Evaluate how the powers granted to trustees help serve beneficiaries (25 marks)

Help with histology identification

ALL OF APES HELP ME

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WORD - TRANSCRIPTION - DEFINITION - TRANSLATION to bleed - to lose blood, especially because of an injury brim (n) - the part of a hat that sticks out around the edge; криси (капелюха) to set up a line of defense - to organise and prepare a system or group of actions to protect against attack, criticism, or danger; вибудувати / організувати лінію захисту; підготувати оборону liquid asset (n) - an asset that can be easily converted into cash; ліквідний актив stuff (v) - to push or put something into a small space, especially in a quick or careless way; запихати, набивати, засувати (щось у щілину або простір); to be offended (verb phrase) - to feel upset, annoyed, or hurt because of something someone has said or done that you think is rude or insulting; ображатися; бути ображеним to nag (v) - to keep complaining or asking someone to do something, often in an annoying way; пилити; докучати; бурчати; постійно нагадувати/дорікати cello (n) - a large musical instrument in the violin family, played by holding it between the legs while sitting; віолончель disgraceful (adj.) - deserving strong criticism or disapproval because it is very bad or unacceptable; ганебний; соромний; негідний humiliating (adj.) - making someone feel ashamed or stupid and lose their respect for themselves; принизливий; той, що принижує гідність decree (n) - an official order given by a person or authority with power; указ; декрет; постанова hereby (adverb) - (formal) used to say that something is done or agreed in this way; цим; цим самим; цим документом (офіційно) severely (adverb) - in a strict or harsh way; суворо; жорстко go to the gutter (idiom/phrase) - to reside (v.) - to live in a particular place; проживати; мешкати to turn a blind eye (idiom) - cartloads (noun, plural) - the amount of something that fills a cart; віз (вантажу); вози (чогось), повні вози (перен. багато) gentile (noun/adjective) - неєврей; людина неєврейського походження ghetto (n.) - бідний район міста; неблагополучний район to beat up (phrasal verb) - to hit someone hard and repeatedly in order to hurt them; побити; відлупцювати; жорстоко побити; cesspool (n) - a place or situation that is morally very bad or dirty; осередок бруду; моральне болото to keep somebody’s spirits up (idiom/phrase) - conspirator (n) - a person who takes part in a secret plan with other people to do something illegal or harmful; змовник; учасник змови curfew (n) - a rule that says people must stay indoors after a particular time, especially at night; комендантська година incision (n) - надріз; розріз (особливо хірургічний); a cut made in something with a sharp tool, especially during a medical operation to burst (v) - to break open or apart suddenly, or to come out suddenly; anesthetized (verb, past participle, adj.) - to give someone drugs so that they do not feel pain, especially during a medical operation; анестезований; знеболений; під наркозом parasite (n) - (disapproving) a person who lives by taking advantage of others and giving nothing in return; нахлібник; дармоїд; експлуататор apathy (n) - a feeling of not being interested in or enthusiastic about anything, or not caring about what happens; байдужість to get a bite to eat (idiom/phrase) - to have a small meal or snack; перекусити; з’їсти щось швидко (перекус) to declare (v) - to interfere with other people’s business (phrase) to insult (v) - to say or do something that is rude or offensive to someone; ображати; принижувати imperative (adj/noun) - to look on the bright side (idiom/phrase) stinking ( adj.) - having a very bad smell; смердючий; дуже неприємний на запах; slaughter (n) - the killing of animals for food; the killing of many people in a violent way; забій (тварин); різанина; масове вбивство; to lead somebody to their death like sheep (idiom/phrase) - to make people go to their death passively, without resistance, like a group that blindly follows; вести когось на смерть, як овець; гнати на смерть покірно, без спротиву a stain on sth (e.g. on one’s reputation/honour) (idiom/phrase) - something that damages the reputation or image of a person, group, or thing; пляма на (репутації / честі); те, що ганьбить to wipe somebody out (phrasal verb) - знищити; стерти з лиця землі to squander (v) - to waste money, time, or opportunities in a careless or foolish way; марнувати; розтринькувати; розбазарювати; cripple (n) - (offensive) a person who is unable to walk or has a physical disability; як іменник це слово вважається образливим, тому краще використовувати нейтральні варіанти (наприклад, a person with a disability) log (n) - to smother - to prevent a feeling or reaction from being expressed; пригнічувати (почуття, емоції)ж rattle (n) - a series of short, sharp sounds; or a toy that makes a noise when shaken; брязкіт; деренчання; брязкальце to revenge (v) - melting pot (n) - a place or situation in which many different cultures, styles, or people mix together and influence each other; “плавильний котел” (місце змішання культур); багатокультурне середовище the quicker, the better (phrase / comparative structure) - used to say that something should be done as fast as possible; чим швидше, тим краще at ease (phrase / adverbial expression) - (military) in a relaxed position after being told to stop standing at attention; (військ.) «вільно!» (команда) resettlement (n) - the act of helping people to live in a new place, especially after they have been forced to leave their home; переселення; повторне поселення; розселення (після вимушеного переїзду) to exterminate (v) - to kill all the members of a group of people or animals; винищувати; знищувати повністю; to dismiss (v) - to end an official meeting or court case; розпускати (засідання, суд) brimstone (n) - slavery (n) - the system of owning people as property and forcing them to work; рабство rapist (n) - a person who commits rape; ґвалтівник; злочинець, що вчиняє зґвалтування to slash sth/sb - to cut someone or something with a sharp object; or to reduce something greatly; різати; розсікати; сильно скорочувати filthy (adj.) - very dirty; брудний; дуже брудний indiscriminately (adverb) - in a way that does not show careful judgment or choice; без розбору; без розрізнення; не вибірково to draw (the curtains) (v) - to open or close curtains by pulling them across a window; завісити / розсунути штори; зачиняти або відчиняти штори at the heart of the lion’s den (idiom/phrase) - in the most dangerous or hostile place or situation, surrounded by people who are unfriendly or threatening; у самому серці лігва лева; у дуже небезпечному або ворожому середовищі jaundice (n) - a medical condition that causes the skin and the whites of the eyes to become yellow; жовтяниця to jilt (v) - to suddenly end a romantic relationship with someone, especially in an unfair or unkind way; кинути (у стосунках); різко розірвати стосунки; відшити (розм.) to beat the shit out of somebody (very informal / vulgar phrase) - to hit someone very hard and violently; жорстоко побити когось; сильно відлупцювати (розм., вульг.) on your behalf (phrase) - used to mean that someone does something for you or in your place; від твого імені; замість тебе; на твоє прохання inflammation (n, uncountable) - a condition in which a part of your body becomes red, swollen, and painful because of infection or injury; запалення gallbladder (n) - a small organ in the body that stores bile, a liquid that helps digest fat; жовчний міхур levulose (laevulose) (noun, uncountable) - an old name for fructose, a type of sugar found in fruit and honey; фруктоза grenade (n) - a small bomb that is thrown by hand or fired from a gun; граната attic (n) - the space or room at the top of a building directly under the roof; горище; мансарда murderer (noun, plural: murderers) - a person who deliberately kills another person; вбивця; душогуб assassin (n) - a person who kills someone important for political or religious reasons, usually for money or as part of a plan; вбивця (політичний/найманий); найманий кілер; асасин; barbed wire (n, uncount

