BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM CRAM GUIDE
CELL PARTS
Cell Membrane
* Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
* Maintains homeostasis.
Cytoplasm
* Jelly-like fluid where organelles are located.
Nucleus
* Control center.
* Contains DNA.
Nucleolus
* Makes ribosomes.
Ribosomes
* Make proteins.
Rough ER
* Protein production and transport.
Smooth ER
* Makes lipids and detoxifies chemicals.
Golgi Apparatus
* Packages and ships proteins.
Mitochondria
* Powerhouse of the cell.
* Produces ATP (energy).
Lysosome
* Digests waste and old cell parts.
Vacuole
* Stores water, food, and waste.
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PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES
Prokaryotes
* No nucleus
* No membrane-bound organelles
* Smaller
* Bacteria
Eukaryotes
* Has nucleus
* Has organelles
* Plants, animals, fungi, protists
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DNA & RNA
DNA Bases
* A = T
* C = G
RNA Bases
* A = U
* C = G
If DNA is:
TAC
RNA becomes:
AUG
AUG = Start codon (Methionine)
Remember:
DNA → mRNA → Protein
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CODON CHART
Each 3 RNA letters = 1 amino acid.
Example:
DNA: TAC GAA
mRNA:
AUG CUU
Protein:
Methionine – Leucine
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GENE TERMS
Gene
* Section of DNA that codes for a trait.
Genotype
* Genetic makeup.
* Example: AA, Aa, aa
Phenotype
* Physical appearance.
* Example: Brown eyes
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HOMOZYGOUS VS HETEROZYGOUS
Homozygous Dominant
AA
Heterozygous
Aa
Homozygous Recessive
aa
Dominant = Capital letter
Recessive = Lowercase letter
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PUNNETT SQUARE Aa × Aa
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