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Definition: The Latin-speaking half of the Roman Empire, centered in Rome. Flashcard #2  Term: Eastern Roman Empire  Definition: The Greek-speaking half of the Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, centered in Constantinople. Flashcard #3  Term: Catacombs  Definition: Underground burial chambers where early Christians worshipped privately due to persecution. Flashcard #4  Term: Appropriation  Definition: Using existing imagery or symbols in a new context, a common practice in early Christianity. Flashcard #5  Term: Orant figure  Definition: A standing figure with arms raised in prayer, derived from Roman gestures of duty. Flashcard #6  Term: Ichthys (fish)  Definition: A Christian symbol for Jesus Christ, Son of God. Flashcard #7  Term: Good Shepherd  Definition: A depiction of Jesus as a caring, protective, and pastoral caretaker, adapted from Roman pastoral scenes. Flashcard #8  Term: Cubicula  Definition: Mortuary chapels or rooms within catacombs used for small services. Flashcard #9  Term: Loculi  Definition: Shelves carved into catacomb walls for individual burials. Flashcard #10  Term: Wet plaster fresco (fresco buon)  Definition: A painting technique where pigment is applied to wet plaster. Flashcard #11  Term: Domus (community house)  Definition: Private homes converted for use as early Christian worship spaces. Flashcard #12  Term: Familia  Definition: A Roman core value emphasizing family loyalty. Flashcard #13  Term: Pietas  Definition: A Roman core value emphasizing duty to the state and gods. Flashcard #14  Term: Contra-posto  Definition: A naturalistic standing pose used in Roman art, where the body's weight is shifted to one leg. Flashcard #15  Term: Prefiguration  Definition: An Old Testament story or figure that foreshadows a New Testament event or figure. Flashcard #16  Term: Constantine  Definition: Roman Emperor (reigned 312–337 CE) who legalized Christianity and initiated widespread Christian architectural patronage. Flashcard #17  Term: Old St. Peter’s Basilica  Definition: An early Christian basilica built in Rome under Constantine over St. Peter’s tomb, serving as a pilgrimage site. Flashcard #18  Term: Basilican/Cross Plan  Definition: A Western church architectural plan characterized by a long nave, side aisles, transept forming a cross, and an apse. Flashcard #19  Term: Santa Sabina  Definition: A smaller, well-preserved example of a Western early Christian basilica in Rome. Flashcard #20  Term: Santa Costanza  Definition: Originally a royal mausoleum, later converted into a central-plan church, circular with a dome and ambulatory, showing Eastern influence in the West. Flashcard #21  Term: Atrium (Old St. Peter's)  Definition: The open courtyard leading into the narthex of Old St. Peter’s Basilica. Flashcard #22  Term: Narthex (Old St. Peter's)  Definition: The entrance hall or porch leading to the nave of Old St. Peter’s Basilica. Flashcard #23  Term: Nave (Old St. Peter's)  Definition: The central, main aisle of Old St. Peter's Basilica, accommodating the congregation. Flashcard #24  Term: Transept (Old St. Peter's)  Definition: The arm of the church that projects at right angles to the nave, forming the 'cross' in a cruciform plan, providing space for clergy. Flashcard #25  Term: Apse (Old St. Peter's)  Definition: A semicircular recession at the eastern end of the church, containing the altar. Flashcard #26  Term: Justinian I  Definition: Byzantine Emperor (527–565 CE) who expanded the empire, promoted Christianity, and commissioned major churches like Hagia Sophia and San Vitale. Flashcard #27  Term: Trinity  Definition: The Christian concept of God as Father, Son (Jesus), and Holy Spirit. Flashcard #28  Term: Nimubs  Definition: A halo around the head of a holy figure in art. Flashcard #29  Term: Mandorla  Definition: An almond-shaped aura surrounding the full-body depiction of Christ or other sacred figures, signifying divinity. Flashcard #30  Term: Icon  Definition: A religious image, often painted on wood, used in devotion, particularly in Eastern Christianity. Flashcard #31  Term: Iconoclasm  Definition: The deliberate destruction of religious images, notably during the Byzantine controversy of 726+ CE. Flashcard #32  Term: Dematerialization (Byzantine art)  Definition: An artistic and architectural goal in Byzantine art to create a divine space that transcends material reality, often achieved with light and shimmering mosaics. Flashcard #33  Term: Tesserae  