L6 Intergroup Helping

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1. Compulsive (Adj - C1): Có tính cưỡng bách (không kiểm soát được). Đồng nghĩa: Uncontrollable, obsessive. Trái nghĩa: Voluntary, deliberate. 2. Digital detox (Collocation - B2): Giải độc kỹ thuật số (ngưng dùng thiết bị điện tử). Đồng nghĩa: Tech break, offline period. Trái nghĩa: Constant connectivity. 3. Dopamine hit (Thuật ngữ - C2): Sự giải phóng dopamine (tạo cảm giác hưng phấn tức thời). Đồng nghĩa: Instant gratification, rush. Trái nghĩa: Long-term satisfaction. 4. Cognitive load (Thuật ngữ - C2): Tải trọng nhận thức (mức độ hoạt động của trí não). Đồng nghĩa: Mental effort. Trái nghĩa: Mental relaxation. 5. Impulse control (Collocation - C1): Kiểm soát xung động. Đồng nghĩa: Self-restraint, willpower. Trái nghĩa: Recklessness, indulgence. 6. Ubiquity (Noun - C2): Sự phổ biến ở khắp mọi nơi. Đồng nghĩa: Omnipresence, pervasiveness. Trái nghĩa: Rarity, scarcity. 7. Detrimental (Adj - C1): Có hại, bất lợi. Đồng nghĩa: Harmful, damaging. Trái nghĩa: Beneficial, helpful. 8. Intermittent reinforcement (Thuật ngữ - C2): Củng cố ngắt quãng (cơ chế gây nghiện trong thông báo/mạng xã hội). Đồng nghĩa: Random rewards. Trái nghĩa: Continuous reinforcement. 9. Sedentary (Adj - C1): Thụ động, ít vận động. Đồng nghĩa: Inactive, stationary. Trái nghĩa: Active, mobile. 10. Attention span (Collocation - B2): Khoảng tập trung. Đồng nghĩa: Concentration duration. Trái nghĩa: Distractibility. 11. Aggregator (Noun - C1): Bộ thu thập/tổng hợp thông tin. Đồng nghĩa: Collector, synthesizer. Trái nghĩa: Disseminator. 12. Mitigate (Verb - C1): Giảm nhẹ, làm dịu bớt (tác động tiêu cực). Đồng nghĩa: Alleviate, lessen. Trái nghĩa: Exacerbate, aggravate. 13. Psychological dependency (Collocation - C2): Sự lệ thuộc vào tâm lý. Đồng nghĩa: Mental addiction. Trái nghĩa: Independence, autonomy. 14. Preoccupation (Noun - C1): Sự bận tâm, ám ảnh. Đồng nghĩa: Obsession, fixation. Trái nghĩa: Indifference, apathy. 15. Incessant (Adj - C2): Không ngừng, liên miên (thường gây khó chịu). Đồng nghĩa: Constant, never-ending. Trái nghĩa: Occasional, intermittent. 16. Proximity (Noun - C1): Sự gần gũi (về khoảng cách). Đồng nghĩa: Closeness, nearness. Trái nghĩa: Distance, remoteness. 17. Curb (Verb - B2): Kiềm chế, nén lại. Đồng nghĩa: Restrain, inhibit. Trái nghĩa: Release, encourage. 18. Mindfulness (Noun - B2): Sự chánh niệm/tỉnh thức. Đồng nghĩa: Awareness, attentiveness. Trái nghĩa: Absent-mindedness. 19. Disruptive (Adj - B2): Gây gián đoạn, phiền phức. Đồng nghĩa: Disturbing, unsettling. Trái nghĩa: Soothing, organizing. 20. Nuanced (Adj - C2): Sắc thái, tinh tế (nhiều khía cạnh nhỏ). Đồng nghĩa: Subtle, complex. Trái nghĩa: Simple, oversimplified. 21. Abstinence (Noun - C2): Sự kiêng khem, tiết chế. Đồng nghĩa: Refraining, avoidance. Trái nghĩa: Indulgence, excess. 22. Withdrawal symptoms (Collocation - C1): Các triệu chứng cai nghiện. Đồng nghĩa: Detox reactions. Trái nghĩa: Comfort, stability. 23. Incorporate (Verb - B2): Kết hợp, tích hợp vào (thói quen). Đồng nghĩa: Integrate, include. Trái nghĩa: Exclude, separate. 24. Social alienation (Collocation - C2): Sự xa lánh xã hội. Đồng nghĩa: Isolation, estrangement. Trái nghĩa: Social integration. 25. Default setting (Collocation - B2): Thiết lập mặc định. Đồng nghĩa: Pre-set configuration

AP Sp. helpful exam notes

NCE: Counseling & Helping Relationships (Theories, methods, and techniques)

