Results for "Reduce"

How to reduce risk factors of CVD?

Oxidizers and Reducers

NSAIDs Pharmacology Lecture Notes Tissue Injury & Inflammatory Response Initial vasoconstriction occurs immediately after injury to minimize blood loss (temporary reaction) Chemical mediators released: histamines, kinins, and prostaglandins - crucial for inflammatory response Vasodilation follows - blood vessels widen, increasing blood flow to injured area Classic inflammatory symptoms: redness (erythema), swelling (edema), pain from nerve stimulation, fever/heat NSAIDs Classification & Examples Propionic derivatives: ibuprofen, naproxen Phenomates: mefenamic acid Available OTC: salicylates, propionic acid derivatives Prescription required: COX2 inhibitors, acetic acid derivatives, oxicams, phenomates Mechanism of Action COX enzymes: cyclooxygenase (COX1 & COX2) convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandins COX1: Always active, protects stomach lining, helps platelet aggregation COX2: Activated only during tissue injury, causes inflammation and pain NSAIDs inhibit COX enzymes, preventing prostaglandin production (prostaglandin inhibitors) Primary Effects Antipyretic: reduces fever Analgesic: pain relief Anticoagulant: prevents blood clots (especially aspirin) Specific Drug Categories Salicylates (aspirin): pain, inflammation, fever, anticoagulant effects Propionic acid derivatives: mild to moderate pain (1-6 on pain scale), inflammation, fever Acetic acid derivatives: more effective for inflammation but significant GI side effects COX2 inhibitors: second generation NSAIDs with better safety profile, target COX2 specifically Oxicams: long-term use for osteoarthritis/rheumatoid arthritis, longer half-life (once daily) Phenomates: especially effective for menstrual pain Major Side Effects Gastrointestinal Dyspepsia: heartburn, indigestion, abdominal pain, nausea Long-term risks: stomach lining damage, GI bleeding, perforation (holes in stomach/intestines) Bleeding signs to monitor: dark tarry stools, bleeding gums, petechiae, ecchymosis, purpura Higher risk patients: older adults, smokers, alcohol users, pre-existing ulcers Prevention: proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor antagonists to reduce stomach acid Kidney Effects Impaired function: reduced urine output, fluid retention, weight gain, edema Monitor: BUN and creatinine levels for kidney function Mechanism: NSAIDs reduce blood flow to kidneys, worsening function and increasing kidney disease risk Cardiovascular Risk Non-aspirin NSAIDs increase heart attack and stroke risk Prescribe at smallest effective dose Special Considerations Menstrual Pain (Dysmenorrhea) Avoid aspirin for painful menstruation with heavy bleeding Use acetaminophen 2 days before and during first 2 days of menstrual period Aspirin-Specific Risks Salicylism/Aspirin toxicity: early symptoms from overdose, can progress to electrolyte imbalances, coma, respiratory depression Serum salicylate levels: >30 mg/dL mild toxicity, >50 mg/dL severe toxicity Treatment: activated charcoal, possible hemodialysis Reye's syndrome: rare but serious condition causing liver/brain swelling in children/adolescents recovering from viral infections (flu, chickenpox) Reye's syndrome symptoms: persistent vomiting, lethargy, confusion → irritability, aggression, disorientation, seizures, loss of consciousness Avoid aspirin in children/adolescents with viral infections Drug Interactions & Precautions Glucocorticoids: amplify stomach bleeding risk Alcohol: increases stomach bleeding - limit/avoid consumption Other NSAIDs: can negate heart protective effects of aspirin - space dosing apart Herbal supplements: garlic and ginseng enhance bleeding risk High-risk populations: older adults, smokers, certain health conditions (H7

SDG 10 Reduced inequalities

Concept 10.4: The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce carbon dioxide to sugar

