1. Continuous body- legislative body, such as the U.S. Senate, that achieves stability by staggering the terms of its members to prevent more than a minority of seats from changing in a single election. 3. Special Session- Only the president can call one of these, emergency meeting of Congress 4. President Pro Tempore- presides over the senate when the VP is absent, handles the day to day business of the senate 5. Term- how long members of Congress hold office 6. Gerrymander- manipulate the boundaries of a district so as to favor one party 9. Quorum- minimum number of members needed to be present to make a vote valid 10. Bicameral- 2 house legislature 11. Unicameral- one house legislature 12. Expressed Powers- specifically named in the Constitution. They are sometimes called delegated powers or enumerated powers. 13. Hopper- Box used to introduce bills in the House of Representatives 14. Implied Powers- not been explicitly granted by the Constitution, given by the necessary and proper clause, needed to carry out the expressed powers 15. Impeachment- power of Congress, a way to bring charges against the president for any high crimes committed while in office , power held by House of Representatives 16. Reapportion- redistribute 17. Joint Committee- committee made up of members of both chambers of a bicameral legislature. 18. Standing Committee- permanent committees found in each chamber of Congress 19. Conference Committee- temporary joint committee created to iron out differences in bill from both chambers, come up with a compromise bill that both chambers will accept before it goes to the president Select Committee: A committee formed to conduct investigations on a specific topic. 20. Eminent Domain- the right of a government to take private property for public use, with payment of compensation 22. Separation of Powers- government is divided into branches, each with different powers and responsibility 24. Pocket Veto- If congress adjourns the session within 10 days of submitting the bill and the president does not act, the measure dies. 25. Veto- refusal to sign a bill 26. Cloture- limited debate , need a majority vote to set a limit on floor time in Senate 27. Copyright- law that gives the owner of a work (for example, a book, movie, picture, song or website) the right to say how other people can use it 28. Patent- gives an inventor the right to stop other people making or using their invention 21. Filibuster- an attempt to talk a bill to death, stalling tactic to attempt to delay or prevent Senate action on a measure 30. Formal Qualifications of a HOR: At least 25 years old, have been a citizen for at least 7 years, live in state from which they are running 31. There are 435 members in the HOR and that number is found after they reapportion after a Census MI has 13 reps 32. Formal Qualifications for Senators:2 senators from each state, at least 30, a citizen for 9 years, live in the state from which they are chosen 33. There are 100 Senators 34. Senate terms are 6 years, House is 2 years 42. The Vice President is the President of the Senate and their role is to preside over the Senate only on ceremonial occasions or when a tie-breaking vote may be needed The Speaker of the House is in charge in the House of Representatives What is the job of the president pro tempore? To fill in if the senate president (VP) is absent 36. Congressional Districts are drawn by State Legislators 37. How can Gerrymandering be used to the advantage of one political party? It can pack the opposing party voters into one area or spread them thinly so they won’t win 38. Congressional elections are the Tuesday after the first Monday in November of every even numbered year 40. Who screens the bills that may be made into laws? Congress/Committees in congress 41. Why are committees created? To divide the workload within Congress 44. What are the expressed powers of Congress? Power to declare war, tax, copyright/patent, naturalize citizens, create a post office, print money 45. What are the non legislative powers of Congress? Impeach, propose Constitutional amendments, investigate, elect president if electoral college tie 47. What is the Necessary and Proper Clause? Elastic clause, to do whatever is necessary and proper to carry out the expressed powers Why was it included in the Constitution? To make sure the expressed powers were carried out 49. Bill to law process Look at a flowchart! Introduced - sent to committee- if it survives, to the floor for debate- conference committee- president 50. Where do most bills “die”? Committee 51. What are the options for a president once they have received a bill passed by Congress? Sign it, veto it, set it aside for 10 days and then congress adjourns and is no longer in session so it automatically vetoes (also known as a pocket veto) 52. Congress can override a Presidential veto with ⅔ vote in both chambers 53. What are the rules of debate for the house? Senate? House: no one member can speak for more than 5 min Senate: they can filibuster. Filibuster can end with Cloture or a majority vote to discuss bill again 54. In what ways does Congress check the power of the other branches of government? - Judicial branch: congress can impeach judges and remove them - Executive branch: approve presidential nominations, override vetoes with majority vote 27th Amendment deals with Congressional Pay 55. The 27th Amendment Changes to Congressional pay must take effect after the next term of office for the representatives.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.

Mitochondria

Organelles in cells responsible for producing energy through cellular respiration.

Cell Membrane

The protective barrier that surrounds a cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

The molecule that carries the genetic instructions for life.

Ecosystem

A community of living organisms interacting with their environment.

Homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Evolution

The process by which different kinds of living organisms developed and diversified from earlier forms.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.

Chromosome

A structure made of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information.

Natural Selection

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.