# SSUSH 1–19 Study Guide (Quizlet Style) ## SSUSH 1–5: Colonization, Revolution, and Constitution Southern Colonies - Established mainly to create wealth for England - Economy based on cash crops like tobacco and rice - Used enslaved labor New England Colonies - Founded mostly for religious freedom - Economy based on trade, fishing, and shipbuilding - Small farms and towns Trans-Atlantic Trade - Trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas - Included enslaved Africans and cash crops - Helped colonies grow wealthy Mercantilism - Economic system where colonies existed to benefit the mother country - Colonies sent raw materials to England - England sold finished goods back Intolerable Acts - Laws passed by Britain after Boston Tea Party - Punished Massachusetts - Increased colonial anger toward Britain Declaration of Independence - Written mainly by Thomas Jefferson - Declared independence from Britain - Said people can overthrow abusive governments Three-Fifths Compromise - Enslaved persons counted as 3/5 of a person for representation - Increased Southern power in Congress Shays’ Rebellion - Farmer rebellion in Massachusetts - Showed Articles of Confederation was too weak - Led to calls for stronger central government Thomas Paine / Common Sense - Argued independence was necessary - Convinced many colonists war was unavoidable Treaty of Paris (1783) - Ended Revolutionary War - Britain recognized U.S. independence - Made future U.S. expansion possible Federalists vs Anti-Federalists - Federalists wanted stronger central government - Anti-Federalists feared too much national power - Debate led to Bill of Rights Standing Army Debate - Federalists wanted army for defense - Anti-Federalists feared army could threaten liberty --- ## SSUSH 6–10: New Nation, Sectionalism, Civil War, Reconstruction Election of 1800 - Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams - Criticism of Sedition Act hurt Federalists - Peaceful transfer of power Sedition Act - Made criticism of government illegal - Hurt Federalists politically Marbury v. Madison - Established judicial review - Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional Monroe Doctrine - Warned Europe to stay out of Western Hemisphere - U.S. opposed new colonization in the Americas Louisiana Purchase - Bought from France in 1803 - Doubled size of U.S. - Opened West to settlement Second Great Awakening - Religious revival movement - Inspired reform movements Reform Movements - Abolition - Women’s rights - Education reform - Temperance - Goal: improve society James K. Polk - Expanded U.S. territory - Annexed Texas - Settled Oregon boundary - Won Mexican Cession Sectionalism - Differences between North and South increased - North = industry - South = agriculture/slavery Civil War North Advantages - More railroads - More factories - Larger population Civil War South Advantages - Better military leaders - Fought defensive war Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address - Focused on healing the nation - Called for unity after Civil War Freedmen’s Bureau - Helped formerly enslaved people - Provided food, education, and aid Reconstruction Amendments - 13th: ended slavery - 14th: citizenship and equal protection - 15th: voting rights for Black men --- ## SSUSH 11–19: Industrialization to World War II Railroad Expansion - Helped settle the West - Increased trade and movement - Led to conflict with American Indians Plains Indians - Resisted westward expansion - Forced onto reservations by U.S. government Transcontinental Railroad - Connected East and West - Built heavily by immigrants Ellis Island - Immigration station in New York - Processed many European immigrants Standard Oil / John D. Rockefeller - Used horizontal integration - Bought smaller companies - Created monopoly Labor Unions - Formed because of long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions - Fought for workers’ rights Plessy v. Ferguson - Established “separate but equal” - Allowed segregation and Jim Crow laws World War I Causes - Militarism - Alliances - Imperialism - Nationalism Unrestricted Submarine Warfare - German U-boats attacked ships - Helped cause U.S. entry into WWI Harlem Renaissance - African American cultural movement in 1920s - Literature, music, art flourished 19th Amendment - Gave women the right to vote Great Depression - Began with stock market crash in 1929 - Massive unemployment and poverty Eugene V. Debs - Criticized U.S. involvement in WWI - Punished under Espionage Act New Deal - Roosevelt’s programs to fight Depression - Relief, Recovery, Reform Second New Deal - Focused on long-term reform - Included Social Security Act Social Security Act - Helped elderly, unemployed, disabled - Long-term economic reform Dust Bowl - Caused by drought + poor farming practices - Forced migration west Manhattan Project - Secret U.S