Infant Development (chapter 2) Alcohol Favorite toy as a transitional Baby’s wants and needs are the same thing Non-emotion induced tears- see two things water and salt. Emotion induced tears- water, salt,endorphins, and endoxified protiens. Toxins and endorphins reduce stress. Prolactin and oxytocin (frequency, duration, intensity) Egotistical response Bioevolutionary speaking crying is a survival instinct. Babies absorb about 10 times radiation than adults. Closer chromosomes with female chimp than a human male. culture dictates how much time we spend with our babies. Bowlby said that culture is so powerful that it can override instincts. Behaviorism theory can say that instinct do not exist in humans. About 77% of infants (12 m) 40 or more hours a week. About 8 of our babies are not raised with their parents. It matters how we raise our kids, because they will grow up and make choices for us. About 75%-80% of women said they were working for personal fulfillment. Women would rather be at work than be with their children at home. Snowball effect- To be able to read those cues, it takes times. so when you don’t spend time with them you wont pick up their cues. Quality time involves quantity. Having kid at work can also be counted as quality because they can still ask questions and make memories. It’s just about the amount of time you spend. They have the highest turnover rates than any other job Cultural feminist- belief that women are superior than men because they will never do things that women could. Feminism-men and women should be treated equally. Formula is digestible and allows you to sleep longer but when awake stomach hurts Ferberize a baby to make them sleep longer. Works for any age, put in crib, pat their back (3 time) and turn off lights and leave room Come back 20 minutes and pat back again and leave without turning light on. Next night 21, 22, 23, and increase each night. Can leave baby alone because they are starving and also since they don’t have a sense of time (they think you leave forever) We spoil babies (holding too much, pick up when crying) 1912 We spoil babies the exact why we spoil fruit, (leave them alone) Anecetipmen is also to ADHD, brain is not receiving signals Day 2 Relational play- understanding what goes with what. Stranger anxiety- you like people you don’t know at all (8-9 months) Categorical anxiety- they don’t like glasses etc. Visual cliff- she was born knowing not to go off cliff. Strange situation test- You can not measure attachment Other countries when given money for having a baby only have one baby. ( Sweden) Independence cannot be taught. Our need for sleep that drives what happens to our babies 80% world’s co-sleeping because everyone sleeps better. Moms slept with babies in the past. Needs have never changed for babies from very first baby to the ones present. According Erickson the first year is where we determine if the word is a safe place. Emotional needs for babies are as important as their physical needs. Letting a child cry it out is perceived as child abuse in other countries. You can be taken to jail and/or ticketed. (Other cultures) Formula feeding is super convenient 88% of white educated American pediatricians In American in curbs where SIDS occurred the most Royal rode to the unconscious - you will deal with the hard stuff when you are awake. Boy and girls develop differently All around the world, all babies start using words at 12 months If not start using words 12 months then might check hearing. Nouns are the first words Chomsky ( are speaking is innate) Talking to us or someone to talk for us The more you’re talked to the more you are verbal fluently The word no Bali is a country where babies that are perceived to be devine Refuse to babies on the ground up until the first 6 months 6 months ceremony 6 months can crawl, and sit up Breastfeeding, staying close proximity, co-sleeping Wearing your baby much more likely to read their cues Make them scared of the whole world Developmentally appropriate More child is held the happier they are, more nursed she will be happier (oxytocin, prolactin) We call this an ancient physiological interdependence. Advanced motor skill, more vertigo Baby is learning through the mothers experience Instinct Less crying ( more time together) Non-medicated births, baby-led breastfeeding, co-sleeping Colic can be withdrawal- formula fed - stomach issues - co-sleeping— miss mom Motor skills- body doing everything the mother is doing Lower vertigo, because you get a workout Separated from their mothers they cry Higher self esteem, they are more self -reliant- lower rates of anxiety and depression Strong sense of self Mesozoic era Two types of mammals -caching hide their young to protect them while they go look for food. Their babies can remain silent for long periods of time Their milk is very very high is protein very high is fat Caring mammals- their young are born helpless, they can’t regulate body temperature, they need constant contact with their mom for protection, their milk is low in fat and low in protein designed for continuous and on demand feeding Humans are caring mammals Monkeys, apes, Pigmies - long term breastfeeding 4-5 years Learn from experiences Babies worn long term !Kung- very very tall people They breastfeed 4-5 years Not having babies often Very sexual people Master gland- nursing often, gland stays silent Breastfeeding becomes spaced not they can have a child Not having periods Sleep 4-7 hours, period comes Baby nursing almost all the time It’s nutritional and its medicinal, and attachment formation More the baby suckle the more milk you make What kind of birth control pill- cannot breastfeed on birth control About 200 years ago the crib was introduced According to John bowlby separation form attachment figure can be physiological damaging Bowlbys primary attachment theory Tears and constant waiting for mom to return Very sad, no affect, low affect Deattachment- know she’s not going to come back Can be long term, Can impair child’s ability to form loving relationships Internal working model is our prototype for all later relationship Bowlby hypothesized in the 1940s that separation from mother can leave to chronic anxiety and depression It is impossible to measure neurotransmitters of a brain of a living human The number one cause of disability is depression Babies don’t have a concept to time Existential sense of self Dichotomy of the public and private sphere Is where you nurture and raise children Family was a man and a women and their children Three types of women Those that have to be mothers They love kids, they want take them back to their parents She doesn’t want kids, doesn’t like them Bought a house 10.5 years after they got married 600 and 25 ft 28 years old car Few months after marriage Car is no 20 years old It is not 600 and 25 ft If we breastfed for 12 months and you save 7,

The Challenge of Food Security: Strategies to Reduce Global Hunger and Malnutrition

Neurology For Exam 1 (Reduced Version)