Definition: Small pieces of glass, stone, or other material used to create a mosaic. Flashcard #34  Term: Hagia Sophia  Definition: Meaning 'Holy Wisdom,' a monumental Byzantine church in Istanbul built by Justinian (532–537 CE), known for synthesizing basilican and central plans with its massive dome. Flashcard #35  Term: Pendentives  Definition: Spherical triangular sections that transfer the weight of a circular dome to four piers or columns, allowing for a large, open space below. Flashcard #36  Term: San Vitale  Definition: An octagonal, central-plan Byzantine church in Ravenna, famous for its lavish mosaics depicting Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora. Flashcard #37  Term: Muhammad  Definition: The prophet of Islam (571–632 CE) who received revelations from Allah, forming the basis of the Qur’an. Flashcard #38  Term: Qur’an  Definition: The holy book of Islam, believed to be the literal word of God (Allah) revealed to Muhammad. Flashcard #39  Term: Calligraphy (Islam)  Definition: The art of beautiful writing, highly esteemed in Islamic culture as a manifestation of Allah's word. Flashcard #40  Term: Five Pillars of Islam  Definition: The fundamental practices of Islam: Shahada (faith), Salah (prayer), Sawm (fasting), Zakat (charity), Hajj (pilgrimage). Flashcard #41  Term: Geometric abstraction (Islamic art)  Definition: Complex patterns based on numbers and mathematics, developed in Islamic art due to the general avoidance of sentient figural imagery in religious contexts. Flashcard #42  Term: Tessellation  Definition: The repeating of geometric units to form an intricate pattern without gaps or overlaps, common in Islamic art to suggest eternity. Flashcard #43  Term: Symmetry (Islamic art)  Definition: The use of balanced proportions (e.g., fourfold, fivefold, sixfold) in geometric patterns to create visual harmony. Flashcard #44  Term: Masjid  Definition: An Arabic term meaning 'place of prostration,' referring to a mosque. Flashcard #45  Term: Minaret  Definition: A tall, slender tower, typically part of a mosque, from which the call to prayer (adhan) is issued. Flashcard #46  Term: Qibla wall  Definition: The wall in a mosque that faces the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca, which Muslims face during prayer. Flashcard #47  Term: Mihrab  Definition: A niche or recess in the qibla wall of a mosque, indicating the direction of prayer. Flashcard #48  Term: Dome of the Rock  Definition: Built 687–692 CE in Jerusalem, it is one of the earliest major Islamic monuments, an octagonal central-plan building sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Flashcard #49  Term: Horror vacui (Islamic art)  Definition: A design principle characterized by the filling of an entire surface with details and decoration, often seen in the Dome of the Rock's exterior. Flashcard #50  Term: Great Mosque of Córdoba  Definition: A significant example of Islamic architecture in Spain, featuring a massive hypostyle prayer hall with reused Roman columns and a distinctive double-arched system. Flashcard #51  Term: Siddhartha Gautama  Definition: The historical Buddha (5th century BCE) who founded Buddhism after renouncing luxury to seek an end to human suffering. Flashcard #52  Term: Four Noble Truths  Definition: The core teachings of Buddhism: 1. Life is suffering. 2. Suffering is caused by desire and ignorance. 3. Ending desire ends suffering. 4. The way to end suffering is to follow the Eightfold Path. Flashcard #53  Term: Eightfold Path  Definition: The Buddhist path to liberation from suffering, comprising right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. Flashcard #54  Term: Stupa  Definition: A hemispherical mound or reliquary housing Buddha's relics, symbolizing the cosmos (mandala), used as a pilgrimage site for circumambulation. Flashcard #55  Term: Circumambulation  Definition: The ritual act of walking around a sacred object, such as a stupa or shrine, in a clockwise direction as a form of devotion. Flashcard #56  Term: Toranas  Definition: Elaborately carved gateways at the entrances to a stupa, decorated with narrative scenes and symbolic representations of the Buddha. Flashcard #57  Term: Yakshi Figures  Definition: Female nature spirits associated with fertility, abundance, and life force, often shown in a sensuous tribhanga pose at stupa gateways. Flashcard #58  Term: Tribhanga pose  Definition: A triple-bent pose (at the neck, waist, and knee) often used in ancient Indian sculpture, especially for female figures