus 1607 Jamestown 1620 Plymouth 1754–63 French & Indian War 1776 Declaration of Independence 1781 Articles/ Yorktown 1787 Constitution 1803 Louisiana Purchase 1812 War of 1812 1820 Missouri Compromise 1830 Indian Removal Act 1846–48 Mexican-American War 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act 1861–65 Civil War 1863 Emancipation Proclamation 1865 13th Amendment 1898 Spanish-American War 1929 Great Depression begins 1941 Pearl Harbor 1954 Brown v. Board 1964 Civil Rights Act 1965 Voting Rights Act 🧠 APUSH Essay Formula For LEQs/DBQs, remember: Claim → Evidence → Explain → Connect Don’t just say what happened. Instead: Evidence: The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise. Analysis: This increased sectional tensions because it allowed slavery to potentially expand into territories previously closed to it, contributing to the breakdown of political compromise before the Civil War. APUSH loves CAUSATION, CHANGE/CONTINUITY, and COMPARISON. Ask yourself: * Why did this happen? * What did it cause? * What changed? * What stayed the same? * Who benefited? * Who was harmed? * How does this connect to another period

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Ch 3 health the ultimate treasure explores the concept that true health goes far beyond merely not being sick. These concise, scannable revision notes break down the most important concepts, including the definition of health, disease types, and lifestyle strategies for holistic well-being. [1, 2, 3] ## 1. What is Health? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is defined as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." [3] Health has three primary dimensions: [3] * Physical Health: Proper functioning of all body organs and having the energy to perform daily tasks without fatigue. * Mental Health: A positive attitude, emotional stability, and the ability to cope with daily stress. * Social Health: Having strong relationships, a supportive community, and avoiding feelings of isolation or loneliness. [3, 4] ## 2. Types of Diseases Diseases are broadly classified into two main categories: * Communicable Diseases: Diseases that can spread from an infected person to a healthy person (e.g., Influenza, Common Cold, Typhoid, Chickenpox). They are caused by pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and fungi. [5, 6, 7] * Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Diseases that do not spread from person to person (e.g., Diabetes, Asthma). They are often the result of an unhealthy lifestyle, poor diet, lack of physical activity, or genetics. [5, 6, 7, 8] ## 3. Prevention of Communicable Diseases To stop infectious diseases from spreading, the chapter emphasizes the following hygiene and preventive measures: [5, 9, 10] * Personal Hygiene: Washing hands frequently, taking regular baths, and covering the mouth/nose when coughing or sneezing. * Vector Control: Preventing the breeding of mosquitoes (which spread Malaria and Dengue) by clearing stagnant water and using mosquito nets or repellents. * Clean Food and Water: Ensuring drinking water is boiled/purified and food is stored hygienically to prevent diseases like cholera. [3, 9] ## 4. Immunity and Vaccination * Immunity: The natural or developed ability of the body to resist and fight off infections. * Vaccination: The process of introducing a weakened or harmless form of a germ into the body. This trains the immune system to recognize and fight the germ in the future. [3] ## 5. Habits for a Healthy Lifestyle Our daily choices directly impact our well-being. To maintain ultimate health, you should follow these key habits: [2, 5, 11] * Eat a Balanced Diet: Consume plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while avoiding processed, sugary, and fatty foods. * Stay Physically Active: Exercise, walk, cycle, or play outdoor sports daily. Limit screen time. * Get Adequate Rest: Sleep for 7–8 hours every night to help your body and mind recover. * Manage Stress: Practice yoga, simple breathing exercises (pranayama), and spend quality time with family and friends. * Say NO to Harmful Substances: Completely avoid addictive and harmful substances like tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. * Keep the Environment Clean: Ensure your surroundings are hygienic and free of pollution to reduce the risk of illness.

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Ethics: The study of morality and the difference between right and wrong. Epistemology: The study and theory of knowledge. Metaphysics: The purpose of why things exist. What must be fulfilled? Why do we exist? Pre-Socrates: The very first thinkers in Western philosophy, active in ancient Greece during the 6th and 5th centuries BCE. They are called "Pre-Socratic" because they lived and wrote before Socrates. Thales: Water was the fundamental substance for all life. Anaximander: First to make a map Pythagoras: The father of mathematics Heraclitus: Fundamental substance was fire. He believed everything changes. Permenides: Believed everything did not change. Socrates Plato (Forms) Aristotle (The Observer) Came up with the cave theory. The Physical Realm: The world we see and touch. Everything here is temporary, constantly changing, and flawed. The Realm of Forms: An invisible, unchanging world where the perfect, ideal versions of everything exist. Women possess the same mental capacities as men and should be allowed to rule, he also consistently referred to women as the "weaker" sex. (The soul has no gender) Head/Reasoning: This is the seat of reason, logic, and intellect. It seeks the ultimate truth, makes calculated decisions, and distinguishes between what is real and what is an illusion. The Chest/Spirit: this is the seat of emotion, courage, pride, and willpower. It is the part of you that gets angry at injustice, drives you to overcome challenges, and seeks honor or social recognition. The Abdomen/Appetite: This is the seat of basic physical desires and instincts. It drives cravings for food, drink, sex, wealth, and material comforts. It is purely driven by pleasure and lacks any logical restraint. Hylomorphism (the theory that everything is a mix of matter and form). 1. Material cause, or the elements out of which an object is created; 2. Efficient cause, or the means by which it is created; 3. Formal cause, or the expression of what it is; 4. Final cause, or the end for which it is. He argued that knowledge must come from sensory experience and careful observation, not just pure meditation. Rationalism vs Empiricism (How do we know things) Rationalism (Plato) Empiricism The intellect, logic, and deductive reasoning. Rationalists believe humans are born with "innate ideas"—built-in concepts, truths, or structures inside the mind that we don't need to learn from the outside world (e.g., mathematical truths, the concept of God, or basic laws of logic). Empiricists argue that the ultimate source of all knowledge is sensory experience—what we can see, hear, touch, taste, and smell. They believe that if you cannot observe or measure something, you cannot truly know it. Logic for reasoning Deductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning starts with a general statement, theory, or universal rule and narrows it down to a specific conclusion. If your initial rules are true, your conclusion must be true.🔺 Inductive reasoning starts with specific observations or data points and broadens them out to form a general rule or theory. 🔻 Fallicies Ad Hominem: Attacking the opponent’s character, looks, or personality instead of their argument. Straw Man: Misrepresenting, exaggerating, or oversimplifying an opponent’s argument to make it easier to attack. Bandwagon Appeal (Ad Populum): Arguing that something must be true, right, or good simply because a large number of people believe it. Non Sequitur: (A statement that does not logically follow from what preceded it; a conclusion that does not follow from the premises.): “Person ‘A’ is incredibly athletic. Her siblings must be very athletic as well.” Appeal to tradition: If it's a tradition, then it must be true. Appeal to popularity: When someone argues that a claim must be true, right, or good simply because a large number of people believe it or do it. Groupthink is when a group of people makes really bad decisions because everyone cares more about fitting in and keeping the peace than finding the actual truth. Instead of thinking for themselves, people just go along with what the group leader or the majority says. Consequentialism says that an action is good if it brings about a good result. The action itself isn't good or bad; you have to wait and see how it turns out. "The ends justify the means." Non-Consequentialism (also called Deontology) says that some actions are just inherently right or wrong, no matter what the outcome is. You have a duty to follow moral rules. Carl Rogers defined a fully functioning person as someone who is completely in touch with their true desires and feelings, and is actively working to reach their full potential

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