CH. 12 - HELPING

WOODY PLANTS FINAL OH GOD HELP ME

Definitions / help points

Chapter 3: Values and the Helping Relationship

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Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches Big Idea: Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This unit asks: Why do people think, feel, and behave the way they do, and how do psychologists study it? 1. Early Schools of Thought Structuralism Focused on breaking conscious experiences into smaller parts. Example: Describing every taste, smell, and feeling while eating pizza. Functionalism Focused on WHY behaviors and thoughts exist. Example: Fear exists because it helps humans survive danger. Connection: Structuralists asked “What are thoughts made of?” Functionalists asked “What purpose do thoughts serve?” 2. Major Psychological Perspectives Biological Perspective Behavior comes from the brain, genetics, and hormones. Example: Depression connected to serotonin levels. Behavioral Perspective Behavior is learned through rewards and punishments. Example: A dog learns tricks because it gets treats. Cognitive Perspective Focuses on thinking, memory, and problem-solving. Example: Why students remember some facts better than others. Humanistic Perspective Humans naturally strive for growth. Example: Trying to achieve goals and improve yourself. Psychodynamic Perspective Unconscious conflicts affect behavior. Example: Getting unusually angry because of hidden stress. Evolutionary Perspective Behaviors developed because they helped survival. Example: Humans naturally fearing dangerous animals. Sociocultural Perspective Behavior is shaped by culture and society. Example: Different cultures have different expectations for personal space. 3. Research Methods Experiment Used to determine cause and effect. Independent Variable What the researcher changes. Dependent Variable What the researcher measures. Example: Studying whether sleep affects test scores. * Amount of sleep = IV * Test score = DV Correlation Shows relationship between variables. Important: Correlation does NOT equal causation. Example: Ice cream sales and drowning both rise during summer. Random Assignment Participants randomly placed into groups. Helps reduce bias. Double-Blind Procedure Neither researchers nor participants know who receives treatment. Prevents expectations from affecting results. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION The AP exam loves asking: * Which perspective best explains this behavior? * Which research method should be used? * Why doesn’t correlation prove causation? Example: A psychologist studies how rewards affect studying. → Behavioral perspective + experiment Unit 2: Biological Basis of Behavior Big Idea: Your brain, nervous system, hormones, and genetics all shape behavior. The whole unit asks: How do your body and brain create thoughts, emotions, and behavior? 1. Nature vs. Nurture = Who You Are Main Idea: Your behavior comes from BOTH: * Nature = genetics/heredity * Nurture = environment and experiences Example: Someone may inherit anxiety tendencies but stressful experiences can make anxiety stronger. 2. Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain + spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. Sympathetic Nervous System Activates during stress. Example: Heart racing before giving a speech. Parasympathetic Nervous System Calms the body afterward. 3. Neurotransmitters Dopamine Reward and pleasure. Example: Social media likes feel rewarding. Serotonin Mood and sleep. Low levels linked to depression. Acetylcholine Movement and memory. Linked to Alzheimer’s disease. GABA Calms nervous system. Low GABA linked to anxiety. 4. Brain Structures Frontal Lobe Decision-making and personality. Occipital Lobe Vision. Temporal Lobe Hearing and memory. Hippocampus Memory formation. Amygdala Fear and aggression. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION A student panicking before a test: * amygdala activates fear * sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate * adrenaline releases Unit 3: Sensation and Perception Big Idea: Sensation detects information. Perception interprets information. This unit asks: How does the brain create your experience of the world? 1. Sensation Absolute Threshold Smallest amount of stimulation needed to notice something. Example: Hearing a quiet text notification. Difference Threshold Smallest noticeable difference between stimuli. Example: Noticing the TV volume changed. Sensory Adaptation Becoming less aware of constant stimulation. Example: Not noticing your hoodie after wearing it awhile. 2. Vision Rods Help see in dim light. Cones Detect color. Blind Spot Area without receptors. 3. Hearing Frequency Determines pitch. Amplitude Determines loudness. 4. Perception Gestalt Principles The brain organizes pieces into meaningful wholes. Example: Seeing a complete logo even with missing parts. Depth Perception Ability to see distance in 3D. Example: Catching a volleyball. Perceptual Set Expectations affect perception. Example: Misreading a word because you expected something else. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION The exam often gives optical illusions or perception scenarios. Example: A person stops noticing a strong smell after 10 minutes. → sensory adaptation Unit 4: Learning Big Idea: Behavior changes because of experience. This unit asks: How do humans and animals learn behaviors? 1. Classical Conditioning Learning through association. Pavlov’s Dogs Dogs learned to associate a bell with food. Unconditioned Stimulus Naturally causes response. Conditioned Stimulus Previously neutral stimulus causing learned response. Example: Feeling hungry when hearing the microwave beep. 2. Operant Conditioning Learning through rewards and punishments. Positive Reinforcement Adding something good to increase behavior. Example: Getting money for good grades. Negative Reinforcement Removing something unpleasant. Example: Seatbelt alarm stopping. Punishment Decreases behavior. 3. Observational Learning Learning by watching others. Example: Kids copying influencers online. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION The AP exam loves reinforcement examples. Example: A student studies harder after praise from parents. → positive reinforcement Unit 5: Cognitive Psychology Big Idea: Humans think, remember, solve problems, and use language. This unit asks: How does the mind process information? 1. Memory Process Encoding Getting information into memory. Storage Keeping information over time. Retrieval Getting information back. 2. Types of Memory Sensory Memory Very brief memory. Short-Term Memory Temporary limited storage. Long-Term Memory Relatively permanent storage. Working Memory Actively using information. Example: Doing math in your head. 3. Forgetting Proactive Interference Old information disrupts new information. Retroactive Interference New information disrupts old information. Example: Forgetting old password after learning a new one. 4. Problem Solving Algorithm Step-by-step method. Heuristic Mental shortcut. Confirmation Bias Looking for information supporting beliefs. Example: Only reading opinions you already agree with. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION A student mixes up Spanish vocabulary from last year with current vocabulary. → proactive interference Unit 6: Developmental Psychology Big Idea: Humans develop physically, mentally, and socially across life. This unit asks: How do people change from infancy through adulthood? 1. Piaget’s Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Stage Babies learn through senses and actions. Object Permanence Understanding objects still exist when hidden. Example: Babies searching for hidden toys. Preoperational Stage Children use language but think egocentrically. Egocentrism Difficulty understanding another perspective. Example: A child assuming everyone sees exactly what they see. Concrete Operational Stage Logical thinking develops. Formal Operational Stage Abstract thinking develops. Example: Thinking about hypothetical situations. 2. Attachment Strong emotional bond with caregivers. Secure Attachment Healthy trust and comfort. 3. Parenting Styles Authoritative Strict but supportive. Usually healthiest. Authoritarian Strict with little warmth. Permissive Warm but few rules. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION A teenager exploring identity and future goals. → Erikson’s identity vs role confusion stage Unit 7: Motivation, Emotion, and Personality Big Idea: Motivation drives behavior, emotions affect actions, and personality shapes how people interact. 1. Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory People act to reduce discomfort. Example: Eating when hungry. Maslow’s Hierarchy Basic needs come before higher goals. Example: Someone struggling financially may focus on survival before self-esteem. 2. Emotion Theories James-Lange Theory Physical response first. Example: Heart races THEN fear is felt. Cannon-Bard Theory Emotion and physical response happen together. Schachter Two-Factor Theory Emotion depends on physical arousal plus interpretation. 3. Personality Trait Theory Personality made of stable characteristics. Big Five Traits * openness * conscientiousness * extraversion * agreeableness * neuroticism BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION A student interpreting sweaty palms before a game as excitement. → Schachter two-factor theory Unit 8: Clinical Psychology Big Idea: Psychological disorders affect thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. This unit asks: How are disorders identified and treated? 1. Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Constant excessive worry. Phobias Irrational fears. OCD Obsessions and compulsions. 2. Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder Persistent sadness and loss of interest. Bipolar Disorder Extreme mood swings. 3. Schizophrenia Disordered thinking and perception. Hallucinations False sensory experiences. Delusions False beliefs. 4