like Yakshi. Flashcard #59  Term: Chaitya Halls  Definition: Rock-cut sanctuaries and congregation halls in Buddhist cave architecture, often containing stupa replicas, used for worship and by monks during monsoons. Flashcard #60  Term: Mudras  Definition: Symbolic hand gestures of the Buddha that convey specific meanings or states of mind in Buddhist iconography. Flashcard #61  Term: Mandala (Tibetan Buddhism)  Definition: A diagram of the universe, often intricately designed, used as a tool for meditation and ritual in Tibetan Buddhism. Flashcard #62  Term: Ottonian Period  Definition: A period in European art and architecture from c. 950–1050 CE, primarily in present-day Germany, marked by a continuation of Carolingian ideals and increased church building. Flashcard #63  Term: St. Michael’s, Hildesheim  Definition: A key Ottonian basilica plan church known for its double transept, strong symmetry, and wooden roof which posed a fire risk. Flashcard #64  Term: Codex  Definition: The modern book form, consisting of folded and bound pages, which replaced scrolls by the 5th–6th century CE and allowed for easier navigation of texts. Flashcard #65  Term: Migration Period  Definition: A period in Western Europe (c. 500–700 CE), formerly called the 'Dark Ages,' characterized by political decentralization, nomadic societies, and art primarily consisting of small, portable luxury objects. Flashcard #66  Term: Zoomorphic motifs  Definition: Stylized animal forms and designs, common in the metalwork and art of the Migration Period. Flashcard #67  Term: Cloisonné technique  Definition: An enameling technique where colored glass, enamel, or gemstones are separated by thin metal strips (cloisons) on a metal backing, seen in Migration Period jewelry. Flashcard #68  Term: Monasteries (Early Middle Ages)  Definition: Centers of learning, economic activity, and safe havens during the instability of the Early Middle Ages. Flashcard #69  Term: Illuminated Manuscripts  Definition: Hand-copied books, often religious texts, adorned with intricate decorations, illustrations, and ornamental initials by monks in scriptoria. Flashcard #70  Term: Vellum  Definition: A fine parchment made from calf or sheep skin, commonly used as pages for illuminated manuscripts. Flashcard #71  Term: Carpet pages  Definition: Purely decorative pages in illuminated manuscripts, often resembling textiles, used for meditation before reading the text (e.g., Lindisfarne Gospels). Flashcard #72  Term: Romanesque Period  Definition: An architectural and artistic style (c. 1050–1200 CE) meaning 'Roman-like,' characterized by a revival of large-scale stone construction, round arches, and barrel/groin vaults. Flashcard #73  Term: Crusades  Definition: A series of religious wars (1096–1204 CE) promoted by Pope Urban II, which led to increased East-West interaction and the recovery of ancient Roman knowledge in Western Europe. Flashcard #74  Term: Pilgrimage (Romanesque)  Definition: An act of devotion, healing, or penance involving travel to sacred sites like Santiago de Compostela, a driving force behind Romanesque church construction. Flashcard #75  Term: Relics  Definition: Body parts, clothing, or other objects associated with saints, believed to possess healing or miraculous powers, central to Romanesque pilgrimage. Flashcard #76  Term: Reliquaries  Definition: Elaborately crafted containers, often made of precious materials, designed to house and display relics. Flashcard #77  Term: Church of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse  Definition: An important Romanesque pilgrimage church (c. 1070–1120) known for its early stone vaulting and plan designed to accommodate large numbers of pilgrims. Flashcard #78  Term: Crossing square  Definition: The square space at the intersection of the nave and transept in a Romanesque church, which often served as the basic geometric unit for the church's proportions. Flashcard #79  Term: Ambulatory (Romanesque)  Definition: A walkway or aisle around the apse and altar of a Romanesque church, allowing pilgrims to circulate and visit radiating chapels without disturbing services. Flashcard #80  Term: Radiating chapels  Definition: Small chapels projecting outward from the ambulatory of a Romanesque church, designed to house relics. Flashcard #81  Term: Chevet (Romanesque)  Definition: The extended eastern end of a Romanesque church, comprising the apse, ambulatory, and radiating chapels. Flashcard #82  Term: Barrel-vaulted nave  Definition: A long, continuous semicircular