Key Terms and Events
• Laissez-Faire – French for “Leave it alone,” a theory promoting minimal government intervention in the economy.
• Impressment – Forcing individuals into public service, especially into the navy.
• Embargo – A government order stopping trade with other countries.
• Industry – The production of goods by businesses and factories.
• Interchangeable Parts – Standardized parts that can be replaced in manufactured products.
• Mass Production – A method of producing goods quickly and cheaply in large quantities.
• Cotton Gin – A machine that separates cotton fibers from their seeds.
• Eli Whitney – Inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts.
• Electoral College – A system in which electors choose the president and vice president.
• Louisiana Purchase – Land deal under Thomas Jefferson in which the U.S. bought territory from France, doubling its size.
• Tecumseh – Shawnee leader who allied with the British and fought against U.S. settlers in the west.
• Sacagawea – A Shoshone woman who guided Lewis and Clark on their expedition to the Pacific Ocean.
• Steam Engine – A machine powered by coal-heated steam, allowing factories to be built away from water sources.
The Election of 1800
• John Adams, Aaron Burr, and Thomas Jefferson faced off.
• Jefferson and Burr tied.
• Alexander Hamilton convinced a congressman to break the tie in favor of Jefferson.
• The 12th Amendment was created to prevent future electoral tie issues.
Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency
• Focused on:
• Limiting government intervention (Laissez-Faire approach).
• Promoting agriculture.
• Encouraging self-sufficiency.
• Introduced judicial review, strengthening the judicial branch with checks and balances.
• Encouraged western expansion and trade along the Mississippi River.
The Louisiana Purchase and Westward Exploration
• With U.S. expansion, Congress organized an expedition.
• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were chosen to explore the new territory.
• Along the way, they met Sacagawea, who served as an interpreter and guide.
Tensions with Britain and France
• Both nations attempted to block U.S. trade.
• The U.S. imposed an embargo on both, which backfired and hurt American merchants.
• In 1808, James Madison was elected president.
• The Star-Spangled Banner was written during this period and later became the national anthem.
• Dolly Madison saved a famous portrait of George Washington during the War of 1812.
Industrialization and Economic Shifts
• As the U.S. expanded, industry grew, especially in the North.
• Early factories were powered by watermills; later, steam, oil, and gas were used.
• The textile industry became the dominant industry in the North.
• Francis Lowell built a major textile factory in Boston.
• Eli Whitney’s contributions:
• Interchangeable parts – Allowed for standardized gun manufacturing.
• Cotton gin – Sped up the cotton cleaning process.
The South and the Rise of Cotton
• Cotton became highly profitable, increasing demand for enslaved labor.
• The cotton gin made cotton processing more efficient.
• In 1808, the international slave trade was banned, but enslaved labor remained crucial to the Southern economy.
Life of Enslaved Workers
• Men worked as blacksmiths, carpenters, and painters.
• Women worked as maids, cooks, and childcare workers.
• Children served as household servants and field laborers.
• Some enslaved individuals were rented out to work in factories.
• Most had little to no education.
• Forms of resistance included breaking tools and equipment.
• Harsh punishments were given for defiance or escape attempts.
• Many families were separated through slave auctions.
Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)
• Nat Turner and his followers attacked and killed several Virginia plantation owners and their families.
• Turner was captured two months later, tried, and executed.
• The rebellion led to even harsher conditions for enslaved people in the South in
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