10.1, 10.2, and 10.3.1 Lower tropospheric fronts and air masses

If surface fluxes and vertical motion are ignored, horizontal advection of conservative properties would…

maintain a similar state for the air masses, significantly change conditions in baroclinic zones (depending on wind direction), and “suddenly” change conditions at the fronts (depends on the motion of the front)

The width of baroclinic zones may partly be modulated by…

kinetic energy dissipation

Rapid air mass modification due to surface fluxes attains greater significance at…

lower latitudes and over open oceans

Most prominent linear feature in the midlatitudes

Fronts

Linear features are most often directly associated with…

the rotational flow around synoptic-scale cyclones and waves

Large-scale areas of low pressure are naturally more favorable for…

the concentration of convergent flow features by the ageostrophic wind

Large-scale areas of high pressure are more favorable for…

Likely to develop linear features peripherally where constrained by topographic barriers

Cyclones growing in a broad baroclinic zone acquire their fronts…

during their lifecycle

It is useful to examine the structural characteristics of fronts in…

perpendicular, vertical, and parallel directions as well as in terms of different parameters

Most temperature change occurred within a…

frontal zone that was about 25 km wide at 1000 ft AGL

Cyclonic cold front

poleward of the saddle so that it is kinematically connected with the major cyclonic circulation

lower pressure

more extensive cloud

Passive cold front

Equatorward of the saddle typically under high pressure

Weak or asymmetric surface trough

Unfavorable for cloud development

Backdoor cold front

Western edge of the cold air mass, seems to come from the east due to orography blocking the cold air mass

Midlatitude cyclones gain greater intensity over…

the open ocean