vaulted ceiling over the nave, characteristic of many Romanesque churches. Flashcard #83  Term: Transverse arches  Definition: Arches that span the nave at regular intervals, reinforcing the barrel vaulting and dividing the nave into bays. Flashcard #84  Term: Massive stone piers  Definition: Large, solid columns or supports used in Romanesque architecture to bear the heavy weight of stone vaults. Flashcard #85  Term: Nave arcade (Romanesque)  Definition: The series of arches supported by columns or piers that separate the nave from the side aisles in a Romanesque church. Flashcard #86  Term: Gallery (Romanesque)  Definition: A second story built over the side aisles of a Romanesque church, opening onto the nave. Flashcard #87  Term: Westwork  Definition: A monumental, multi-storied stone façade located at the western end of a Romanesque church, often featuring towers and multiple portals. Flashcard #88  Term: Tympanum  Definition: The semicircular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, door, or window, often filled with relief sculpture in Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Flashcard #89  Term: Lintel  Definition: A horizontal architectural support spanning the top of a door or window opening, often sculpted in Romanesque portals. Flashcard #90  Term: Trumeau  Definition: The central column or post supporting the lintel and tympanum of a large portal, often carved with a figure. Flashcard #91  Term: Jambs  Definition: The side posts or vertical elements of a doorway or window frame, often adorned with sculpted figures in Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Flashcard #92  Term: Voussoirs  Definition: Wedge-shaped stones that form an arch, found in Romanesque portals. Flashcard #93  Term: Historiated Capitals  Definition: Sculpted capitals on columns or piers that depict narrative scenes, biblical stories, or fantastic beasts, common in Romanesque interiors. Flashcard #94  Term: Last Judgment Portal — Autun Cathedral  Definition: A famous Romanesque tympanum sculpture at the Church of Saint-Lazare in Autun, France, depicting Christ in Majesty presiding over the Last Judgment, designed to inspire fear and moral instruction. Flashcard #95  Term: Christ in Majesty  Definition: An iconic depiction of Christ enthroned within a mandorla, often flanked by the symbols of the four Evangelists, symbolizing his divine authority. Flashcard #96  Term: Evangelist symbols  Definition: Representations of the four Evangelists: Matthew (man or angel), Mark (lion), Luke (ox), and John (eagle), often surrounding Christ in Majesty. Flashcard #97  Term: Charlemagne  Definition: Frankish king crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE, who initiated the Carolingian Renaissance, reviving Roman art, architecture, and learning. Flashcard #98  Term: Carolingian Renaissance  Definition: A period of intellectual, cultural, and artistic revival in the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne, marked by a conscious effort to restore Roman imperial glory. Flashcard #99  Term: Coronation Gospels  Definition: An example of Carolingian manuscript art known for its naturalistic figures, gold text on purple vellum, reflecting imperial power and Roman influence. Flashcard #100  Term: Palatine Chapel, Aachen  Definition: Charlemagne's personal chapel, inspired by San Vitale, representing the first vaulted stone building north of the Alps since Rome and fusing Roman, Byzantine, and Christian symbolism. Flashcard #101  Term: Gothic Art & Architecture  Definition: An architectural and artistic style (c. 1140–1400) originating in the Paris region, characterized by unprecedented height, abundant light, and a sense of dematerialization. Flashcard #102  Term: Abbot Suger  Definition: The Abbot of Saint-Denis and advisor to French kings, credited with conceptually inventing Gothic architecture through his renovation of the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis. Flashcard #103  Term: Saint-Denis (Gothic)  Definition: The burial church of French kings and the birthplace of Gothic architecture, renovated by Abbot Suger to embody his vision of Lux Nova and anagogy. Flashcard #104  Term: Pseudo-Dionysius  Definition: A 6th-century Byzantine mystic whose Neoplatonic texts, mistakenly attributed to Saint Denis, profoundly influenced Abbot Suger's ideas about the symbolism of light in architecture. Flashcard #105  Term: Lux Nova  Definition: 'New Light,' Abbot Suger’s key theological concept, referring to the divine, spiritual