Academy Stars 1 | Unit 6

Human Anatomy and Physiology Third Edition Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Characteristics of Living Organisms (1 of 2) Living Organisms share distinct properties •Cellular Composition—Cells are the smallest units that carry out the functions of life •Metabolism—Living organisms carry out chemical processes collectively called metabolism –“Building” processes are known as Anabolism –“Breaking down” processes are known as Catabolism •Growth—An increase in the size and/or number of cells Loading… Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Characteristics of Living Organisms (2 of 2) Living Organisms share distinct properties (continued) •Excretion—Elimination of potentially harmful waste products created by metabolic processes •Responsiveness or Irritability—Organisms sense and react to changes or stimuli in their environment •Movement—Organisms or individual cells of an organism move •Reproduction—Production of new cells during growth or repair or reproduction of new organisms Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems (1 of 7) The body is constructed of a series of progressively larger “building blocks” known as the Structural Levels of Organization •Chemical Level—This is the smallest level; Chemicals range from tiny atoms to complex molecules •Cellular Level—Groups of many different types of molecules combine in specific ways to form cellular structures •Tissue Level—Two or more cell types and material outside them, called extracellular matrix, combine to perform a common function Loading… Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems (2 of 7) Structural Levels of Organization (continued) •Organ Level—Two or more tissue types combine to form an organ with a recognizable shape that performs a specialized task •Organ System Level—Two or more organs that together carry out a broad function in the body –The human body has 11 organ systems •Organism Level—The organ systems function together to make up the working human body—an organism Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems (3 of 7) Figure 1.5 Six structural levels of organization of the human body. Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems (4 of 7) Figure 1.6 The 11 organ systems of the human body Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems (5 of 7) Figure 1.6 The 11 organ systems of the human body Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems (6 of 7) Figure 1.6 The 11 organ systems of the human body Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems (7 of 7) Figure 1.6 The 11 organ systems of the human body Loading… Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Types of Anatomy and Physiology (1 of 2) Study of Anatomy can be approached in several ways •Systemic Anatomy—Examines individual organ systems •Regional Anatomy—Examines the body in regions, such as the head and neck •Surface Anatomy—Examines surface markings •Gross Anatomy—Examines structures that can be seen with the unaided eye •Microscopic Anatomy—Examines cells (Cytology) and tissues (Histology) with the use of a microscope Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Types of Anatomy and Physiology (2 of 2) Study of Physiology includes numerous subfields •Physiology subfields are classified by organ or organ systems, such as neurophysiology and cardiophysiology •Physiologists can also study other structural levels of organization of the body such as chemical, cellular, and tissue levels Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 Word Parts •The language of science is built on Word Roots—core components of words with specific meanings •Word roots are combined with Prefixes and Suffixes to yield scientific terms •For example, combine the following: –Prefix an- (means without) –Word root encephala- (means brain) –Suffix -ic (means condition of) •“Anencephalic” is the condition of lacking a part of the brain Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 The Anatomical Position and Directional Terms (1 of 4) Anatomical Position—Common frame of reference from which all body parts and regions are described regardless of position –Body is standing upright –Feet are shoulder width apart –Upper limbs at the sides of trunk –Head and palms facing forward Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 The Anatomical Position and Directional Terms (2 of 4) Directional Terms—Describe the relative locations of body parts and markings to ensure accurate communication among scientists and healthcare professionals •Anterior/Posterior—Anterior refers to the front and posterior refers to the back; Can refer to body as a whole or to a body part •Superior/Inferior—Superior, or cranial, means towards the head and inferior, or caudal, means towards the tail; Used to refer to positions on head, neck, and trunk only Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 The Anatomical Position and Directional Terms (3 of 4) Directional Terms (continued) •Proximal/Distal—Proximal means closer to the point of origin and distal means further from the point of origin; Used to refer to positions on the limbs only •Medial/Lateral—Medial refers to a position closer to the middle line of the body, called the midline, and lateral refers to a position farther away from the midline •Superficial/Deep—Superficial refers to structures closer to the surface of the body and deep refers to structures farther below Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 The Anatomical Position and Directional Terms (4 of 4) Figure 1.7 Directional terms. Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 Medical Errors •Most medical errors occur when a patient is dispensed the wrong type or dose of medication •Occasionally, they involve surgery and are known as “wrong site” or “wrong body” procedures when the surgeon operates on the wrong part of the body or even the wrong patient •Precise communication with appropriate use of anatomical terminology is critical to prevent medical errors Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 Regional Terms (1 of 7) Regional Terms—The body can be divided into two broad regions: Axial (head, neck, and trunk); and Appendicular (upper and lower limbs or appendages) •Each broad region can be divided into several smaller Regions •Regions may be named as nouns, such as the upper arm or brachium, or as adjective with the addition of a suffix such as -al, which is paired with the word “region” to give us the term brachial region Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 Regional Terms (2 of 7) Figure 1.8 Regions of the body. Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 Regional Terms (3 of 7) Figure 1.8 Regions of the body. Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 Regional Terms (4 of 7) Table 1.1 Regional Terms Region of the Trunk Pertaining To: Abdominal The abdomen Cervical The neck Gluteal The buttocks Inguinal The groin Lumbar The lower back Pelvic The pelvis Pubic The pubis Sacral The sacrum Sternal The sternum Thoracic The chest Vertebral The spinal column Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 Regional Terms (5 of 7) Table 1.1 Regional Terms Region of the Head and Face Pertaining To: Buccal The cheek Cranial The skull Cephalic The head Frontal The forehead Mental The chin Nasal The nose Occipital The back of the head Ocular The eye Oral The mouth Otic The ear Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 Regional Terms (6 of 7) Table 1.1 Regional Terms Region of the Upper Limb Pertaining To: Acromial The point of the shoulder Antebrachial The forearm Antecubital The anterior surface of the elbow Axillary The armpit Brachial The arm Carpal The wrist Digital The fingers (or toes) Manual The hand Metacarpal The metacarpals (bones of the hand) Palmar The palm Pollex The thumb Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 Regional Terms (7 of 7) Table 1.1 Regional Terms Region of the Lower Limb Pertaining To: Coxal The hip Crural The anterior surface of the leg Femoral The thigh Hallux The great toe Metatarsal The metatarsals (bones of the foot) Patellar The anterior surface of the knee Pedal The foot Plantar The sole of the foot Popliteal The posterior surface of the knee Sural The posterior surface of the leg Tarsal The ankle Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 Concept Boost: Putting Anatomical Terms Together (1 of 2) 1.Name the Region—Cervical region 2.Add Descriptive Directional Terms— On anterior side, Lateral to midline; Begins inferior to mental region; Ends superior to thoracic region 3.Describe Depth of Incision—Deep to skin and muscle; Superficial to underlying larynx 4.Put It All Together—Incision on anterior cervical region lateral to midline; Extended vertically 1 centimeter inferior to mental region to 2 centimeters superior to thoracic region; Deep to skin and muscle, but superficial to larynx Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 Concept Boost: Putting Anatomical Terms Together (2 of 2) 1.Name the Region—Left Crural 2.Add Descriptive Directional Terms— On anterior and medial side; Proximal to tarsal region and distal to patellar region 3.Describe Depth of Incision—Deep to skin and muscle but superficial to bone 4.Put It All Together—Wound on left anteromedial crural region, 10 centimeters proximal to tarsal region and 6 centimeters distal to patellar region; Pellet is lodged deep to skin and muscle but superficial to bone Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 Concept Boost Mini Lecture: Putting Anatomical Terms Together Use the link below to view A D A compliant video: Concept Boost Mini Lecture: Putting Anatomical Terms Together https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/_video.true/bc_amerman_hap_3_concept-boost_ch1 Loading… Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 Planes of Section (1 of 4) Planes of Section—Divide a body or body part for examination •Sagittal Plane—Divides body into right and left sections –Midsagittal Plane: Also called a Median Plane; Sections are equal –Parasagittal Plane: Sections are unequal Figure 1.9a Sagittal plane. Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 Planes of Section (2 of 4) Planes of Section (continued) •Frontal Plane—Also called a Coronal Plane; Divides body into anterior and posterior sections Figure 1.9b Frontal plane. Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 Planes of Section (3 of 4) Planes of Section (continued) •Transverse Plane— Also called a Horizontal Plane or Cross Section; Divides body into superior and inferior sections or proximal and distal sections •Oblique Plane—Used less frequently; Taken at an angle Figure 1.9c Transverse planes. Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.3 Planes of Section (4 of 4) Study Boost: How to Learn Anatomical Terms •Flashcards are popular because research shows that they work –Make customized flashcards with Practice Anatomy Lab™ Flashcards in the Study Area of Mastering® A&P –Make handwritten flashcards •Don’t forget to “Bring It Back” by quizzing yourself and “Mix It Up” by randomizing the order Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.4 The Posterior Body Cavity Cavity—Any space within the body; Protects internal organs and allows them to move Posterior Body Cavity— Located on posterior side of body •Cranial Cavity—Within the skull; Includes the brain •Spinal Cavity—Within the vertebral column; Includes the spinal cord •Both cavities are filled with Cerebrospinal Fluid, which bathes both organs Figure 1.10a Posterior body cavity, lateral view. Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.4 The Anterior Body Cavity (1 of 8) Anterior Body Cavity—Has two main divisions separated by the muscular diaphragm •Thoracic Cavity is superior to the diaphragm •Abdominopelvic Cavity is inferior to the diaphragm •Smaller cavities exist within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities formed by sheets of tissue termed Serous Membranes Figure 1.10b Anterior body cavity, anterior view. Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.4 The Anterior Body Cavity (2 of 8) Anterior Body Cavity (continued) •Thoracic Cavity –Pleural Cavities—Surround left and right lungs –Mediastinum—Between pleural cavities; Houses heart, great vessels, trachea (windpipe), and esophagus; Not within serous membrane –Pericardial Cavity—Within mediastinum; Within serous membrane that surrounds heart Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.4 The Anterior Body Cavity (3 of 8) Anterior Body Cavity (continued) •Abdominopelvic Cavity—Subdivided into superior Abdominal Cavity (diaphragm to bony pelvis) and inferior Pelvic Cavity (within bony pelvis) •Contains organs from digestive, lymphatic, urinary, and reproductive systems •Peritoneal Cavity—Abdominal subcavity found within serous membranes Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.4 The Anterior Body Cavity (4 of 8) Abdominopelvic Cavity can be divided into segments by drawing imaginary lines through its surface •One system divides the cavity into four Quadrants –Right and left upper quadrants (R U Q and L U Q); Right and left lower quadrants (R L Q and L L Q) •A second system divides the cavity into nine Regions –Right and left hypochondriac regions, Right and left lumbar regions; Right and left iliac regions; Epigastric region; Umbilical region; Hypogastric region Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.4 The Anterior Body Cavity (5 of 8) Figure 1.11 The four quadrants and nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity. Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.4 Abdominal Pain •Abdominal pain is a common reason for people to seek health care, but the number of structures in the abdominopelvic cavity make diagnoses difficult •The four-quadrant system helps to narrow down potential diagnoses •For example, R L Q pain may be from the appendix, ovaries in female, the first part of the large intestine, or the last portion of the small intestine Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.4 The Anterior Body Cavity (6 of 8) Serous Membranes—Thin sheets of tissue that fold over to form continuous double-layered structures filled with Serous Fluid to lubricate organs in the cavity –Visceral Layer—Contacts the organ –Parietal Layer—Attaches to surrounding structures Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.4 The Anterior Body Cavity (7 of 8) Serous Membranes (continued) •Pleural Membranes—Surround the lungs; Includes parietal and visceral pleura •Pericardial Membranes—Surround the heart; Includes parietal and visceral pericardium •Peritoneal Membranes—Surround some abdominal organs (Intraperitoneal); Includes parietal and visceral peritoneum •Organs behind the parietal peritoneum are Retroperitoneal Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.4 The Anterior Body Cavity (8 of 8) Figure 1.13 The serous membranes of the anterior body cavities. Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.4 Medical Imaging (1 of 2) •Used to look inside patients without surgery; Different forms of radiation form images of internal structures often along specific planes •X-Ray uses ionizing radiation; Chest image is shown (top) •Computed Tomography Scan (C T) uses ionizing radiation; 3-D image is computer generated from data; Transverse section of abdominopelvic and peritoneal cavities is shown (bottom) Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.4 Medical Imaging (2 of 2) •Magnetic Resonance Imaging (M R I) involves the body being placed within a magnetic field; 3-D image is computer generated from data; Transverse section of the abdominopelvic cavity is shown Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Core Principles in Anatomy and Physiology Core Principles—Set of basic concepts of anatomy and physiology that are revisited repeatedly in the text; They are related to maintaining the body’s internal environment •Feedback Loops •Relationship of Structure and Function •Gradients •Cell-Cell Communication Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Overall Theme: Physiological Processes Operate to Maintain the Body’s Homeostasis •Homeostasis—The condition in which the body develops and maintains a relatively stable internal environment –Homeostatic Imbalances—Disturbances in homeostasis can lead to disease or death if uncorrected –Regulated Variables—Variables in the internal environment, such as temperature, blood sugar, and many others, are controlled to stay close to a particular normal value –Controlled Variables—Variables that are manipulated to maintain the regulated variables, such as the process that increases blood sugar from stored carbohydrates Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Feedback Loops Are a Key Mechanism Used to Maintain Homeostasis (1 of 8) Feedback Loops—A change in a regulated variable causes effects that feed back and in turn affect that same variable •Made up of a series of events that lead to an output •As the loops continue, this output then influences the events of the loops themselves •Negative Feedback Loops—Oppose the initial change and reduce the output •Positive Feedback Loops—Reinforce the initial change and increase the output Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Feedback Loops Are a Key Mechanism Used to Maintain Homeostasis (2 of 8) Negative Feedback Loops—Promote stability; Negating any stimulus that moves a variable away from homeostasis •Each variable has a Set Point that includes a Normal Range around that set point •The range differs for individual variables Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Feedback Loops Are a Key Mechanism Used to Maintain Homeostasis (3 of 8) Steps of a Negative Feedback Loop 1.Stimulus—Information that a regulated variable is outside the normal range 2.Receptor or Sensor—Cellular structure that registers the stimulus 3.Control Center—Stimulus is sent to the control center (brain or gland) by the nervous or endocrine systems 4.Effector—The cells or organ that will react 5.Responses—Effector causes the response that will return the variable to the normal range Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Feedback Loops Are a Key Mechanism Used to Maintain Homeostasis (4 of 8) Figure 1.14 Control of room temperature by a negative feedback loop. Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Feedback Loops Are a Key Mechanism Used to Maintain Homeostasis (5 of 8) Figure 1.15 Control of body temperature by a negative feedback loop. Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Feedback Loops Are a Key Mechanism Used to Maintain Homeostasis (6 of 8) Study Boost: Keeping Track of the Body’s Feedback Loops •Feedback loops occur in all body systems so there are many to remember •As you learn new feedback loops, add them to the Feedback Loops Master List page at the front of the Active-Learning Workbook •Use the list to quiz yourself “Bring It Back,” review feedback loops from other chapters “Space It Out,” and have a friend quiz you from the list in a random order “Mix It Up” Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Feedback Loops Are a Key Mechanism Used to Maintain Homeostasis (7 of 8) Positive Feedback Loops—Less common than negative feedback loops; Increases the response to a stimulus; Reinforces the initial stimulus •Will eventually shut off in response to an external stimulus or some outside event that is not part of the positive feedback loop •Positive feedback loops are often found within a negative feedback loop to produce a quicker response Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Feedback Loops Are a Key Mechanism Used to Maintain Homeostasis (8 of 8) Figure 1.16 Control of blood clotting by a positive feedback loop. Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Common Misconceptions about Homeostasis (1 of 2) •Misconception 1: Negative feedback is bad for the body; Positive feedback is good –Under normal circumstances, both types of feedback loops promote homeostasis •Misconception 2: Maintaining homeostasis means the body’s internal environment is static or unchanging –Maintenance of normal ranges does not mean the internal environment is unchanging; Changes are normal and are occurring constantly Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Common Misconceptions about Homeostasis (2 of 2) •Misconception 3: Regulatory mechanisms and feedback loops are either “on” or “off,” like a switch –The internal environment is dynamic so feedback loops always exhibit some degree of activity •Misconception 4: Any physiological variable can be controlled –Variables can only be controlled through feedback loops if receptors exist to detect changes in the set point Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 BioFlix: Homeostasis Use the link below to view A D A compliant video: BioFlix: Homeostasis https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/loMS4qosEmL53haP3z1Z_eWMupIkyIFv Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Childbirth, Pitocin, and Positive Feedback Loops •Childbirth begins when a woman goes into labor, which occurs by a positive feedback loop •Baby’s head stretches the cervix (stimulus); Data from nerves in the cervix (receptors) are sent to the brain (control center); Uterus (effector) produces hormone oxytocin which stimulates uterine contractions (response); This continues and is amplified until the baby is born, which stops the feedback loop •Pitocin is a synthetic version of oxytocin that is used when labor needs to be artificially started, or induced Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Structure and Function are Related at All Levels of Organization Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function •The form of a structure is such that it best suits its function; Applies to all levels of organization Figure 1.17 The relationship between structure and function. Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Gradients Drive Many Physiological Processes Gradients are present any time more of something exists in one area than another and the two areas are connected •Gradients drive many of our physiological processes Figure 1.18 Examples of gradients. Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Cell-Cell Communication is Required to Coordinate Body Functions •Cells communicate with each other to maintain homeostasis •Electrical Signals are transmitted between neighboring cells •Chemical Messengers released from cells may work on neighboring cells or move to other cells through body fluids Figure 1.19 Communication between a nerve cell and a muscle cell.

