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Louisiana House of Representatives

House of Representatives

Political Positions of the House of Representatives and Senate

House of Representatives

Congress Oversight Function Monitors and evaluates federal agencies, programs, and policies. • Ensures laws are implemented as intended. • Uses hearings, investigations, and reports as tools. • Seats in the House of Representatives • Shall Be Apportioned among the States based on population. • Minimum of one representative per state. • 100 Senators Represent the 50 States • Each state has two senators. • Serves six-year terms with staggered elections. • Inherent/Expressed/Implied Powers • Inherent: Powers essential to a sovereign nation (e.g., immigration control). • Expressed: Specifically listed in the Constitution (e.g., taxation). • Implied: Derived from the Elastic Clause (e.g., establishing the IRS). • Commerce Clause • Grants Congress power to regulate trade among states. • Basis for significant federal authority over economic activity. • 1st Amendment • Protects freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition. • Ensures separation of church and state. • Impeachment Rules • House of Representatives has the sole power to impeach. • Senate holds the trial and votes on conviction. • Requires a two-thirds majority in the Senate to convict. • Electoral College • Mechanism for electing the President and Vice President. • States allocate electors based on congressional representation. • Majority of electoral votes (270) needed to win. • Parliamentary Governments • Executive derives authority from the legislature. • Prime Minister is usually the leader of the majority party (less conflicts) • Federal Government • National government with powers divided among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. • Balances power between federal and state governments (federalism). • Legislative Power • Authority to make laws. • Vested in Congress (House of Representatives and Senate).

3.2 The House of Representatives

Michigan House of Representatives- Newly elected 2025 (copy) (copy) (copy)

Michigan House of Representatives- Newly elected 2025

Government Semester Exam

1. Continuous body- legislative body, such as the U.S. Senate, that achieves stability by staggering the terms of its members to prevent more than a minority of seats from changing in a single election. 3. Special Session- Only the president can call one of these, emergency meeting of Congress 4. President Pro Tempore- presides over the senate when the VP is absent, handles the day to day business of the senate 5. Term- how long members of Congress hold office 6. Gerrymander- manipulate the boundaries of a district so as to favor one party 9. Quorum- minimum number of members needed to be present to make a vote valid 10. Bicameral- 2 house legislature 11. Unicameral- one house legislature 12. Expressed Powers- specifically named in the Constitution. They are sometimes called delegated powers or enumerated powers. 13. Hopper- Box used to introduce bills in the House of Representatives 14. Implied Powers- not been explicitly granted by the Constitution, given by the necessary and proper clause, needed to carry out the expressed powers 15. Impeachment- power of Congress, a way to bring charges against the president for any high crimes committed while in office , power held by House of Representatives 16. Reapportion- redistribute 17. Joint Committee- committee made up of members of both chambers of a bicameral legislature. 18. Standing Committee- permanent committees found in each chamber of Congress 19. Conference Committee- temporary joint committee created to iron out differences in bill from both chambers, come up with a compromise bill that both chambers will accept before it goes to the president Select Committee: A committee formed to conduct investigations on a specific topic. 20. compensation Eminent Domain- the right of a government to take private property for public use, with payment of 22. responsibility Separation of Powers- government is divided into branches, each with different powers and 24. Pocket Veto- If congress adjourns the session within 10 days of submitting the bill and the president does not act, the measure dies. 25. Veto- refusal to sign a bill 26. Cloture- limited debate , need a majority vote to set a limit on floor time in Senate 27. Copyright- law that gives the owner of a work (for example, a book, movie, picture, song or website) the right to say how other people can use it 28. Patent- gives an inventor the right to stop other people making or using their invention 21. Filibuster- an attempt to talk a bill to death, stalling tactic to attempt to delay or prevent Senate action on a measure 30. Formal Qualifications of a HOR: At least 25 years old, have been a citizen for at least 7 years, live in state from which they are running 31. There are 435 members in the HOR and that number is found after they reapportion after a Census MI has 13 reps 32. Formal Qualifications for Senators:2 senators from each state, at least 30, a citizen for 9 years, live in the state from which they are chosen 33. There are 100 Senators 34. Senate terms are 6 years, House is 2 years 42. The Vice President is the President of the Senate and their role is to preside over the Senate only on ceremonial occasions or when a tie-breaking vote may be needed The Speaker of the House is in charge in the House of Representatives What is the job of the president pro tempore? To fill in if the senate president (VP) is absent 36. Congressional Districts are drawn by State Legislators 37. How can Gerrymandering be used to the advantage of one political party? It can pack the opposing party voters into one area or spread them thinly so they won’t win 38. numbered year Congressional elections are the Tuesday after the first Monday in November of every even 40. Who screens the bills that may be made into laws? Congress/Committees in congress 41. Why are committees created? To divide the workload within Congress 44. What are the expressed powers of Congress? Power to declare war, tax, copyright/patent, naturalize citizens, create a post office, print money 45. What are the non legislative powers of Congress? Impeach, propose Constitutional amendments, investigate, elect president if electoral college tie 47. What is the Necessary and Proper Clause? Elastic clause, to do whatever is necessary and proper to carry out the expressed powers Why was it included in the Constitution? To make sure the expressed powers were carried out 49. Bill to law process Look at a flowchart! Introduced - sent to committee- if it survives, to the floor for debate- conference committee- president 50. Where do most bills “die”? Committee 51. What are the options for a president once they have received a bill passed by Congress? Sign it, veto it, set it aside for 10 days and then congress adjourns and is no longer in session so it automatically vetoes (also known as a pocket veto) 52. Congress can override a Presidential veto with ⅔ vote in both chambers 53. What are the rules of debate for the house? Senate? House: no one member can speak for more than 5 min Senate: they can filibuster. Filibuster can end with Cloture or a majority vote to discuss bill again 54. In what ways does Congress check the power of the other branches of government? - Judicial branch: congress can impeach judges and remove them - Executive branch: approve presidential nominations, override vetoes with majority vote 27th Amendment deals with Congressional Pay