light that filled Gothic churches through stained glass, facilitating anagogical ascent. Flashcard #106  Term: Anagogy  Definition: A spiritual ascent from the material to the immaterial, a key concept for Abbot Suger, who believed architecture could lift the soul toward God through physical beauty. Flashcard #107  Term: Pointed arch  Definition: A key Gothic structural innovation that directs weight more vertically downwards than a round arch, allowing for taller structures and lighter walls. Flashcard #108  Term: Ribbed cross vault  Definition: A Gothic vaulting technique where stone ribs form a skeletal framework, reducing the weight of the vault and allowing lighter materials to fill the spaces between. Flashcard #109  Term: Slender columns  Definition: A Gothic innovation where massive Romanesque piers are replaced by more delicate columns, directing weight vertically and contributing to a sense of openness. Flashcard #110  Term: Flying buttresses  Definition: Exterior skeletal supports, characteristic of Gothic architecture, that transfer the outward thrust of the nave vaults across the side aisles to piers, allowing for thinner walls and larger windows. Flashcard #111  Term: Tripartite Nave Elevation  Definition: The three-story vertical division of the Gothic nave interior, consisting of the nave arcade, triforium, and clerestory. Flashcard #112  Term: Nave arcade  Definition: The lowest level of the Gothic nave elevation, composed of a series of arches supported by columns or piers separating the nave from the side aisles. Flashcard #113  Term: Triforium  Definition: The middle level of the Gothic nave elevation, often a narrow passageway or decorative arcade below the clerestory. Flashcard #114  Term: Clerestory  Definition: The uppermost level of the Gothic nave elevation, featuring large stained-glass windows that flood the interior with light. Flashcard #115  Term: Chartres Cathedral  Definition: A prominent High Gothic cathedral in France, largely rebuilt after a fire in 1194, known for its unified design, extensive stained glass (including rose and lancet windows), and preservation of the Virgin Mary's tunic. Flashcard #116  Term: Sainte-Chapelle  Definition: A royal chapel in Paris, considered the ultimate realization of the Gothic Lux Nova concept, with walls almost entirely composed of stained glass, creating an overwhelming ethereal light. Flashcard #117  Term: 3rd–4th century CE  Definition: Development of early Christian art. Flashcard #118  Term: 270 CE  Definition: Date of the Santa Maria Antiqua sarcophagus. Flashcard #119  Term: 70 CE  Definition: Destruction of the Jewish Temple by the Romans, leading to the split of Judaism and the emergence of Christianity. Flashcard #120  Term: 571–632 CE  Definition: Life of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. Flashcard #121  Term: 622 CE  Definition: The Hijra, when Muhammad fled Mecca to Medina, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Flashcard #122  Term: 687–692 CE  Definition: Construction period of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Flashcard #123  Term: 5th century BCE  Definition: Approximate time when Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism. Flashcard #124  Term: 250 BCE  Definition: Approximate date of the Great Stupa at Sanchi, built by Emperor Ashoka. Flashcard #125  Term: c. 950–1050 CE  Definition: The Ottonian Period in European art and architecture. Flashcard #126  Term: 476 CE  Definition: Traditional date for the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Flashcard #127  Term: c. 500–900 CE  Definition: The Early Middle Ages. Flashcard #128  Term: c. 500–700 CE  Definition: The Migration Period (formerly 'Dark Ages'). Flashcard #129  Term: 742 CE  Definition: Birth of Charlemagne. Flashcard #130  Term: 800 CE  Definition: Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Flashcard #131  Term: c. 1050–1200 CE  Definition: The Romanesque Period. Flashcard #132  Term: 1096–1204 CE  Definition: The period encompassing the Four Official Crusades. Flashcard #133  Term: c. 1070–1120 CE  Definition: Construction period of the Church of Saint-Sernin in Toulouse. Flashcard #134  Term: c. 1140–1400 CE  Definition: The period of Gothic Art & Architecture. Flashcard #135  Term: 1194 CE  Definition: Date of the devastating fire at Chartres Cathedral, which led to its High Gothic rebuilding. Flashcard #136  Term: 532–537 CE  Definition: Construction period of Hagia Sophia under Emperor Justinian. Flashcard #137  Term: 527–565 CE  Definition: Reign of Emperor Justinian I. Flashcard #138  Term: 312–337 CE  Definition: Reign of Emperor Constantine, during which Christianity was legalized