Mahatma Gandhi used Satyagraha, which means "truth force," to fight for freedom without using violence. In 1930, he led the Salt March to protest a British tax on salt. He and thousands of others walked 390 km to the sea to make their own salt. Even though 60,000 people were arrested, their peaceful protest forced the British to change the law and helped unite India. India’s caste system is an ancient social hierarchy that’s over 3,000 years old. It traditionally divided people into groups based on their jobs and family background. Think of it like a ladder: • Brahmins: Teachers and priests (at the top). • Kshatriyas: Warriors and rulers. • Vaishyas: Traders and farmers. • Shudras: Laborers and workers. • Dalits: Historically called "untouchables," they were kept outside the system and faced the harshest treatment. "English is still used in India today mainly because of its colonial history, which established it as the language of government and law. After independence, it remained a neutral common language that allows people from different regions to communicate. Today, English is essential for success, as it is the main language for higher education, technology, and international business." India is a huge country with over 1.4 billion people. The capital is New Delhi, but cities like Mumbai and Bangalore are also very famous. While many languages are spoken, Hindi and English are the most common. The culture is known for Hinduism, the greeting "Namaste," and delicious spicy food like curry and naan. When it comes to sports, cricket is the absolute favorite, followed by football and chess

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Quadriceps – large muscles on the front of the thigh used for running, jumpinBones & Joints Femur – the thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the body Tibia – the shin bone that supports body weight in the lower leg Joint – where two bones meet and allow movement (like knee, hip, ankle) Turnout – a ballet position where the legs rotate outward from the hips Range of motion – how far a joint can move in different directions Alignment – the correct positioning of bones and joints in the body Endurance & Training Endurance – the ability to sustain physical activity for a long period of time Cardiovascular fitness – how well the heart and lungs supply oxygen during exercise Explosive strength – the ability to produce a lot of force in a short amount of time (like sprinting or jumping) Neuromuscular control – coordination between the brain and muscles to produce precise movement Muscular endurance – the ability of muscles to keep working without getting tired quickly Injury Prevention & Balance Muscle imbalance – when one group of muscles is stronger or tighter than its opposing group Posture – how the body is positioned when sitting, standing, or moving Force distribution – how physical stress is spread across the body during movement Flexibility – the ability of muscles and joints to stretch and move easily Joint stability – the ability of a joint to stay strong and controlled during movement g, and straightening the leg Hamstrings – muscles on the back of the thigh that help bend the knee and power movement Calf muscles – muscles in the lower leg that help push the body off the ground when walking, running, or jumping Stabilizing muscles – smaller muscles that help control balance and keep the body steady during movement Gluteus medius – a hip muscle that helps with balance and keeping proper alignment when standing or moving Core muscles – muscles in the abdomen and lower back that support posture and balance

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Genera: Postmodernism – after modernism, reaction to modernism, bleed into popular music.is a late 20thcentury movement in philosophy, art, and culture that questions established norms, embraces pluralism, and often rejects the idea of objective truth Pendercki – graphic scores, microtones, extended technique Cage – Conceptual art Glass – Minimalism Pop(ular)- made to sell, simple and easy. Edison invents sound recording, frank Sinatra in jazz Blues- originated among African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the 1860s. Blues is party music, sad songs. Country- largely from the British (Irish) tradition, Appalachia called “Hillbilly” – oral tradition. Made into pop, appellation mountains. From Ireland. Rock and Roll – fast and organic, Baby Boomers R&B and Country mix Bill Hayley and the Comets Elvis Presley - debatably greatest selling artist of all time Soul- rhythm and blues with gospel singing. musical representation of the Civil Rights Movement R&B + Gospel, Ray Charles, James Brown – Cells becomes Funk, becomes Hip Hop, seeking end segregation. Folk- (music of the people) like country long unwritten tradition), social activism. Bob dylan Rock- music is a genre of popular music characterized by strong beats, electric guitar-driven sound, and a cultural emphasis on rebellion and self-expression. Disco- pop in 70’s, whole bunch of money it does go to gay club. Edm, influences pop music. Punk – united by nihilism- no value in anything, reaction corporate in the 70’s Rap- dance halls of Jamaica influenced by disco, Jamaica making up lyrics, 70’s house parties. Alternative- 90’s, alternative to modern music, to pop, rock hits. Nouns: Penderecki - Polish composer, noted for his highly individual orchestration Cage- concept composition Glass- minimalist composition Frank Sinatra- pop singer, jazz? Miles Davis- trumpet jazz composer best album Baby Boomers- born after world war 2 Elvis- selling artist of all time, started then helped James Brown- soul Bob Dylan- folk Beatles- influential group, introduces rock and roll in pop music, psychedelia involved Michael Jackson- king of pop, thriller- greatest album Public Enemy-golden age rap music, politcal Nirvana- 1990s reinvents rock, metal with punk, grunge, alternative Napster- music file-sharing computer service created by American college student Shawn Fanning in 1999. Max Martin- song writer, producer Technical: Social Activism- music for political change Concept Album- story by album, dark side of moon Psychedelia- movement of drugs, philosophy Nihilism- punk philosophy, belief that nothing matters at all Scratching- scratching records like in the video Synthesizer- electronic instruments, 80’s