1. Continuous body- legislative body, such as the U.S. Senate, that achieves stability by staggering the terms of its members to prevent more than a minority of seats from changing in a single election. 3. Special Session- Only the president can call one of these, emergency meeting of Congress 4. President Pro Tempore- presides over the senate when the VP is absent, handles the day to day business of the senate 5. Term- how long members of Congress hold office 6. Gerrymander- manipulate the boundaries of a district so as to favor one party 9. Quorum- minimum number of members needed to be present to make a vote valid 10. Bicameral- 2 house legislature 11. Unicameral- one house legislature 12. Expressed Powers- specifically named in the Constitution. They are sometimes called delegated powers or enumerated powers. 13. Hopper- Box used to introduce bills in the House of Representatives 14. Implied Powers- not been explicitly granted by the Constitution, given by the necessary and proper clause, needed to carry out the expressed powers 15. Impeachment- power of Congress, a way to bring charges against the president for any high crimes committed while in office , power held by House of Representatives 16. Reapportion- redistribute 17. Joint Committee- committee made up of members of both chambers of a bicameral legislature. 18. Standing Committee- permanent committees found in each chamber of Congress 19. Conference Committee- temporary joint committee created to iron out differences in bill from both chambers, come up with a compromise bill that both chambers will accept before it goes to the president Select Committee: A committee formed to conduct investigations on a specific topic. 20. Eminent Domain- the right of a government to take private property for public use, with payment of compensation 22. Separation of Powers- government is divided into branches, each with different powers and responsibility 24. Pocket Veto- If congress adjourns the session within 10 days of submitting the bill and the president does not act, the measure dies. 25. Veto- refusal to sign a bill 26. Cloture- limited debate , need a majority vote to set a limit on floor time in Senate 27. Copyright- law that gives the owner of a work (for example, a book, movie, picture, song or website) the right to say how other people can use it 28. Patent- gives an inventor the right to stop other people making or using their invention 21. Filibuster- an attempt to talk a bill to death, stalling tactic to attempt to delay or prevent Senate action on a measure 30. Formal Qualifications of a HOR: At least 25 years old, have been a citizen for at least 7 years, live in state from which they are running 31. There are 435 members in the HOR and that number is found after they reapportion after a Census MI has 13 reps 32. Formal Qualifications for Senators:2 senators from each state, at least 30, a citizen for 9 years, live in the state from which they are chosen 33. There are 100 Senators 34. Senate terms are 6 years, House is 2 years 42. The Vice President is the President of the Senate and their role is to preside over the Senate only on ceremonial occasions or when a tie-breaking vote may be needed The Speaker of the House is in charge in the House of Representatives What is the job of the president pro tempore? To fill in if the senate president (VP) is absent 36. Congressional Districts are drawn by State Legislators 37. How can Gerrymandering be used to the advantage of one political party? It can pack the opposing party voters into one area or spread them thinly so they won’t win 38. Congressional elections are the Tuesday after the first Monday in November of every even numbered year 40. Who screens the bills that may be made into laws? Congress/Committees in congress 41. Why are committees created? To divide the workload within Congress 44. What are the expressed powers of Congress? Power to declare war, tax, copyright/patent, naturalize citizens, create a post office, print money 45. What are the non legislative powers of Congress? Impeach, propose Constitutional amendments, investigate, elect president if electoral college tie 47. What is the Necessary and Proper Clause? Elastic clause, to do whatever is necessary and proper to carry out the expressed powers Why was it included in the Constitution? To make sure the expressed powers were carried out 49. Bill to law process Look at a flowchart! Introduced - sent to committee- if it survives, to the floor for debate- conference committee- president 50. Where do most bills “die”? Committee 51. What are the options for a president once they have received a bill passed by Congress? Sign it, veto it, set it aside for 10 days and then congress adjourns and is no longer in session so it automatically vetoes (also known as a pocket veto) 52. Congress can override a Presidential veto with ⅔ vote in both chambers 53. What are the rules of debate for the house? Senate? House: no one member can speak for more than 5 min Senate: they can filibuster. Filibuster can end with Cloture or a majority vote to discuss bill again 54. In what ways does Congress check the power of the other branches of government? - Judicial branch: congress can impeach judges and remove them - Executive branch: approve presidential nominations, override vetoes with majority vote 27th Amendment deals with Congressional Pay 55. The 27th Amendment Changes to Congressional pay must take effect after the next term of office for the representatives.