Updated 12h ago

Short Answer Long Answer Topics Natural resources Renewable v non-renewable Flow resources Ecological footprint Types of Industry Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Basic v non- basic industries Multiplier effect Using Natural Resources Three Rs: Recycling, Reusing & Reducing How can individuals, government and industries rethink how they use resources? Industries in Canada (Key info) Forestry Farming Fishing Mining Oil & Gas Water Manufacturing Global Trade & Globalization Outsourcing Manufacturing towns 7 factors for manufacturing Free trade Tariff, Protectionism US- Canada Trade, USMCA (formally NAFTA) Disclaimer: All course material is subject to assessment content. The guide helps to focus on key topics. Natural Resources: Renewable V Non-renewable: (Definition) Renewable resources: resources that can be regenerated if used carefully. Ex. Solar energy, Wind energy, Water (hydropower), Geothermal energy, Biomass (plants/wood). (Definition) Non - Renewable resources: resources that are limited and cannot be replaced once they are used up. Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Nuclear fuel (uranium), Metals like copper or iron (they exist in limited amounts). (Definition) Flow Resources: resources that are replaced by natural actions and must be used when and where they occur or be lost. Ex. Sunlight, Wind, Flowing water (rivers), Ocean waves, Tides. Ecological footprint: Definition: An ecological footprint is the amount of land and resources needed to support how people live. Key Points: It includes how much energy, food, and water people use. More consumption means a bigger footprint. A smaller footprint is better for the environment. Types Of Industry: Primary Industry: (also called extractive industry) an industry that focuses on producing or extracting natural resources. This sector includes forest industries, agriculture, mining, and fishing. Ex. Farming, Fishing, Mining, Forestry (logging), Oil and gas extraction. Secondary Industry: an industry that focuses on making things using the products of primary industries. This sector includes manufacturing, construction, and utilities (the provision and distribution of electricity, water, natural gas, etc.). Ex. Car manufacturing,Food processing (factories), Construction (building houses), Clothing factories, Steel production. Tertiary Industry: (also called service or services-providing industry) an industry that focuses on providing services. This sector includes “everything else” that is not included in the primary and secondary industries. Ex.Teaching, Healthcare (doctors, nurses), Retail workers (stores), Transportation (bus drivers, taxi drivers), Restaurants and food services. Quaternary Industry: Special kinds of services--highly specialized knowledge- based or technological services. Research and development departments, computer programmers, accountants etc. Examples include research and development departments, computer programmers, accountants etc. OR Ex. Research and development (scientists in labs), Computer programming / software development, Accountants and financial analysts, Data analysis / big data specialists, Scientific consulting or technical advisory services. Basic V Non-basic Industries: (Definition) Basic Industry: A job that brings money into an economy from somewhere else. Example: manufacturing something in your hometown then selling it somewhere else (Definition) Non-basic Industry: A job that circulates money within an economy. Example: getting your haircut at a local barber (Definition) Multiplier Effect: the increase in total wealth or income that occurs when raw money is injected into an economy. Using Natural Resources: The Three Rs: Recycling, Reusing & Reducing: Reducing: The item is neither purchased nor produced in the first place. Fewer new items are produced. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: MOST Reusing: The item is used by someone else when you no longer want it. The environmental cost of manufacturing the item is avoided. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: MORE Recycling: The item is destroyed when you no longer want it, but the material in the item is recovered for reuse. The environmental cost of obtaining the raw materials for the item is avoided. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: SOME None of the 3Rs: The item is taken to a landfill or burned in an incinerator. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: NONE How can individuals, government and industries rethink how they use resources?: People, governments, and industries can use resources wisely through choices, laws, incentives, and technology to reduce waste, protect the environment, and improve life Industries In Canada (Key Info): Forestry: Forestry = managing forests for resources and sustainability Covers 32% of Canada, mainly Boreal Forest Challenges: climate change and wildfires Farming: Farming is renewable with sustainable practices Prairies = grains; Ontario = fruits/vegetables/livestock; Quebec = dairy/mixed Challenges: soil loss, erosion, farmland loss, climate change Fishing: Fishing is renewable and important for jobs and food Found on coasts, inland, and Arctic regions Challenges: overfishing; solutions: sustainable practices Mining: Minerals are non-renewable and essential for technology Canada develops partnerships to secure critical minerals Sustainable use meets needs while reducing environmental impact Oil & Gas: Non-renewable: oil, gas, coal; cause greenhouse gases Oil = West Canada; Gas = BC; Coal = 300 million years old Renewable: wind, solar, hydro; more sustainable Water: Fresh water is drinkable, used for farming, industry, and energy Makes up ~2.5–3% of the world’s water and is renewable via the water cycle Canada has over 2 million lakes/rivers, with ~9% of the world’s freshwater Manufacturing: Outsourcing: Definition: Outsourcing is when a company moves part of its operation (e.g., manufacturing or IT support) to another country to take advantage of cheaper labour costs and/or less stringent labour and environmental controls. How does Outsourcing Impact the Canadian labour market?: It impacts the Canadian labour market because it eliminates jobs in Canada because companies move to other countries for cheaper labour. Manufacturing Towns: Definition: A Manufacturing Town is a town that develops primarily because of factories and manufacturing industries. Key Points: People move there for jobs in factories. The town’s economy depends on manufacturing. Often located near raw materials, transportation, or customers to make production easier. 7 Factors for Manufacturing: Factor: Location of Customers Key Takeaways: Companies prefer being close to customers Ensure deliveries arrive on time JIT helps deliver packages on schedule Factor: Proximity to Raw Materials Key Takeaways: Some prefer being near raw materials Raw materials are bulkier than finished goods Processed/frozen products are easier to ship Factor: Availability of Fresh Water and/or Power Key Takeaways: Reliable water and power needed for all manufacturers Aluminum production needs lots of cheap electricity Factor: Labour Supply Key Takeaways: Many products come from China or Bangladesh Skilled workers preferred over many unskilled workers Factor: Transportation Key Takeaways: Effective transportation needed for raw materials and products Method depends on speed and type of goods Factor: Political Factors Key Takeaways: Governments at all levels can influence location Financial incentives may encourage companies to locate in certain areas Factor: Circumstance Key Takeaways: Not all location decisions are logical Factors often focus on minimizing costs and improving efficiency Global Trade & Globalization: Free Trade: Definition: International trade without tariffs or other barriers to trade. Tariff, Protectionism: Tariff Protectionism means using tariffs (taxes on imports) to protect local businesses from foreign competition. Definitions: Tariff: A tax applied to imported goods that is designed to protect domestic manufacturers by making foreign goods more expensive. Protectionism: Protecting local industries, often by making imports more expensive. So together, it’s charging taxes on imports to help local businesses compete. US- Canada Trade, USMCA (formally NAFTA): Mr. Trump signed an updated trade deal called the Canada-United States- Mexico Agreement (CUSMA). CUSMA made it easier and cheaper for the three countries to trade goods and services. CUSMA makes trade cheaper between Canada, U.S., and Mexico Canada and U.S. are major trading partners; most Canadians live near the border Tariffs can backfire, hurting both economies and jobs (NAFTA INFO): NAFTA= trade deal between Canada, U.S, and Mexico that made trading goods and services easier and cheaper; replaced by CUSMA

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