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🇺🇸 APUSH CRAM SHEET PERIOD 1: 1491–1607 — Native America & Exploration Native American Societies * Iroquois Confederacy → political alliance of Native nations * Pueblo peoples → Southwest; agriculture, irrigation * Mississippian societies → Cahokia; agriculture and complex societies Columbian Exchange Americas → Europe * Corn * Potatoes * Tomatoes * Tobacco * Cacao Europe/Africa → Americas * Horses * Cattle * Sugar * Wheat * Diseases ⚠️ Major consequence: Native populations dramatically declined because of European diseases. Exploration * Christopher Columbus (1492) → opened sustained European contact * Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) → Spain/Portugal divided claims in the Americas * Encomienda System → Spanish forced Native labor ⸻ PERIOD 2: 1607–1754 — Colonies Jamestown — 1607 * First permanent English settlement * Virginia Company * John Smith → helped colony survive * Tobacco → major cash crop * John Rolfe → tobacco cultivation Important Virginia Developments * House of Burgesses (1619) → representative government * Headright System → encouraged immigration by giving land * Growth of slavery Plymouth & Massachusetts * Pilgrims → Plymouth, 1620 * Mayflower Compact → self-government * Puritans → Massachusetts Bay * John Winthrop → “city upon a hill” Religion Puritans: wanted to reform the Church of England Quakers: * Religious tolerance * Equality * Pennsylvania * William Penn Bacon’s Rebellion — 1676 * Nathaniel Bacon led frontier farmers against Virginia government * Showed conflict between wealthy elites and poorer colonists * Contributed to increased reliance on enslaved labor Colonial Economies New England * Fishing * Shipbuilding * Trade * Small farms Middle Colonies * Grain * Trade * Diverse population Southern Colonies * Tobacco * Rice * Indigo * Plantation agriculture * Slavery ⸻ PERIOD 3: 1754–1800 — Revolution & Constitution French & Indian War — 1754–1763 Britain vs. France + Native allies Consequences * Britain wins * Britain gains territory * Britain has massive debt * Britain begins taxing colonies Proclamation of 1763 * Colonists prohibited from settling west of Appalachian Mountains * Angered colonists ⸻ Road to Revolution Tax Acts Stamp Act (1765) * Tax on printed materials * “No taxation without representation” Townshend Acts (1767) * Taxes on imports * Led to colonial resistance Boston Massacre (1770) * British soldiers killed colonists * Patriot propaganda Boston Tea Party (1773) * Colonists protested Tea Act Intolerable Acts (1774) * Punished Massachusetts * Helped unite colonies ⸻ Declaration of Independence — 1776 Thomas Jefferson Main ideas: * Natural rights * Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness * Government gets power from the people * People can overthrow an abusive government ⸻ Revolutionary War Turning Points Saratoga (1777) → Major American victory → France joins American side Yorktown (1781) → Cornwallis surrendered → Major fighting effectively ended Treaty of Paris (1783) → Britain recognized U.S. independence ⸻ Articles of Confederation Strengths * Won Revolutionary War * Land Ordinance of 1785 * Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Weaknesses * No power to tax * No executive branch * No national court system * Weak central government ⸻ Constitution Great Compromise * House of Representatives → population * Senate → equal representation 3/5 Compromise * Enslaved people counted as 3/5 for representation and taxation Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists Federalists * Strong national government * Hamilton * Madison * Jay Anti-Federalists * Feared centralized power * Wanted Bill of Rights Bill of Rights — 1791 First 10 amendments ⸻ PERIOD 4: 1800–1848 — Expansion & Democracy Jefferson Election of 1800 * Peaceful transfer of power * Jefferson becomes president Louisiana Purchase — 1803 * Bought from France * Doubled U.S. territory Lewis & Clark * Explored western territory ⸻ War of 1812 Causes: * British impressment * British interference with trade * British support for Native resistance Effects * Increased nationalism * Weakened Federalist Party * Encouraged American manufacturing ⸻ Market Revolution Transportation * Canals * Roads * Railroads * Steamboats Industrialization * Factories grew * Wage labor expanded * Cities grew Erie Canal → connected Great Lakes to Hudson River ⸻ Jacksonian Democracy Andrew Jackson * Expanded voting for white men * Spoils system * Popular democracy Indian Removal Act — 1830 * Forced Native Americans west * Trail of Tears * Major example of U.S. expansion and Native displacement Bank War Jackson opposed the national bank. ⸻ Manifest Destiny Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across North America. Texas * Texas declared independence from Mexico * Alamo * Texas becomes U.S. state in 1845 Mexican-American War — 1846–1848 U.S. victory → Mexican Cession Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo * U.S. gained California, New Mexico and huge western territory ⸻ PERIOD 5: 1844–1877 — Civil War & Reconstruction Sectionalism North * Industry * Free labor * Railroads * Growing cities South * Plantation economy * Cotton * Slavery West * Competition over whether slavery would expand ⸻ Slavery Cotton Gin * Eli Whitney * Made cotton processing faster * Increased demand for enslaved labor Missouri Compromise — 1820 * Missouri → slave * Maine → free * 36°30′ line Compromise of 1850 * California → free * Popular sovereignty in Utah/New Mexico * Fugitive Slave Act strengthened Kansas-Nebraska Act — 1854 * Popular sovereignty * Repealed Missouri Compromise * Led to Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott v. Sandford — 1857 Supreme Court ruled: * African Americans were not citizens * Congress couldn’t prohibit slavery in territories Lincoln-Douglas Debates Major issue → slavery’s expansion ⸻ Civil War Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln wins Southern states secede. Emancipation Proclamation — 1863 * Freed enslaved people in rebelling states * Changed war aims toward ending slavery Gettysburg — 1863 Major Union victory Gettysburg Address * Equality * Democracy * “new birth of freedom” Appomattox — 1865 Lee surrendered to Grant. ⸻ Reconstruction — 1865–1877 13th Amendment Abolished slavery 14th Amendment Citizenship + equal protection 15th Amendment Voting rights for Black men Freedmen’s Bureau * Helped formerly enslaved people * Education * Employment * Food/housing assistance Black Codes Southern laws restricting African Americans after the Civil War. Ku Klux Klan Used violence and intimidation to suppress Black political participation. Compromise of 1877 * Ended disputed 1876 election * Federal troops withdrawn from South * Reconstruction effectively ended ⚠️ APUSH connection: Reconstruction achieved major constitutional changes but failed to permanently protect many of those gains. ⸻ PERIOD 6: 1865–1898 — Gilded Age Industrialization Important Industrialists * Andrew Carnegie → steel * John D. Rockefeller → oil * J.P. Morgan → banking/finance Robber Barons vs. Captains of Industry Robber Baron → exploited workers, monopolies Captain of Industry → created jobs/industry and sometimes philanthropy Social Darwinism Applied survival-of-the-fittest ideas to society/economics. ⸻ Labor Knights of Labor * Broad membership * Wanted better working conditions AFL * Samuel Gompers * Skilled workers * Higher wages * Shorter hours Major Strikes Haymarket Affair → labor unrest + anarchism Homestead Strike → Carnegie Steel Pullman Strike → railroad workers → federal government intervened ⸻ Immigration Old Immigration Mostly: * Northern/Western Europe New Immigration Mostly: * Southern/Eastern Europe * Italians * Poles * Russians Chinese Exclusion Act — 1882 Restricted Chinese immigration. ⸻ Urbanization Problems: * Tenements * Disease * Crime * Poor sanitation Political machines * Ex: Tammany Hall * Provided services in exchange for votes ⸻ PERIOD 7: 1890–1945 — Progressive Era & World Wars Progressivism Goals: * Reduce corruption * Regulate corporations * Improve working conditions * Consumer protection * Women’s suffrage Muckrakers Investigative journalists exposing problems. Upton Sinclair → The Jungle → exposed meatpacking conditions → helped inspire Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal * Trust busting * Conservation * Consumer protection 16th Amendment → Federal income tax 17th Amendment → Direct election of senators 18th Amendment → Prohibition 19th Amendment → Women’s suffrage ⸻ Imperialism Spanish-American War — 1898 U.S. victory U.S. gains influence over: * Puerto Rico * Guam * Philippines Open Door Policy U.S. wanted equal trade access in China. Roosevelt Corollary U.S. claimed right to intervene in Latin America. ⸻ World War I Causes Think MAIN * Militarism * Alliance system * Imperialism * Nationalism U.S. enters in 1917. Wilson’s Fourteen Points * Self-determination * League of Nations * International cooperation Treaty of Versailles Senate rejected it. ⸻ 1920s Consumer Culture * Cars * Radios * Movies * Advertising Harlem Renaissance African American cultural movement. Important figures: * Langston Hughes * Zora Neale Hurston * Duke Ellington Great Migration African Americans moved from South → Northern/Western cities. ⸻ Great Depression Causes * Stock market speculation * Bank failures * Unequal wealth * Overproduction * Consumer debt FDR’s New Deal Relief → help people now Recovery → rebuild economy Reform → prevent future depression Important Programs CCC → jobs for young men WPA → public works/jobs Social Security Act → retirement assistance FDIC → protects bank deposits SEC → regulates stock market ⸻ World War II Pearl Harbor — 1941 Japan attacks U.S. U.S. enters WWII. Japanese American Internment Executive Order 9066 → forced relocation/internment D-Day — 1944 Allied invasion of Europe. Manhattan Project Developed atomic bomb. Hiroshima & Nagasaki Atomic bombs used against Japan. Japan surrenders → 1945 ⸻ PERIOD 8: 1945–1980 — Cold War & Civil Rights Cold War U.S. vs. USSR Capitalism vs. Communism Truman Doctrine Contain communism. Marshall Plan Economic aid to rebuild Europe. NATO Western military alliance. Korean War U.S. supports South Korea against communist North Korea. ⸻ Civil Rights Movement Brown v. Board — 1954 School segregation unconstitutional. Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Boycott Martin Luther King Jr. * Nonviolent protest * Civil rights Civil Rights Act — 1964 Banned segregation/discrimination in many public settings. Voting Rights Act — 1965 Protected voting rights. Malcolm X Initially promoted Black nationalism/self-defense; later shifted views toward broader cooperation. ⸻ Vietnam War Domino Theory If one country becomes communist, nearby countries may follow. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Expanded presidential power in Vietnam. Vietnamization Nixon’s policy of reducing U.S. troops while South Vietnam took more responsibility. Effects * Antiwar movement * Distrust of government * War Powers Act ⸻ PERIOD 9: 1980–Present Reagan Reaganomics Tax cuts + deregulation + reduced government spending Conservative Movement * Lower taxes * Smaller government * Anti-communism * Traditional social values Cold War Ends 1989 → Berlin Wall falls 1991 → USSR collapses ⸻ ⭐ MUST-KNOW APUSH THEMES 1. Federal Power Articles → weak government ↓ Constitution → stronger government ↓ Civil War → massive federal expansion ↓ New Deal → federal government expands economically ↓ Great Society → federal government expands social programs ⸻ 2. Race Colonial slavery ↓ Expansion of slavery ↓ Civil War ↓ 13th/14th/15th Amendments ↓ Jim Crow ↓ Civil Rights Movement ↓ Civil Rights Act + Voting Rights Act ⸻ 3. Expansion Louisiana Purchase ↓ Manifest Destiny ↓ Mexican-American War ↓ Westward expansion ↓ Imperialism ↓ Overseas influence ⸻ 4. Economy Agricultural colonies ↓ Market Revolution ↓ Industrial Revolution ↓ Gilded Age corporations ↓ Great Depression ↓ New Deal ↓ Modern consumer economy ⸻ 🔥 20 EVENTS YOU ABSOLUTELY NEED TO KNOW Date Event 1492 Columbus 1607 Jamestown 1620 Plymouth 1754–63 French & Indian War 1776 Declaration of Independence 1781 Articles/ Yorktown 1787 Constitution 1803 Louisiana Purchase 1812 War of 1812 1820 Missouri Compromise 1830 Indian Removal Act 1846–48 Mexican-American War 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act 1861–65 Civil War 1863 Emancipation Proclamation 1865 13th Amendment 1898 Spanish-American War 1929 Great Depression begins 1941 Pearl Harbor 1954 Brown v. Board 1964 Civil Rights Act 1965 Voting Rights Act 🧠 APUSH Essay Formula For LEQs/DBQs, remember: Claim → Evidence → Explain → Connect Don’t just say what happened. Instead: Evidence: The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise. Analysis: This increased sectional tensions because it allowed slavery to potentially expand into territories previously closed to it, contributing to the breakdown of political compromise before the Civil War. APUSH loves CAUSATION, CHANGE/CONTINUITY, and COMPARISON. Ask yourself: * Why did this happen? * What did it cause? * What changed? * What stayed the same? * Who benefited? * Who was harmed? * How does this connect to another period

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SS 1-4 starred terms thru

SBAR Framework and NCSBN Clinical Judgment Measurement Model

Unit 1 - STAR TERMS

8.PS1.2 The Stars Vocabulary

STAC Life and Carrer Skills Reviewer

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Engineering Management: Decision-Making, Planning, Organizing, and Staffing

Principles of Management: Staffing

VOCABOLARIO SALUTI DI BENVENUTO: Hallo!: Ciao! (generale) Guten Morgen!: Buongiorno! (fino alle 9.00) Guten Tag!: Buongiorno! (fino alle 11.30) Guten Abend!: Buonasera! (dopo le 18.00) Hi!/Hey!: Ciao! (informale) Na?: Allora?/ Come va? Moin!: Ciao! Servus!: Ciao! Grüß Gott!: Salve / Dio ti saluti! Grüezil!: Salve! (Svizzera) Tach: Giorno CONGEDI E SALUTI DI ADDIO: Tschüs!: Ciao! / Arrivederci Auf Wiedersehen!: Arrivederci! (formale) Bis bald!: A presto! Bis morgen!: A domani! Gute Nacht!: Buonanotte! FORME DI CORTESIA: Danke: Grazie Bitteschön: Prego Gern: volentieri / di nulla! Gesundheit!: Salute! (dopo uno starnuto) DOMANDE COMUNI: Wie heißt du / heißen Sie?: Come ti chiami / si chiama? Wer bist du / Wer sind Sie?: Chi sei / è lei? Wie geht’s dir? / Wie geht es Ihnen?: Come stai / sta? Woher kommst du / Sie? Da dove vieni / viene? Wer ist das?: Chi è questo/a? FAMILIARI: Vater / Papa: Il padre Mutter / Mama: La madre Das Eltern: I genitori Der Sohn: Il figlio Die Tochter: La figlia Der Bruder: Il fratello Das Schwester: La sorella Die Geschwister: Fratelli e sorelle Der Großvater / Opa: Il nonno Die Großmutter / Oma: La nonna Das Großeltern: I nonni Der Enkel: Lo zio Die Enkelin: La zia Der Mann: Uomo Die Frau: Donna DATI PERSONALI / PROVENIENZA: Der Vorname: Il nome (di battesimo) Der Familienname / Nachname: Il cognome Der Wohnort: Il luogo di residenza Das Land: Il paese / La nazione Die Stadt: La città Die Straße La strada / via Die Hausnmmer: Il numero civico Die Postleitzahl (PLZ): Il codice di avviamento postale (CAP) Die E-Mail-Adresse: L'indirizzo e-mail Die Handynummer: Il numero di cellulare LINGUE E NAZIONALITÁ: Die Sprache: La lingua Deutsch: Tedesco Italienisch: Italiano Englisch: Inglese Französisch: Francese Spanisch: Spagnolo Griechisch: Greco Türkisch: Turco Russisch: Russo Polnisch: Polacco Chinesisch: Cinese Japanisch: Giapponese Arabisch: Arabo ALCUNI VERBI FONDAMENTALI: Heißen: Chiamarsi Kommen (aus): Venire (da / essere originario di) Wohnen (in): Abitare / Risiedere (a) Sprechen: Parlare Sein: Essere Buchstabieren: Fare lo spelling (compitare) COSE PREFERITE: Lieblingsmusik: musica preferita Liebingsfilm: film preferito Lieblingssport: sport preferito Lieblingsessen: cibo preferito Lieblingsreise: viaggio preferito EMOZIONI: Glücklich: felice Zufrieden: soddisfatto Fröhlich: allegro Fit: in forma Müde: stanco Traurig: triste Sauer: arrabbiato/stizzito Stress haben: avere stress Begeistert: entusiasta Enttäuscht: deluso PROFESSIONI Der KFZ-Mechatroniker: meccatronico Pannenhelfer: soccorritore stradale Barmann: barista Schriftsteller: scrittore Ärztin ohne Grenzen: medico senza frontiere Lehrerin: insegnante Sterne-Köchin: chef stellata Die Architektin: Architetto Der Ingenieur: Ingegnere Die Ärztin: Infermiere Der Lehrer: Insegnante Der Verkäufer: Negoziante Der Student: Studente Die Kellnerin: Cameriere Die Journalistin: Giornalista Der Paketzusteller: Corriere Der Friseur: Parrucchiere CONDIZIONI DI LAVORO: Im Freien / draußen arbeiten: lavorare all'aperto Drinnen arbeiten: lavorare al chiuso Allein / im Team arbeiten: lavorare da soli / in squadra Schicht arbeiten: lavorare a turni Überstunden machen: fare straordinari Gut verdienen: guadagnare bene Feste / flexible Arbeitszeiten haben: avere orari