CH 6: The Genetics of Bacteria and an Introduction to their Plasmids: Reduced

formation and perfection of a contract lesson 4 reduced

the effect of contract lesson 5 contract reduced

Plaque-induced gingivitis on reduced periodontium

4.2.5.2 How do Supply Side Policies reduce unemployment and inflation

REDUCED CUES THEORY

Unit 10 – Drugs for Central Nervous System (CNS) Problems (Comprehensive Study Guide – Nursing Pharmacology) ⸻ 🧩 Central Nervous System (CNS) Overview • CNS = Brain + Spinal Cord • Controls body movement, behavior, and cognitive function. • Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons. • Excitatory: Acetylcholine (ACh), epinephrine, norepinephrine • Inhibitory: Dopamine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ⚖️ Balance of dopamine and acetylcholine is critical for smooth movement. An imbalance leads to disorders like Parkinson’s Disease. ⸻ 🧍‍♂️ Parkinson’s Disease (PD) Cause • Progressive CNS disorder due to low dopamine production in the substantia nigra. • Too little dopamine → too much acetylcholine, causing impaired motor control. Key Symptoms Motor: • Tremors (“pill-rolling”) • Bradykinesia (slow movements) • Muscle rigidity, stiffness • Stooped posture, shuffling gait • Difficulty rising, “freezing in place” • Masklike facial expression Nonmotor: • Constipation, urinary frequency • Depression, anxiety, hallucinations • Sleep issues, fatigue • Memory problems ⸻ Drug Classes for PD Goal: Restore balance between dopamine and acetylcholine. 1️⃣ Dopamine Agonists Action: Mimic or increase dopamine. Improve movement, coordination, and muscle control. Examples: • carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet, Rytary) • pramipexole (Mirapex ER) • ropinirole (Requip) • rotigotine (Neupro patch) Nursing Implications & Teaching: • Give 30–60 min before meals (empty stomach). • Avoid protein-rich foods (reduces absorption). • Monitor for orthostatic hypotension — rise slowly. • Don’t crush extended-release tablets. • Neupro patch: rotate sites, don’t reuse within 14 days. • Avoid vitamin B6 unless taken with carbidopa. • Takes 2–3 weeks for full effect. Side Effects: • Hypotension, headache, nausea, insomnia • Dyskinesia (abnormal movements) • “On/off effect” – medication wears off quickly • Long-term use → hallucinations, impulse control problems Adverse Effects: • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: fever, rigidity, confusion • Psychosis, severe hypotension ⸻ 2️⃣ COMT Inhibitors Action: Block COMT enzyme → prolong dopamine activity. Examples: • entacapone (Comtan) • tolcapone (Tasmar) Nursing Implications: • Always give with carbidopa/levodopa. • Monitor liver function (q6 months) – risk of liver failure (especially tolcapone). • Harmless side effect: brown-orange urine. • Rise slowly to prevent hypotension. ⸻ 3️⃣ MAO-B Inhibitors Action: Inhibit MAO-B enzyme → prevents dopamine breakdown. Examples: • selegiline (Eldepryl) • rasagiline (Azilect) • safinamide (Xadago) Teaching: • Avoid foods high in tyramine → hypertensive crisis risk. (Aged cheese, wine, beer, cured meats, soy sauce, yogurt, avocados, bananas) • Monitor BP closely. • Avoid OTC decongestants or stimulants. • Can cause insomnia, dizziness, dry mouth, or constipation. ⸻ 🧠 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Cause • Progressive neurodegenerative disorder leading to memory loss, confusion, and poor judgment. • Loss of acetylcholine (ACh) and buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Symptoms • Early: forgetfulness, confusion, mood changes. • Late: loss of reasoning, personality changes, inability to perform ADLs. ⸻ Drug Classes for AD 1️⃣ Cholinesterase Inhibitors Action: Block enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) → increases ACh → improves memory and function. Examples: • donepezil (Aricept) • rivastigmine (Exelon) • galantamine (Razadyne) Side Effects: • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea • Loss of appetite, GI discomfort • Drowsiness, headache, insomnia • Muscle cramps, bradycardia Adverse Effects: • Dysrhythmias, GI bleeding, hallucinations • Overstimulation of parasympathetic system (too much ACh) Nursing Implications: • Give at bedtime to reduce nausea. • Monitor weight, HR, and mental changes. • Report black/tarry stools or vomiting blood. • Avoid OTC anticholinergics (they reduce effectiveness). ⸻ 2️⃣ NMDA Blockers Action: Block NMDA receptor → decreases glutamate activity → prevents neuron death. Example: • memantine (Namenda) Used in: Moderate to severe AD (often combined with donepezil). ⸻ ⚡ Epilepsy / Seizure Drugs (AEDs) Purpose Reduce excessive electrical activity in the brain and prevent seizures. Common AEDs: • phenytoin (Dilantin) – prevents neuron excitation • topiramate (Topamax) – broad-spectrum seizure control Topiramate Key Points: • Side effects: dizziness, drowsiness, taste changes, paresthesias (“pins and needles”) • Adverse: metabolic acidosis, ↑ ammonia → confusion, lethargy, vomiting • Monitor: serum bicarbonate & ammonia levels • Teaching: stay hydrated, report mental status changes, don’t crush tablets • Contraindicated in pregnancy (teratogenic) ⸻ 💥 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Pathophysiology • Autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks myelin (fatty sheath around neurons). • Leads to nerve signal disruption → muscle weakness and loss of coordination. • Common type: Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS) – periods of flare-ups and remission. Common Symptoms • Fatigue, weakness, difficulty walking • Double vision or blurred vision • Tingling or numbness • Bladder/bowel dysfunction • Depression, poor concentration ⸻ Drug Therapy for MS 1️⃣ Biological Response Modifiers (BRMs) Action: Modify immune system activity and slow disease progression. Examples: • beta-interferons (Avonex, Betaseron, Rebif, Extavia, Plegridy) • glatiramer (Copaxone) • fingolimod (Gilenya) • teriflunomide (Aubagio) Side Effects: • Flu-like symptoms, headache, fatigue • Elevated liver enzymes, slow HR • Thinning scalp hair Nursing Teaching: • Rotate injection sites. • Monitor liver enzymes, CBC, and heart rate. • Avoid live vaccines. ⸻ 2️⃣ Monoclonal Antibodies Action: Destroy lymphocytes that attack myelin. Examples: • alemtuzumab (Lemtrada) • natalizumab (Tysabri) • ocrelizumab (Ocrevus) Side Effects: • Increased risk of infection • Headache, rash, fatigue • GI upset Nursing Teaching: • Given IV every few months to yearly. • Monitor for infusion reactions and infection signs. ⸻ 3️⃣ Neurologic Drugs Examples: • dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera) – reduces CNS inflammation • dalfampridine (Ampyra) – improves walking by increasing nerve conduction Teaching: • Take daily; don’t crush tablets. • Watch for GI symptoms and dizziness. ⸻ 💪 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Description • Progressive, fatal disorder destroying motor neurons → paralysis. • Death usually occurs within 3–5 years of diagnosis. Drug Therapy Glutamate Antagonists Example: • riluzole (Rilutek, Tiglutik) Action: Inhibits glutamate release → slows neuron damage → prolongs life by months. Side Effects: • Weakness, nausea, dizziness • Liver toxicity (↑ liver enzymes) • Neutropenia, anemia Nursing Implications: • Monitor liver enzymes before and during therapy. • Report jaundice or dark urine. • Take on an empty stomach (1 hr before or 2 hrs after meals). • Avoid alcohol. • Don’t breastfeed while on this med. ⸻ ⚙️ Myasthenia Gravis (MG) Description • Autoimmune disease destroying acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junction. • Causes muscle weakness and fatigue, especially in eyes, mouth, throat. Symptoms • Ptosis (drooping eyelids) • Difficulty chewing/swallowing • Weakness in arms, legs, or respiratory muscles • Worsens with activity, improves with rest ⸻ Drug Therapy Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Action: Prevent breakdown of acetylcholine → improves nerve–muscle communication. Example: • pyridostigmine (Mestinon) Dosage: Usually every 4–6 hours, depending on patient response. Side Effects: • Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea • Increased salivation, sweating • Bradycardia, hypotension Adverse: • Cholinergic crisis (too much medication): → extreme weakness, bradycardia, bronchospasm, respiratory arrest. Nursing Implications: • Use with caution in asthma, COPD, bradycardia. • Give doses at same time each day to maintain muscle strength. • Monitor for myasthenic vs. cholinergic crisis. • Give meds 30–45 min before meals to prevent aspiration. Patient Teaching: • Take missed dose ASAP (but skip if close to next dose). • Don’t double dose. • Avoid alcohol and sedatives. • Report muscle weakness or breathing difficulty. • Keep atropine available (antidote for cholinergic crisis)

