B4.2 - Troposphere

Chemistry of Tropospheric Pollution: Sulfur, CO, NOx, and Greenhouse Gases

Earth Science, Space & Chemistry Study Guide Glaciers 1. What are the two main types of glaciers? Mountain (alpine) Continental 2. What shape is a glacier-carved valley? U-shaped 3. What conditions are needed for glaciers to form? Cold summers Heavy snowfall Snow does not fully melt 4. Why are glaciers important? Store freshwater Shape land Affect climate Earth’s Layers & Plate Tectonics 5. What is the thinnest layer of Earth? Crust 6. What are the three main layers of Earth? Crust Mantle Core 7. What is plate tectonics? Earth’s crust is made of moving plates 8. What are the three plate boundaries? Divergent Convergent Transform Memory Trick Divergent = divide Convergent = collide Transform = slide past 9. What causes earthquakes? Movement of tectonic plates 10. What is an aftershock? Smaller earthquake after a major one 11. What is a fault? Crack in Earth where movement happens Rocks, Volcanoes & Erosion 12. Which rock forms when magma or lava cools? Igneous rock 13. What are the three rock types? Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Memory Trick Igneous = fire Sedimentary = layers Metamorphic = changed by heat and pressure 14. What is the difference between magma and lava? Magma = underground Lava = surface 15. What are the three volcano activity levels? Active Dormant Extinct 16. What are the three volcano shapes? Shield Composite Cinder cone 17. What is weathering? Breaking down rock 18. What is erosion? Movement of dirt and rocks by water, wind, ice, or gravity 19. What is mechanical weathering? Physical breaking of rock 20. What is chemical weathering? Rock changes chemically 21. What is terracing? Flat steps cut into hillsides to reduce erosion Caves 22. What is the most common type of cave? Solution cave 23. Difference between stalactites and stalagmites Stalactites hang from the ceiling Stalagmites grow from the floor Memory Trick Stalactites hold “tight” to the ceiling Stalagmites “might” reach the ceiling Important Earth Science Terms 24. What is uniformitarianism? Natural processes today worked the same in the past 25. Difference between soil and dirt Soil has nutrients and supports life 26. What is elevation? Height above sea level 27. How deep have scientists explored into Earth? Only partway through Earth’s crust Atmosphere, Weather & Climate 28. Layers of the atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Memory Trick The Sky Makes Tiny Explosions 29. What causes seasons? Earth’s tilted axis 30. Difference between weather and climate Weather = short-term conditions Climate = long-term average weather 31. What causes tides? Gravity from the moon and sun Fossils & Resources 32. Types of fossils Mold Cast Trace fossils 33. Renewable vs nonrenewable resources Renewable = naturally replaced Nonrenewable = limited supply Space Unit Solar System 34. Planets in order from the Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Memory Trick My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos 35. What is the hottest planet? Venus 36. Largest planet Jupiter 37. Smallest planet Mercury 38. Planet that rotates on its side Uranus 39. Inner planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars 40. Outer planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune 41. Gas giants Jupiter Saturn 42. Ice giants Uranus Neptune 43. Why is Pluto not considered a planet? It has not cleared its orbit 44. What keeps planets in orbit? Gravity 45. Rotation vs revolution Rotation = spinning Revolution = orbiting Space Objects 46. Asteroid Rock in space 47. Meteor Streak of light in atmosphere 48. Meteorite Meteor that hits Earth 49. Comet Ice and dust object with a tail Space Exploration 50. NASA program that put humans on the moon Apollo Program 51. First man on the moon Neil Armstrong 52. Space shuttle that exploded Challenger Sun & Stars 53. Two elements that make up most of the sun Hydrogen Helium 54. What are sunspots? Cooler, darker spots on the sun 55. Surface temperature of the sun About 11,000°F 56. Type of energy from the sun Electromagnetic energy 57. How long sunlight takes to reach Earth About 8 minutes 20 seconds 58. Brightness of a star depends on Distance from Earth Amount of light it gives off 59. Supernova Exploding star 60. Nova Temporary brightening of a star 61. Nebula Cloud of dust and gas in space 62. Plasma Material the sun is made of Moon & Eclipses 63. Solar eclipse Moon blocks sunlight from reaching Earth 64. Why the moon has many craters Almost no atmosphere to burn up meteors 65. Why we only see one side of the moon Moon rotates and revolves at the same speed 66. Moon phases to know New Moon Waxing Crescent Full Moon Waning Gibbous Last Quarter Shortcut New → Waxing → Full → Waning Space Vocabulary 67. Milky Way Our galaxy 68. Astronomy Study of space 69. Light-year Distance light travels in one year 70. Constellation Group of stars forming a pattern 71. Most common galaxy shape Elliptical galaxy Chemistry Basics 72. What is an ion? Atom that gains or loses electrons and becomes charged 73. Ionic bond Electrons transferred between atoms Metal + nonmetal 74. Covalent bond Atoms share electrons Nonmetal + nonmetal 75. Metallic bond Metals bonded with freely moving electrons Metal + metal 76. Valence electrons Electrons in the outer energy level 77. Atomic number Number of protons 78. Exothermic reaction Reaction that releases energy 79. What metals usually do with electrons Lose electrons easily 80. Sulfur’s atomic number 16 81. Carbon valence electrons 4 82. Protons in arsenic 33 Parts of an Atom 83. Proton Positive charge 84. Neutron Neutral charge 85. Electron Negative charge 86. Where particles are found Protons & neutrons = nucleus Electrons = electron cloud Periodic Table 87. Groups/Families Vertical columns Same valence electrons 88. Periods Horizontal rows Same number of energy levels Metals 89. Six characteristics of metals Shiny/lustrous Solid at room temperature Malleable Ductile Conduct heat/electricity Reactive Noble Gases 90. Why are noble gases nonreactive? Full valence electron shell Other Chemistry Terms 91. Electronegativity Ability of an atom to attract electrons 92. Free electron model Electrons move freely through metals 93. First law of thermodynamics Energy cannot be created or destroyed 94. Reactants Starting substances in a reaction 95. Products New substances formed Acids & Bases 96. pH scale 0–6 = acidic 7 = neutral 8–14 = basic Nutrition 97. Three macronutrients Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Examples Carbs = bread/pasta Fats = avocado/nuts Proteins = meat/beans 98