(115) CONGRESS: The Senate and the House of Representatives [AP Gov Review, Unit 2 Topic 1 (2.1)]

Paragraph 3 - House of Representatives

Notes of the roles of the senate and the role pf the house of representatives in Australian parliment

Examine the differences of the House of Commons and the House of Representatives

Comparison of House of Representatives and Senate

House of Representatives v. the Senate

2.1- Congress: The Senate and the House of Representatives

17th Amendment: The 17th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1913, established the direct election of United States Senators by the people of the states, replacing the previous system where senators were chosen by state legislatures. Advice and Consent: A constitutional power of the United States Senate to approve or reject treaties negotiated and appointments made by the President. This power is outlined in Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. Baker v. Carr: A landmark U.S. Supreme Court case (1962) that established the principle of "one person, one vote." This decision required legislative districts to be apportioned based on population, ensuring more equal representation. Bicameral: A legislative system with two separate chambers or houses. The United States Congress, for example, is bicameral, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Bipartisan: Involving the cooperation or agreement of members of two political parties, usually with the aim of reaching a compromise or consensus. Cloture: A parliamentary procedure used to end a filibuster and bring a legislative debate to a vote. In the U.S. Senate, it requires a three-fifths supermajority (60 out of 100 senators). Conference Committee: A temporary joint committee of members from both the House of Representatives and the Senate created to resolve differences in legislation passed by both chambers. Delegate Model: A model of representation in which elected officials are expected to act according to the expressed wishes of their constituents. Divided Government: A situation in which different political parties control different branches or chambers of the government. Filibuster: A tactic used in the U.S. Senate, where a senator speaks for an extended period to delay or block a vote on a bill. Gerrymandering: The manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor one political party or group. How a Bill Becomes a Law: The process through which a proposed law (bill) goes through legislative chambers, including committee review, debate, and voting, before being sent to the executive for approval. Joint Committees: Committees composed of members from both the House of Representatives and the Senate, often formed to address specific issues. Logrolling: A practice in which two or more parties agree to support each other's goals or interests. Omnibus Bill: A single piece of legislation that addresses a wide range of issues or topics. Partisan: Adhering to a specific political party and its principles. Politico Model: A model of representation in which elected officials act as trustees or delegates depending on the issue. Pork-Belly Spending: Government spending that benefits a specific constituency or district, often with the aim of securing political support. President of the Senate: The Vice President of the United States, who serves as the presiding officer of the Senate but can only vote in the case of a tie. President Pro Tempore: The senator who presides over the Senate in the absence of the Vice President. Reapportionment: The reallocation of seats in a legislative body, often based on changes in population. Redistricting: The redrawing of electoral district boundaries, typically in response to population changes. Revenue Bills: Legislation that involves taxation or government spending. Such bills must originate in the House of Representatives. Select Committee: A committee established for a specific purpose and usually for a limited duration. Senate Majority Leader: The leader of the majority party in the Senate, responsible for managing the legislative agenda. Shaw v. Reno: A U.S. Supreme Court case (1993) that set limits on the use of race in drawing congressional districts. Size, Terms, and Requirements of House and Senate: The House of Representatives has 435 members with two-year terms, while the Senate has 100 members with six-year terms. Requirements for both chambers vary, with the House requiring U.S. citizenship for at least seven years and the Senate nine years. Standing Committee: A permanent committee in a legislative body that focuses on a specific policy area. Trustee Model: A model of representation in which elected officials use their best judgment to make decisions. War Powers Act: A U.S. law passed in 1973 that limits the president's ability to commit U.S. forces to armed conflict without the consent of Congress.

Unit 2.1 Review - Congress: The Senate and the House of Representatives