time and provision of work reduced

Final Exam Notes Motivation — the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors Need — a requirement for survival (e.g. food, water); unmet needs motivate behavior Need hierarchy — Maslow’s model ranking human needs (physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization) Drive — an internal state created by unmet needs (biological drive) Homeostasis — tendency of body systems to maintain internal stability Drive reduction — theory that motivation arises from the desire to reduce drives (i.e. satisfy needs) Arousal — state of being physiologically alert, awake, and attentive Optimal arousal — level of arousal leading to best performance (too low or too high impairs performance) Pleasure principle — Freud’s idea that behavior is driven to seek pleasure and avoid pain Incentive — external stimulus that “pulls” behavior (rewards, goals) Intrinsic motivation — performing behavior for internal satisfaction or interest Extrinsic motivation — performing behavior to earn external reward or avoid punishment Biological factors (eating) — e.g. hunger signals from hypothalamus, genetics, metabolism Learning factors (eating) — e.g. food preferences, cultural influences, classical conditioning Achievement — desire to accomplish goals, attain standards Self-efficacy — belief in one’s ability to succeed at a task Delay of gratification — ability to resist short-term temptations for long-term goals Emotion — complex reaction involving subjective experience, physiological arousal, and expressive behaviors Primary emotions — basic emotions (e.g. joy, anger, fear, disgust, surprise) Secondary emotions — more complex emotions (e.g. guilt, shame, pride) James-Lange theory — emotion results from interpreting bodily reactions (e.g. see bear → heart races → feel fear) Cannon-Bard theory — emotions and physiological reactions occur simultaneously Two-factor (Schachter-Singer) theory — emotion = physiological arousal + cognitive label Amygdala — brain region involved in processing emotions, especially fear and threat detection Emotion regulation — methods to control or influence one’s emotions Thought suppression — trying to push thoughts/feelings out of mind Rumination — repetitively focusing on negative feelings Positive reappraisal — reinterpret event in a more positive light Humor — using jokes or laughter to cope with negative emotions Distraction — shifting attention away from emotional triggers Chapter 11: Health & Well-Being Health psychology — field studying psychological influences on health, illness, and wellness Well-being — sense of physical, mental, and social flourishing Biopsychosocial model — model that health is determined by biological, psychological, and social factors Body mass index (BMI) — weight (kg) / (height (m))²; used to classify obesity / overweight Overeating factors — biological (metabolism, hormones), social (availability, norms), genetic predisposition Anorexia nervosa — eating disorder where individuals restrict food intake, fear weight gain, distorted body image Bulimia nervosa — cycle of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors (e.g. purging, fasting, exercising) Binge-eating disorder — recurrent episodes of eating large amounts without compensatory behaviors Stress — a process by which we perceive and respond to events appraised as overwhelming Stressor — event or condition that triggers stress response Stress response — physical, emotional, and behavioral reaction to a stressor Major life stressors — big events causing substantial change (e.g. death, job loss) Daily hassles — everyday annoyances that accumulate stress (e.g. traffic, chores) General adaptation syndrome (GAS) — three-stage model of stress response GAS phases: alarm reaction → resistance → exhaustion Fight-or-flight response — physiological response to threat (sympathetic activation) Tend-and-befriend response — stress response especially in women: nurturing and social affiliation Type A behavior pattern — competitive, time-urgent, hostile personality (linked to heart disease) Type B behavior pattern — relaxed, easygoing, less competitive Coping — efforts to manage stress Primary appraisal — evaluating whether a stressor is harmful, threatening, or challenging Secondary appraisal — evaluating one’s resources to cope Emotion-focused coping — regulating emotional response to stressor Problem-focused coping — tackling the stressor directly to reduce or eliminate it Positive psychology — field focusing on strengths, well-being, and human flourishing Five ways to stay healthy — e.g. good diet, exercise, sleep, social support, stress management Chapter 12: Social Psychology Personal attributions — attributing behavior to internal traits or dispositions Situational attributions — attributing behavior to external circumstances Fundamental attribution error — tendency to overestimate personal factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining others’ behavior Actor/observer bias — tendency to attribute one’s own actions to the situation, but others’ actions to internal traits Self-fulfilling prophecy — expectation that leads you to act in ways that make it come true Stereotypes — fixed, overgeneralized beliefs about a group Prejudice — negative attitude toward a group Discrimination — negative behavior directed at a group Ingroup bias — favoring one’s own group Outgroup bias — negative attitudes toward those outside