Comprehensive Geography and Oceanography: Troposphere, Climate, and Ocean Currents

Comprehensive Geography and Oceanography: Troposphere, Climate, and Ocean Currents

Environmental Chemistry - Tropospheric Chemistry and Pathways

Troposphere Lapse rate and The Stratosphere (3.1-3.2)

Tropospheric chemistry

Comprehensive Pilot Weather Knowledge: Troposphere, Icing, Turbulence, and Charts

Unit 4 - Tropospheric Ozone and Carbon Monoxide

(HW 9)Tropospheric Chemistry and Ozone Production Mechanisms

Question: Bile is a substance secreted to help digest fats. Bile is stored in the: Answer: Gallbladder Question: Which element in the protein hemoglobin, found in red blood cells, is responsible for binding oxygen? Answer: Iron Question: When a blood vessel is injured, which of the following is responsible for clotting? Answer: Platelets Question: If CaCl2 is mixed with Na2SO4 in aqueous solution, which of the following is a possible product? Answer: NaCl Question: The Earth is about 4.5 billion years old. About how many years ago did life first appear? Answer: 3.5 billion years Question: The sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s surface primarily in the form of: Answer: Visible light radiation Question: Which type of rock would likely be found at the bottom of a river bed? Answer: Sedimentary Question: Which of the following statements about the Earth is true? Answer: The mantle makes up the largest percentage of the Earth’s volume Question: If an unbalanced force acts on an object, then the object will begin to accelerate according to: Answer: Newton’s Second Law Question: In meiosis, one parent cell becomes how many daughter cells? Answer: 4 Question: The potential energy of an object with a mass of 5kg that is placed 20 meters above the surface of the earth is most nearly: Answer: 981 Joules Question: One of the reasons bacteria can be so deadly is because they multiply very quickly. E. coli has a doubling time of around 15 minutes. This means that if 100 bacteria are left alone for 2 hours, they will multiply to become: Answer: 25,600 Bacteria Question: Organisms which help one another survive by providing a mutual benefit to each other are known as: Answer: Symbionts Question: In taxonomy, which classification comes after ‘family’? Answer: Genus Question: All of the following are phenotypic traits except for: Answer: Missing 22nd chromosome Question: The cell membrane is a structure composed primarily of: Answer: Lipid Question: Of the following layers of the atmosphere, which is the closest to the earth’s surface and contains the majority of clouds? Answer: Troposphere Question: Which of the following body systems is most closely associated with the immune system? Answer: Lymphatic System Question: One of the primary characteristics of a bacteria is its: Answer: Lack of a nuclear membrane Question: Which of the following planets has a perfectly circular orbit? Answer: None Question: Sound waves will travel the fastest in a medium that is: Answer: The most dense Question: A calorie is actually a measure of energy, and is equivalent to how many Joules? Answer: 4.18 Question: What is the molecular weight of the compound C2H5O? Answer: 45 Question: Craig ran 2.5 miles on his afternoon run. How many feet did he run? Answer: 13,200 feet Question: The earth’s surface is covered by approximately what percent water? Answer: 70% Question: Blood that flows back from the body will enter the heart through the: Answer: Right Atrium Question: A nerve impulse is transmitted through your nervous system primarily by: Answer: An electric potential Question: All magnets have two poles which can be used to predict the direction of their magnetic waves. These two poles are the: Answer: South and North Question: Approximately how many bones exist in the human body? Answer: 200 Question: The nucleus of an atom is composed of: Answer: Protons and neutrons Question: What is the second most abundant gas in the atmosphere? Answer: Oxygen Question: As light passes through a substance, the incident angle changes, meaning the light’s entering angle is different than its exiting angle. This is an example of: Answer: Refraction Question: If one tectonic plate slides under another, the process is known as: Answer: Subduction Question: Carbon dioxide can be consumed and converted into glucose by what type of organism? Answer: Plants Question: Two separate weather fronts will have air that is of different: Answer: Density Question: Plants are autotrophs, meaning that they: Answer: Are able to produce their own food Question: Plant and animal cells both have cell membranes and nuclear membranes. However, plant cells have a structure that animal cells do not, known as a: Answer: Cell Wall Question: Muscles in the human body require what energy compound to function? Answer: ATP Question: When a human cell divides in mitosis, the two daughter cells will each have: Answer: 46 Chromosomes Question: In an electromagnetic wave, as the frequency of the wave becomes greater, what becomes shorter? Answer: The wavelength Question: Which of the following time periods is the longest? Answer: Eon Question: In the lily flower, the red color is dominant and the white color is recessive. This means that if you cross a homozygous red flower with a white one, the offspring will be: Answer: All red Question: Which of the following is a characteristic of the tundra ecological biome? Answer: Landscape dominated by shrubs and short trees Question: A train travels at 25 mph for 3 hours. How far did the train move? Answer: 75 miles Question: A solution contains 0.1 molar hydrogen ions (H+). This means the solution is likely: Answer: Around pH 1

NRES 351 exam 1 (tropospheric precipitation)

NRES 351: exam 1 (tropospheric chem)

Tropospheric ozone and Photochemical smogs

4) Ozone and Tropospheric Pollution

Chapter 18: Air Pollution

Control of tropospheric ozone

Sources of tropospheric ozone

Effects of tropospheric ozone