Results for "Segments"

Filters

Flashcards

📚 8.1 How Companies Find and Develop New Product Ideas Sources of New Product Ideas: Internal Sources: R&D, employee suggestions, brainstorming sessions. External Sources: Customers: Surveys, feedback, complaints, and suggestions. Competitors: Analyzing competitors' products to identify gaps or improve upon existing ideas. Distributors/Suppliers: Insights into market trends and supply chain opportunities. Crowdsourcing: Engaging the public for innovative ideas. Developing New Ideas: Idea Screening: Filter out bad ideas early to focus on the most promising ones. Concept Development and Testing: Test concepts with target customers to gauge their response. 🔄 8.2 Steps in the New Product Development Process Idea Generation: Brainstorming ideas from internal and external sources. Idea Screening: Evaluate ideas to eliminate unfeasible ones. Concept Development and Testing: Develop product concepts and test them with target audiences. Marketing Strategy Development: Create a marketing plan for pricing, distribution, and promotion. Business Analysis: Assess the financial feasibility (cost, demand, profitability). Product Development: Build and test prototypes or minimum viable products (MVPs). Test Marketing: Introduce the product to a limited market to assess performance. Commercialization: Full-scale launch of the product. Major Considerations: Customer-Centricity: Focus on customer needs and feedback. Speed to Market: Minimize delays in the development cycle. Risk Management: Anticipate and address potential product risks. 📈 8.3 Stages of the Product Life Cycle (PLC) & Changing Marketing Strategies Introduction: High marketing costs, slow sales growth, and minimal profit. Strategy: Build awareness, offer promotions, and use selective distribution. Growth: Rapid sales increase, rising profits, and market expansion. Strategy: Improve product quality, expand distribution, and adjust pricing to maximize market share. Maturity: Sales peak, profits stabilize or decline due to competition. Strategy: Modify the product, look for new market segments, and focus on differentiation. Decline: Sales drop, profits decrease, and the market shrinks. Strategy: Harvest (reduce costs and maximize remaining profit) or divest (discontinue the product). 🌱 8.4 Additional Product Issues ✅ Socially Responsible Product Decisions: Product Safety: Ensuring products meet safety standards. Environmental Impact: Minimize environmental harm (sustainable sourcing and packaging). Ethical Marketing: Honest communication and avoiding deceptive advertising. 🌍 International Product and Services Marketing: Adaptation vs. Standardization: Adaptation: Modify the product to fit local preferences or legal requirements. Standardization: Keep the same product globally to maintain consistency. Cultural Sensitivity: Tailoring messaging and branding to align with cultural values. Regulatory Compliance: Meeting the local standards and regulations in different countries
Updated 9d ago
flashcards Flashcards (10)
biology 2.1Unit 2.1: Mitosis and Meiosis Introduction By the end of this section, you should be able to: Define a chromosome. Define DNA as the genetic material. Define genes. Describe the structure of chromosomes. Describe the components of DNA. Define mitosis and describe its stages. Define meiosis and describe its stages. Relate the events of meiosis to the formation of sex cells. Compare mitosis and meiosis. Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA Almost all the cells of your body—except for mature red blood cells—contain a nucleus, which acts as the control center of the cell. The nucleus holds all the information needed to make a new cell and, ultimately, a new individual. Inside the nucleus are chromosomes, thread-like structures that store genetic information passed from parents to offspring. Chromosomes are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), a molecule that carries the instructions needed to make all the proteins in your body. Many of these proteins are enzymes, which control the production of other chemicals and affect everything about how your body functions. Each species has a specific number of chromosomes: Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Tomatoes have 24 chromosomes (12 pairs). Elephants have 56 chromosomes (28 pairs). Half of your chromosomes come from your mother, and the other half from your father. These chromosomes are arranged in homologous pairs, meaning they contain matching sets of genes. A karyotype is a special photograph that arranges chromosomes into their pairs. In humans, 22 pairs of chromosomes are called autosomes, which control most body functions. The 23rd pair is the sex chromosomes, which determine whether you are male or female: Females have two X chromosomes (XX). Males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). DNA Structure DNA is a long, twisted molecule shaped like a double helix (a spiraled ladder). Each strand of DNA is made up of smaller molecules called nucleotides, which consist of: A phosphate group A sugar (deoxyribose) A nitrogen base The four nitrogen bases in DNA are: Adenine (A) → Always pairs with Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) → Always pairs with Guanine (G) Genes are small segments of DNA that carry instructions for making proteins. The sequence of these bases acts like a biological code, directing the cell to create specific proteins. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick, using data from Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray photographs, discovered the double-helix structure of DNA. Their discovery led to a huge increase in genetic research, including the Human Genome Project, which mapped all human genes. Mitosis (Cell Division for Growth and Repair) All body cells (somatic cells) divide using mitosis, a type of cell division that creates two identical daughter cells. Mitosis is essential for: Growth (producing new cells). Tissue repair (replacing damaged or old cells). Asexual reproduction (producing offspring with identical DNA). Stages of Mitosis Interphase The cell prepares for division by copying its DNA. Chromosomes are not visible under a microscope. Prophase Chromosomes condense and become visible. The nuclear membrane breaks down. Metaphase Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell. Spindle fibers attach to each chromosome. Anaphase The spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart to opposite ends of the cell. Telophase A new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. The cell is almost ready to split. Cytokinesis The cytoplasm divides, forming two identical daughter cells. Mitosis is constantly occurring in areas like your skin and bone marrow, where new cells are needed regularly. Meiosis (Cell Division for Reproduction) Unlike mitosis, meiosis occurs only in the reproductive organs (testes in males, ovaries in females) and produces gametes (sperm and egg cells). Gametes have half the number of chromosomes (haploid, n=23) so that when fertilization occurs, the new cell has the correct chromosome number (diploid, 2n=46). Stages of Meiosis Meiosis consists of two rounds of cell division, resulting in four non-identical cells. Meiosis I: Prophase I – Chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material (crossing over). Metaphase I – Chromosome pairs line up in the center of the cell. Anaphase I – Chromosome pairs separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. Telophase I & Cytokinesis – The cell splits into two haploid daughter cells. Meiosis II (similar to mitosis): 5. Prophase II – Chromosomes condense again. 6. Metaphase II – Chromosomes line up in the center. 7. Anaphase II – Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides. 8. Telophase II & Cytokinesis – Four unique haploid gametes are formed. Each gamete is genetically different due to crossing over and random chromosome distribution. Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Key Differences Importance of Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis ensures that cells grow, repair damage, and replace old cells. Meiosis allows genetic diversity, which is essential for evolution and survival. Summary Chromosomes carry genetic information in the form of DNA. Genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells for growth and repair. Meiosis creates four non-identical sex cells for reproduction. Mitosis ensures genetic stability, while meiosis introduces genetic diversity
Updated 10d ago
flashcards Flashcards (6)
body segments
Updated 48d ago
flashcards Flashcards (6)
Resistant: Trait to render Pesticides useless. Can be passed down generations. FIFO: "First in first out" for storing food - old to new. Eradication: Complete Elimination of a Pest Exclusion: Preventing entry for pest Chemical Name: Scientific name of active ingredient Common Name: EPA approved name Inorganic Pesticide: Lacks Carbon Organic Pesticide: Contains Carbon Persistent Pesticide: Remains Present (Residual) Trade Name: Brand name designated by Manufacturer Barrier Treatment: Treating exterior perimeter Space Treatment: Treatment for Air (Fog, etc) Micron: 1/25,000 of an Inch (Measures size of spray droplet) Abdomen: Rear body Section of Arthropod Arachnid: A Class of Arthopod that has the head and thorax joined to form a Cephalothorax. Arthropod: An animal with jointed legs and a Segmented, Jointed exoskeleton. Exoskeleton: The hard, flexible outer covering of an arthropod Insect: An arthropod with 3 body regions, 6 legs and winged adults Instar: The Insect as it appears between molts Larva: An Immature Stage in the life Cycle of an insect with Complete metamorphosis, Active Feeding Stage. Nymph: The developmental Stage of an insect with gradual metamorphosis. Hatch from eggs and gradually develop into adult Thorax: The second of 3 body sections of an Insect. Legs and Wings are attached to the thorax Population: Same species occupying the same area Okay, here's the formatted text for your second set of notes, using Option 1: Abdomen: Rear body section of arthropod Aggregation: Group or cluster of Cockroaches. Egg Case/Capsule: "ooth eca" Molt: To shed exoskeleton Pronotum: Shield like top plate on front of thorax, In Same Insects, it covers the head (Cockroaches) Alates: Insects with wings Brood: The larvae and pupae of Social Insects Node: Narrow segments that connect the abdomen and thorax, most ants have one or two nodes Pedicel: The Constricted area between the thorax and abdomen Social Insect: Colony that divides labor Swarm: winged male and female insects produced to mate and form new colonies Cephalothorax: Front part of body where head and thorax are joined to make one head body combination. Exuviae: The Sheds/"Skins" of Past insects Seed Ticks: The larval stage of a tick Vector: An animal that can transmit disease causing organisms from one host to another Complete Metamorphosis: Insect development involving four different body forms and life cycles Clubbed Antennae: Antennae with enlarged section at the terminal Keratin: External Feeding: Stored product pests that feed from the outside of the grain Internal Feeding Pest: larvae of stored product pest that feed entirely from within the grain Okay, here's the formatted text for your third set of notes, using Option 1: Vertebrates: Animals with a back bone Burrow: Underground passageway that forms the nest Commensal: Residing/occupying the same area as people Ectoparasites: Animals that get all their food while remaining on the outside surface of another animal Avicide: A Pesticide specifically used to control birds Cambium Layer: Layer between inner bark and sapwood. Active cell growth Fiber Saturation Point: Percent of moisture in wood when all free water has evaporated leaving only bound water Hardwood Trees: Trees that produce seeds enclosed in a fruit or nut and usually lose their leaves in the fall Softwood Trees: Trees that produce seeds NOT enclosed in a fruit or nut, usually needles or scale like leaves that hold year round Sapwood: The outer, light colored wood on a tree stem that contains living cells and conducts water up the tree Heartwood: Inner portion of a woody stem, non-living cells, usually darker than the sapwood Phloem Cells: Inner bark of a tree between the cambium and the bark. These cells conduct nutrients up and down the tree Castes: Groups where individuals all serve the same function Cellulose: Primary component of wood and wood by product Desiccation: Drying out Primary Reproductives: AKA Swarmers or alates Secondary Reproductives: Wingless or nearly wingless termites that do not leave the colony
Updated 49d ago
flashcards Flashcards (8)
0.00
studied byStudied by 0 people