one’s group Attitudes — evaluations of people, objects, or ideas (positive/negative) Mere exposure effect — repeated exposure to something increases liking Cognitive dissonance — discomfort when beliefs, attitudes, or behavior conflict Postdecision dissonance — tension after making a choice, leading to justifying one’s decision Persuasion — process of changing attitudes Central route — persuasion via thoughtful consideration of arguments Peripheral route — persuasion via superficial cues (e.g. attractiveness, emotion) Social facilitation — improved performance in presence of others on simple tasks Social loafing — exerting less effort when working in a group Deindividuation — loss of self-awareness/inhibition in group situations Conformity — adjusting behavior or thinking to match a group standard Compliance — changing behavior in response to a direct request Obedience — following orders from an authority figure Milgram’s study — obedience experiments where participants (under instruction) delivered shocks to a “learner” Bystander intervention effect — tendency for individuals less likely to help when others are present Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Psychopathology — study of psychological disorders; abnormal patterns of behavior, thoughts, or feelings Diathesis-stress model — view that psychological disorders develop due to genetic vulnerability + stress Biopsychosocial approach (to disorders) — disorders result from biological, psychological, and social factors DSM-5 — Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (standard classification of mental disorders) Specific phobia — irrational fear of specific object or situation Social anxiety disorder — intense fear of social situations or being judged Generalized anxiety disorder — chronic, uncontrollable worry about multiple domains Panic disorder — recurrent, unexpected panic attacks Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) — obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (ritualistic behaviors) Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) — disorder following exposure to traumatic event, with flashbacks, avoidance, hypervigilance Major depressive disorder — persistent sadness, loss of interest, and other symptoms interfering with daily life Bipolar I disorder — periods of mania (and usually depression) Bipolar II disorder — hypomania (less severe mania) + major depressive episodes Schizophrenia — disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, negative symptoms Positive symptoms (in schizophrenia) — delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech Negative symptoms — flat affect, social withdrawal, lack of motivation Hallucinations — perceptual experiences without external stimuli Delusions — false beliefs held despite evidence to the contrary Disorganized speech — incoherent or illogical thought reflected in speech Disorganized behavior — inappropriate or bizarre behavior Biological risk factors (schizophrenia) — genetics, neurotransmitter abnormalities, brain structure Environmental risk factors — prenatal exposure, stress, family environment Borderline personality disorder — instability in mood, self-image, relationships, impulsivity Antisocial personality disorder (APD) — disregard for others’ rights, lack of remorse Dissociative amnesia — inability to recall important personal information (usually after trauma) Dissociative identity disorder (DID) — presence of two or more distinct identity states Autism spectrum disorder — deficits in social communication, restricted/repetitive behaviors ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) — inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity Chapter 15: Psychological Treatment Psychotherapy — therapy involving psychological techniques to treat mental disorders Psychodynamic therapy — therapy based on psychoanalytic concepts (e.g. unconscious conflicts) Humanistic therapy — focuses on growth, self-actualization, and client potential (e.g. Rogerian) Behavior therapy — uses learning principles (classical/operant conditioning) to change behavior Cognitive therapy — focuses on changing maladaptive thoughts or beliefs Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) — integrates cognitive and behavioral methods Group therapy — therapy conducted with multiple participants simultaneously Family therapy — therapeutic approach focusing on family relationships Biological therapy — treatment using biological methods (e.g. medication, brain stimulation) Psychotropic medications — drugs that affect mental processes (e.g. antidepressants, antipsychotics) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) — inducing seizures via electrical current to treat severe depression Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) — using magnetic fields to stimulate brain regions Deep brain stimulation (DBS) — surgical implantation of electrodes to stimulate brain structures Exposure (in CBT) — confronting feared stimuli directly in safe context Systematic desensitization — gradual exposure combined with relaxation Cognitive restructuring — changing negative thought patterns Exposure-response prevention — exposure without performing compulsive behavior (used for OCD) SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) — class of antidepressants (e.g. Prozac, Zoloft) Treatment for depression — CBT + SSRIs often most effective Bipolar treatment — mood stabilizers (e.g"