fissi / flessibili MATERIALI: (die Flasche ist AUS…glass) Holz: legno Papier: carta Metall: metallo Plastik: plastica Glas: vetro Stoff: stoffa COLORI (FARBEN): Weiß: bianco Gelb: giallo Orange: arancione Rot: rosso Grün: verde Blau: blu Braun: marrone Schwarz: nero Rosa: Rosa Grau: Grigio Lila/Violet: Viola Türkis: Turchese Hell…: Chiaro… Dunkel…: Scuro… OGGETTI: Das Feuerzeug: Accendino Der Geldbeutel: Portafoglio Das Taschentuch: Fazzoletti Der Schirm: Ombrello (generico) Der Regenschirm: Ombrello per pioggia Der Sonnenschirm: Ombrello da sole Der Bleistift: Matita Die Brille: Occhiali Die Kette: Collana Der Kugelschreiber: Penna Der Schlüssel: Chiave Die Tasche: Borsa Das Buch: Libro Die Kamera: Fotocamera Die Uhr: Orologio Die Flasche: Bottiglia Das Handy: Telefono ARREDI PER LA CASA: Das Bett: Letto Das Sofa: Divano Das Bild: Quadro Der Tisch: Tavolo Der Stuhl: Sedia Der Schrank: Armadio Die Lampe: Lampada Der Teppich: Tappeto Der Sessel: Poltrona Das Regal: Scaffale Die Badewanne: La vasca da bagno Der Spiegel: Lo specchio Der Nachttisch: Il comodino OGGETTI DA UFFICIO: Der Laptop: Il portatile Die E-mail: L’email Der Computer: Il computer Der Stift: Penna Die Nachricht: Messaggio Der Kalender: Il calendario Das Passwort: La password Der Bildschirm: Lo schermo Das Tablet: Il tablet Der Termin: Appuntamento Der Drucker: La stampante Die Visitenkarte: Il biglietto da visita Die Maus: Il mouse Die Tastatur: La tastiera HOBBY: Kochen: Cucinare Singen: Cantare Fußball spielen: Giocare a calcio Rad fahren: Andare in bici Schwimmen: Nuotare Tanzen: Ballare Fotografieren: Fotografare Tennis spielen: Giocare a tennis Schach spielen: Giocare a scacchi Gitarre spielen: Suonare la chitarra Malen: Dipingere Ski fahren: Sciare Backen: Cucinare (torte/dolci) Reiten: Andare a cavallo GIORNI DELLA SETTIMANA (AM…) Der Montag: Lunedì Der Dienstag: Martedì Der Mittwoch: Mercoledì Der Donnenstag: Giovedì Der Freitag: Venerdì Der Samstag: Sabato Der Sonntag: Domenica Wochentage: Giorni della settimana Das wochenende: Il weekend Die Woche: La settimana MOMENTI DELLA GIORNATA: Am Morgen: Di mattina presto Am Vormittag: Tarda mattinata Am Mittag: Mezzogiorno Am Nachmittag: Di Pomeriggio Am Abend: La sera In der Nacht: Di notte Morgen: Domani Heute: Oggi Gestern: Ieri Übermorgen: Dopodomani LUOGHI DI DIVERTIMENTO: Das Kino: Il cinema Der Klub / Die Disco: La discoteca Das Museum: Il museo Das Schwimmbad: La piscina Das Konzert: Il concerto Das Theater: Il teatro Das Restaurant: Il ristorante Das Cafè: La caffetteria Die Bar: Il bar Die Ausstellung: La mostra Das Fitnessstudio: La palestra QUANTO SPESSO …? Immer: Sempre Oft: Spesso Manchmal: Ogni tanto Selten: Quasi mai Nie: Mai CIBO: Die Schokolade: Il cioccolato Der Kuchen: La torta Das Brot: Il pane Der Salat: L’insalata Die Suppe: La zuppa Der Käse: Il formaggio Der Kaffee: Il caffè Der Apfel: La mela Der Tee: Il tè Das Fleisch: La carne Die Orange: L’arancia Der Fisch: Il pesce Das Brötchen: La pagnotta Die Marmelade: La marmellata Die Tomate: Il pomodoro Der Saft: Il succo Die Limonade: La limonata Das Mineralwasser: Acqua naturale Die Cola: Coca cola Das Bier: Birra Der Wein: Vino Die Saftschorle: Succo di frutta con acqua frizzante Der Kakao: Il cacao Die Pizza Salami: Pizza al salame Das Schinken-sandwich: Panino al prosciutto Die Bratwurst: La salsiccia Die Erdbeer-torte: Torta di fragole Der Birnen-kuchen: Torta di pere Der Bananen-kuchen: Torta di banane Der Marmor-kuchen: La torta a ciambella Die (Schlag) Sahne: La panna (montata) Zum Frühstück: Per colazione Zum Mittagessen: Per pranzo Zum Abendessen: Per cena SPOSTARSI / VIAGGIARE: Die S-Bahn: Treno suburbano Der Bahnhof: La stazione Der Flughafen: L’aeroporto Die U-Bahn: Metropolitana Das Flugzeug: L’aereo Das Taxi: Il taxi Der Koffer: La valigia Die Tasche: La borsa Der Bus: Il bus Der Zug: Il treno Das Gepäck: Il bagaglio Der Rucksack: Lo zaino Die Staßenbahn: Il tram I MESI E LE STAGIONI: Der Frühling: La primavera Der Sommer: L’estate Der Herbst: L’autunno Der Winter: L’inverno Der Januar: Gennaio Der Februar: Febbraio Der März: Marzo Der April: Aprile Der Mai: Maggio Der Juni: Giugno Der Juli: Luglio Der August: Agosto Der September: Settembre Der Oktober: Ottobre Der November: Novembre Der Dezember: Dicembre NUMERI CARDINALI: 1° Ersten: Primo 2° Dritten: Secondo 3° Siebten: Terzo 4-19°: → - ten 20 – 99°: → - sten LUOGHI DELLA CITTÁ: Die Kirche: La chiesa Der Markt: Il mercato Das Schloss: Il Castello Die Alstadt: La piazza principale Der Park: Il parco Der Zoo / Der Tierpark: Lo zoo Der Brunnen: La fontana Der Spielplatz: Il parco giochi Das Rathaus: Il comune Der Hafen: Il porto Der See: Il lago Das Geschäft / Der Laden: I negozi Der Kaufhaus: Il centro commerciale Der Kindergarten: L’asilo Das Zentrum: Il centro Die Schule: La scuola Die Straße: La strada Die Ampel: Il semaforo Die Post: Le poste Die Brüke: Il ponte Die Bank: La banca Der Platz: La piazza Die Apotheke: La farmacia Die Polizei: La polizia Die Kreuzung: L’incrocio Die Ecke: L’angolo Das Krankenhaus: L’ospedale ZONE DELLA CASA: Das Haus: La casa Die Wohnung: L’appartamento Das Zimmer: La stanza (generico) Das Arbeitszimmer: Lo studio Das Wohnzimmer: Il soggiorno Das Schlafzimmer: La camera da letto Das Kinderzimmer: La camera dei bambini Das Bad: Il bagno Die Küche: La cucina Die Toilette: Il gabinetto Der Flur: Il corridoio Der Balkon: Il balcone Der Garten: Il giardino Die Treppe: Le scale Das Fenster: La finestra Die Tür: La porta Die Wand: Il muro Das Erdgeschoss: Piano terra Der erste Stock: Primo piano Der zweite Stock: Secondo piano Das Dachgeschoss: La mansarda Der Keller: Il seminterrato