Lesson 15 English Help & Improvement

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case study- non experimental self report bias- reporting yourself inaccurately percentile rank - percentage of scores that are less than a given score epigenetics- they study of if a gene has been expressed or not CNS- brain and spinal chord PNS- sensory and motor neurons sympathetic nervous system- fight or flight parasympathetic- calms the body somatic- controls the body autonomic - automatic movement like the hear glial cells- help with memory and learning reuptake - reabsorption ACH- movement dopamine- reward serotonin- mood norepinephrine - alertness GABA- inhibitory transmitter calm endorphins- pain EEG- electrical waves MEG- magnetic waves to see electrical activity CT-photos to see structure PET- radioactive brain activity MRI- magnetic waves to see soft tissue fMRI-structure and activity thalamus- sensory hypothalamus- drinking,eating,moving medulla- breathing brain stem- homeostasis cerebellum -balance and sensory REM- eye movement and dreams absolute threshold- minimum stimulus needed signal detection- when we detect a stimulus transduction- senses into neural impulses bottom up- processing beginning with sensory top down- constructing an image based on precious knowledge rods-perifreal cones-color kinesthesis- movement sense convergent thinking- narrowing down divergent- many ideas assimilation- adding new experiences to schemas heuristic- shortcut availability heuristic- likelihood of events based on memory (plane more dangerous than car) representative heuristic- likelihood based on how weak it matches the prototype anterograde amneasia- cant form new memories retrograde- cant remember past Proactive interference- old blocks new Retroactive interference -new blocks old preoperational- use language not comprehend concrete operational- thinking logically formal operational- think about abstract cognitive- learning negative reinforcement- removing something annoying positive reinforcement- increasing something with good response variable ratio- whenever fixed- fixed