labour 3 typology reduced

Principles of sport management KINE 1500 Wednesday September 10, 2025 Sociological aspects of sport Sport reflects and amplifies the underlying values of Sociology: the study of human society, social relationships -Explore how sport functions as a social institution, sport as a microcosm of study -Understand fan behavior, team dynamics, access, inequality, social impact -Social identities and sport in Canada -Sex, gender, sexuality, indigeneity, race, ethnicity, newcomer status, age, aging, socioeconomic status, religion, spirituality Sex: physiological combination of a person's hormones, genetics, and reproductive organs, denoting that someone is male or female. Gender: informed by societal expectations and cultural norms of what it means to be male/masculine or what it means to be female/feminine. - Organization of sport is based on binary system of sex categories - Sport often reflects and reinforces built in ideas that society believes about gender (men being superior to women, different rules for men and women's sport) - Men's sport as the default version of sport (gender marking in league names, resourcing) - Homophobia in sport, exclusion of queer and transgender individuals - Sex, gender, and notion of fairness - Indigenous athletes have faced barriers to participation in sport, systemic challenges linked to historical ongoing colonialism, socio-economic disparities, and cultural erasure - Sport was used as a tool of cultural genocide of Indigenous peoples; notion of legitimate sport and derogatory names and images of team mascots - Underrepresentation of Indigenous athletes at elite levels of sport, ongoing marginalization of Indigenous body cultural practices Race: physical characteristics, such as skin color, facial features, and hair texture, that have beed used over time to characterize people Ethnicity: common cultural characteristics that people within groups share - Sport experiences are often shaped by individuals racial and ethnic background reflecting broader social dynamics of inclusion, exclusion, and inequality - Anti racism lens to address racism at individual, institutional, and structural levels. - Aging and disability - Lifelong participation in sport ys early specialization opportunities to access sport - Greater understanding of the health and social benefits as one ages - Relationship between disability and sport continues to be shared by systemic inequalities Wednesday September 17th, 2025 Organizations defined - Social entities that are goal directed, are designed as deliberately structured and coordinated activity systems, and are linked to the external environment. - Public organizations, nonprofit organizations, and commercial organizations Organizational environment - Everything that exists outside the boundary of an organization and has the potential to affect all or part of the organization - Organizational environment operates with economic conditions, technology, political climate, social and cultural forces - Management: the process of working with and Scientific management approach, human relations approach, process approach - Scientific management approach: task breakdown and specialization volunteer roles based on small, repeated tasks - Standard operation procedures volunteers are given step-by-step script checklist on how to perform tasks - Training and time studies manager trains each volunteer on how to perform their task in the most efficient way, time studies for how long it takes to complete the task - Top-down supervision supervisors assigned to monitor volunteers and ensure adherence - Incentives for efficiency recognizing and rewarding efficient team or individuals Organizations as open systems Inputs: * raw materials * human resources * capital * technology * information Transformation process->>>>> * employees work activities * management activities * tech and operations methods outputs->>>>>> * products and services * financial results information * human results Human relations approach: building relationships as a manager, you get to know staff members personally, foster a culture where everyone feels like they are a part of the team and appreciated Dimensions of organizational structure Organizational strategy: Refers to the long-term planning and decision making processes that guide an organizational toward achieving its mission, vision, and competitive goals. Encompasses the deliberate alignment of internal resources with external opportunities and threats to ensure sustainable success both on and off the field. - Encouraging input staff are encouraged to share ideas for improving operations - Recognition and morale boosting publicly recognize individuals or teams for good work during or after the game, offer small perks. - Supportive supervision supervisors focus on coaching, not commanding - Team cohesion activities organize team bonding opportunities, build a sense of belonging amongst employees Process approach: - pre crisis (planning and organizing) crisis protocols and contingency plans are already in place - During crisis (leading and controlling) Quickly assess situation, direct each functional area according to a clear chain of command make real time adjustments - Interdepartmental coordination act as a central hub ensuring that the department is acting in sync, communication is fast and structured - Post crisis review evaluate the response process and share lessons learned - Monday September 22, 2025 Management functions planning: developing and implementing goals, objectives, strategies, procedures, policies, and rules to produce goods and services in the most effective and efficient manner Operating: resources to produce goods and services in the most effective and efficient manner Staffing: recruiting, selecting, orientating, training, developing, and replacing employees to produce goods and services in the most effective manner Dividing: influencing members as individuals and as groups to produce goods and services efficiently Outstanding and evaluating: Paris 2024 summer Olympics/ Paralympics Planning: sustainability in planning 95% were existing or temporary long-term urban Organizing: coordination with international governing bodies, local government, and sponsors Staffing: recruiting and training 45k volunteers and paid staff Directing: managing teams across language, cultural and operational divides Evaluating: constant risk assessment All managers have formal authority for organizing, directing, and controlling the work activities of others - Organizational hierarchy based on levels of management - People play an important role in the management of sport at all levels, and in all contexts - Organizational principles Effectiveness: extent to which goals are achieved focused on results Efficiency: extent wo which goals are achieved using the fewest possible resources focussed on activities 4 approaches to organizational goals 1. Goal attainment 2. Resource based 3. Internal process 4. Strategic constituency Organizational strategy: Refers to the long-term planning and decision making processes that guide an organizational toward achieving its mission, vision, and competitive goals. Encompasses the deliberate alignment of internal resources with external opportunities and threats to ensure sustainable success both on and off the field Key points: - strategic alignment, stakeholder involvement, competitive advantage, performance measurement, dynamic environment, resource management - Strategic plan is the course of action or a direction to move an organization from one point to another 1. Identifying the goals, objectives, and mission of the organization 2. Determining