FESTIVITÁ IN GERMANIA: Heiligabend: Vigilia di Natale Der erste Weihnachtsfeiertag: Natale Zweite Weihnachtsfeiertag: Santo Stefano Nikolaus: San Nicolas (6.12) Silvester: San Silvestro (31.12) Heilige Dreikönige: 6.01 Ostern: La Pasqua PREP. DI POSIZIONE: In: Dentro Auf: Sopra Über: Sopra senza contatto Unter: Sotto Neben: Molto vicino Vor: Davanti Hinter: Dietro An: Vicino Zwischen: In mezzo / tra PARTI DEL CORPO: FACCENDE CASALINGHE: Das Zimmer auf/räumen: Mettere in ordine Kochen: Cucinare Das Bett machen: Rifare il letto Den Müll raus/bringen: Buttare la spazzatura Die Spüllmaschine aus/räumen: Fare la lavastoviglie Die Küche sauber machen: Pulire la cucina Die Wäsche waschen: Fare la lavatrice Das Geschirr ab/waschen: Lavare i piatti Den Boden wischen: Lavare il pavimento Ein/kaufen: Fare la spesa Das Bad putzen: Lavare il bagno DESCRIVERE LE PERSONE: Der Bart: La barba Lange Haare: Capelli lunghi Kurze Haare: Capelli corti Blonde Haare: Capelli biondi Dunkle Haare: Capelli castani Graue Haare: Capelli grigi Die Locken: I ricci Glatte Haare: Capelli lisci Alt: Anziano Jung: Giovane Groß: Grosso Klein: Piccolo Kräftig: Sovvrappeso Schlank: Snello Die Glatze: Calvizia CARATTERE: Sympathisch: Simpatico Nett: Gentile Freundlich: Amichevole Interessant: Interessante Fröhlich: Allegro Intelligent: Intelligente Lustig: Divertente Kreativ: Creativo Ruhig: Tranquillo Unsypmatisch: Antipatico Unfreundlich: Poco amichevole Uninteressant: Poco interessante Langwellig: Noioso OBBLIGHI, POSSIBILITÁ E DIVIETI: Helm tragen: Obbligo indossare il casco Leise sein: Obbligo fare silenzio Baden erlaubt: Possibile fare il bagno Parken erlaubt: Possibile parcheggiare Zelten erlaubt: Possibile campeggiare Fahrrad fahren erlaubt: Possibile andare in bici Angeln erlaubt: Possibile pescare Grillen verboten: Vietato grigliare Rauchen verboten: Vietato fumare Müll abladen verboten: Vietato abbandonare rifiuti Handys ausmachen: Vietato usare i cellulari VESTITI: Das Hemd: La camicia Die Hose: I pantaloni Das T-Shirt: La T-Shirt Der Mantel: Il cappotto Die Bluse: La camicetta Die Jacke: La giacca Der Hund: Il cappello Die Mütze: Il berretto Das Kleid: Il vestito Der Pullover: Il maglione Der Rock: La gonna Der Anzug: Il completo Die Jeans: I jeans Die Socke / Der Strumpf: Il calzino Die Schuhe: La scarpa Die Stiefel: Lo stivale IL METEO (DAS WETTER): Es regnet: Piove Es hagelt: Grandina Es schneit: Nevica Es ist nebling: È nebbioso Es ist sonnig: È soleggiato Es ist windig: È ventoso Es ist bewölkt: È nuvoloso Es donnert und blitz: È tempestoso Es ist heiß: Fa caldissimo Es ist warm: Fa caldo Es sind plus / minus … Grad: Ci sono + / - gradi Es ist kühl: Fa fresco Es ist kalt: Fa freddissimo Der Regen: La pioggia Der Hagel: La grandine Der Schnee: La neve Das Gewitter: La tempesta Die Sonne: Il sole Die Wolke: La nuvola Der Wind: Il vento Der Nebel: La nebbia AZIONI DEI BAMBINI: Draußen übernachten: Dormire all’aperto Auf Bäume klettern: Arrapicarsi sull’albero Fußballbilder sammeln: Collezionare figurine di calcio Skateboard fahren: Andare sullo skateboard Comics lesen: Leggere fumetti Malen: Dipigere Computerspiele spielen: Giocare al computer Süßigkeiten essen: Mangiare le caramelle Mit Puppen spielen: Giocare con le bambole Seil springen: Saltare la corda Basteln: Fare bricolage Tagebuch schreiben: Scrivere sul diario Schneemänner bauen: Fare un uomo di neve NELLA NATURA: Der Wald: Il bosco / foresta Das Meer: Il mare Der Strand: La spiaggia Der See: Il lago Der Fluss: Il fiume Das Ufer: La riva / sponda Die Landschaft: Il paesaggio Der Berg: La montagna Der Hügel: La collina Die Wiese: Il prato Das Dorf: Il villaggio / paese Das Tal: La valle Das Feld: Il campo Im Norden (der): Al Nord Im Western (der): All’Ovest Im Süden (der): Al Sud Im Osten (der): All’Est NEL LAVORO: Die Besprechung: Riunione Das (Online) Meeting: Riunione online Der Vertrag: Contratto Der Termin: Appuntamento Die Präsentation: Presentazione Die Einladung: Invito Die Rechnung: Fattura Das Projekt: Progetto Die Geschäftreise: Viaggio di lavoro Der Kunde: Cliente Die (Geschäftreise) Partner: Partner in affari Der Kollege: Collega Die Chefin: La capa Die Mitarbeiter: Collaboratori/dipendenti Das Personalchef: Capo del personale Die/Der Azubi: l’apprendista Die Produktion: Reparto produttivo Die IT-Abteilung: Reparto informatico Die Personal-abteilung: Reparto risorse umane Das Lager: il magazzino Die Marketing-abteilung: Reparto marketing Die Teeküche: Cucina/sala pausa Die Kantine: La mensa Der Konferenzraum: Sala conferenze Vor/bereiten: Preparare Verschicken/senden: Spedire / Inviare An/machen – Aus/machen: Accendere - Spegnere Bezahlen: Pagare Schaffen: Riuscire a fare Wissen: Sapere Reagieren: Reagire An/rufen: Chiamare (al telefono) Ab/sagen: Disdire/Annullare Unterschreiben: Firmare Tell/nehmen an + D: Partecipare a SPETTACOLI/EVENTI: Das Theaterstück: spettacolo teatrale Das (Klavier) Konzert: il concerto (di pianoforte) Die Oper: l’opera Das Ballett: il balletto Die Ausstellung: la mostra Das Festival: il festival Die Lesung: la lettura pubblica Das Musical: il musical Das Krimidinner: la cena con delitto Das Basketballspiel: la partita di basket Die Zaubershow: lo spettacolo di magia Das Kabarett: il cabaret PER STRADA: Der Zebrastreifen: strisce pedonali Der Bürgersteig/Gehweg: il marciapiede Die Fußgängerzone: la zona pedonale Der Radweg: la ciclabile Die Fahrbahn: la corsia Die Landstraße: strada statale Die Autobahn: l’autostrada Die Ausfahrt: l’uscita autostradale Der Stau: il traffico Die Baustelle: il cantiere Die Umleitung: la deviazione Der Unfall: l’incidente Der Pkw: l’auto Der Lkw: il camion