strategic objectives 3. Identifying the resources required to implement the strategy 4. Establishing a timeline and identifying milestones Organizational culture the shared values, beliefs, behavior's, and norms that shape how people within an organization interact, make decisions, and pursue collective goals - Culture shapes performance and behaviour - Leadership drives culture - Values must be lived not stated - Culture is dynamic, evolves over time - Subcultures can exist within larger organizations - Culture influences reputation and retention Organizational structure: identifies the formal positions and reporting relationships with organizations. Specifies the grouping of individuals into functions, roles, department Organizational design: process of shaping or aligning the structure of an organization to achieve its strategic goals, how and why structure is created. specialization - degree to which activities in the organization are subdivided into separate jobs (task and responsibilities of individual) centralization - degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in the organization (where decision making happens) formalization - degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized (the rules policies of the organization) organizational change & innovation * organizational change- refers to the process by which organizations modify their structures strategies, processes, or culture to adapt to internal and external pressures * innovation- the introduction of new ideas, technologies, or practice that ensconce organizational operations and goal achievement key points * change is inevitable and often necessary for growth and survival * innovation can be disruptive but is essential for long term success * resistance to change is common due to tradition, hierarchy, or fear of the unknown * successful change requires strong leadership, communication, and stake holder involvement Wrap-up & Q & A - organizational effectiveness- how we define success within an organizational context - organizational strategy- roadmap for the organization - organizational culture- “how we do things “ & iceberg analogy - organizational structure and design- layout of roles Classifications of managers - all managers have formal authority for organizing directing and controlling the work activities of others - organization hierarchy based on levels of management Levels of management Professional Baseball Organizations: Investor owned health and fitness club Intercollegiate athletic program: Top level managers presidents, chief executive officer, vice president of business operations, vice president of baseball operations : Owners, Gm, Intercollegiate athletic program: board of trustees,university presidents, V.P, A.D middle level managers director of public relations, director of corporate sales, director of marketing operations, team manager, director of scouting site mangers Director of development director of analytics and business intelligence supervisory level managers Manager of stac im . operation: Manager of broacicasting Manager of community relation Manager of baseball administration coordinations of aerobatics, fitness,golf,pro shop assistants ads, sports information director coordinator of athletic training Conceptual Skills Technical Skills Human Relations Skills • Possesses the ability to see the organization as a whole Can perform a job based on the job requirements • Possesses ability to work with people (interpersonal skills) • Effectively uses analytical, creative, and initiative skills • Effectively uses skills required for a given positions (e.g., computer, IT) • Effectively uses communication and listening skills • Aids in planning and organizing processes of managers • Aids in completing everyday operational tasks • Aids in planning, staffing, organizing, directing, and controlling/evaluating processes of managers; each process requires interaction with people DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGIC PLAN • Strategio plan is a course of action or a direction to move an organization from one point to another; development of a plan involves... 1. Identifying the goals, objectives, and mission of the organization Determining strategic objeotives (SWOT) SWOT * strength * weakness * opportunities * Threats identifying the resources required to implement the strategy Establishing a timeline and identifying milestones ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE "Refers to the shared values, beliefs, behaviours, and norms that shaper how people within an organization interact, make decisions, and pursue collective goals" Key Points and Assumptions: * Culture shapes behaviour and performance * Leadership drives culture * Values must be lived, not just stated * Culture is dynamio and evolves over time + Suboultures can exist within larger organizations Cultural fit vs. oultural add * Culture influences reputation and retention 🧠 Leadership Theories (Expanded Summary – KINE 1500 Style) Leadership Theory Core Principles Advantages Disadvantages Trait Theory Leaders are born with innate traits that make them effective; traits predict leadership success. Simple and easy to use; helps identify potential leaders. Over-simplified; ignores how traits are developed; not universal. Skills Theory Leadership can be learned and developed; focuses on technical, human, and conceptual skills. Inclusive and adaptable; useful for developing leadership competencies. Complex to assess; doesn’t consider context. Behavioral Theory Leadership is learned through behavior; focuses on task- and relationship-oriented actions. Provides clear examples of effective behavior; learnable and practical. Ignores situational and personality factors; not universal. Situational Theory Effective leadership depends on context and follower readiness; uses four styles (telling, selling, participating, delegating). Flexible and adaptable; encourages follower development. Requires accurate assessment of followers; may overlook core values. Servant Leadership Leaders prioritize serving others, focusing on followers’ growth, well-being, and empowerment. Builds trust, loyalty, and strong relationships; encourages collaboration. Can slow decision-making; leader may be taken advantage of. Authentic Leadership Leadership based on self-awareness, honesty, integrity, and acting consistently with personal values. Promotes trust and transparency; enhances morale and ethical behavior. Can be difficult to maintain under pressure; may appear inflexible. Ethical Leadership Leadership guided by fairness, respect, and strong moral principles. Builds ethical culture and trust; improves reputation and accountability. Hard to balance ethics with organizational demands; subjective moral standards. Shared (Distributed) Leadership Leadership roles are shared across a team; everyone contributes based on strengths. Encourages teamwork, empowerment, and diverse input. Can lack clear direction; risk of conflict or confusion without coordination. ⸻ ⚙️ Leadership Styles (KINE 1500 Summary) Leadership Style Core Principles Advantages Disadvantages Transactional Leadership Based on structure, rules, rewards, and punishments; focuses on efficiency and short-term goals. Clear expectations; predictable results; good for stability. Limits creativity; can reduce motivation and long-term innovation. Transformational Leadership Inspires followers through vision, passion, and personal growth; promotes innovation and change. Increases motivation and engagement; encourages creativity. Relies heavily on leader charisma; may overlook daily operations; risk of burnout

Lecture 5: sources of measurement error and how to reduce them