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Lab 1 - Classification and Microscopy What is a cladogram? Can you read a basic cladogram based on the questions below? What is an outgroup? What is a node? What is an ancestral character? What is a derived character? What is a dichotomous key? How does it work? Can you interpret a basic dichotomous key? What does pathogenic mean? What does ubiquitous mean? What do Gram positive bacterial cells look like? What do Gram negative bacterial cells look like? What are the 3 basic shapes of bacterial cells? If given a photo of a compound light microscope, can you identify some of its major parts? How do you calculate final magnification on a microscope? Lab 2 - Survey of Protists How are living organisms classified? 3 domains of life 4 kingdoms of Domain Eukarya Taxa from most inclusive to least inclusive General characteristics of protists Life cycle(s) of a protist? What does "protozoa" mean? What are the protozoan phyla we discussed in lab? Protozoan species - what are the unique characteristics of each species? Euglena Amoeba Paramecium Plasmodium What are the steps to a wet mount procedure for a protist? What does the suffix -phyta mean? What are the 4 protist algal phyla? How can their names be used to help determine what they are? Green algae species - what are the unique characteristics of each species? Chlamydomonas Volvox Gonium Hydrodictyon Oedogonium Ulva If I showed you a picture of a pressed specimen of brown or red algae, would you be able to identify it as brown (Phaeophyta) or red (Rhodophyta) algae? If I showed you a picture of any organism we looked at in the protist lab, would you be able to correctly identify its genus name? I will not ask you the phylum name. Lab 3 - Survey of Fungi Difference between fungal and plant cell walls What are hyphae? What is a mycelium? How do fungi primarily reproduce? How would you describe the general life cycle of a fungus? Imperfect vs. perfect fungi Plasmogamy vs. karyogamy Features of Phylum Ascomycota - ascus, ascospores, life cycle What are conidia? Conidiophores? Examples of imperfect fungi Features of Phylum Basidiomycota - basidium, basidiospore, life cycle 3 types of lichens - can you identify if given a photo? Lab 4 - Survey of Nonvascular Plants What are the 3 phyla that represent non-vascular plants? If given a photo of a liverwort, would you be able to identify it? What are Gemma cups? Can you identify them in a photo? Which phylum can they be found within? If given a photo of a hornwort, would you be able to identify it? How would you describe the general life cycle of a plant? Lab 5 - Survey of Seedless Vascular Plants What is xylem? What is phloem? What are the 4 phyla that represent the seedless vascular plants? If given a photo of Equisetum, would you be able to identify it? What are the round yellow bumps on Psilotum (a whisk fern) called? What do they do? Where are sori found? Could you point them out in a photo? Lab 6 - Survey of Gymnosperms What is homospory? What is heterospory? What is the role of a hygroscopic elater? Can you identify microsporangia and megasporangia in a Selaginella microscope image? What is a gymnosperm? What are the 4 gymnosperm phyla we discussed? If given a photo of a gymnosperm we looked at in lab, would you be able to tell me the phylum name? What is a conifer? If given a photo of a dissected seed, could you identify its structures? Lab 7 - Survey of Angiosperms What is an angiosperm? How does it differ from a gymnosperm? What 2 structures are unique to angiosperms? What is a monocot? What does its leaf venation look like? How are the vascular bundles arranged in a cross section of a monocot? What is a eudicot? What does its leaf venation look like? How are the vascular bundles arranged in a cross section of a eudicot? Are you able to identify the different parts of a flower? What are the 4 whorls in a flower? What is a gynoecium? What is an androecium? What are the sterile components of a flower? What are the infertile components of a flower? What is an incomplete flower? Complete flower? What is a perfect flower? Imperfect flower? Can a flower be incomplete but still be perfect? Why or why not? Connation vs. adnation Flower symmetry types - can you determine symmetry if given a photo of any flower (radial, bilateral, or asymmetric)? Simple vs. aggregate vs. multiple fruits - what are they & examples Fleshy vs. dry fruits - what are they & examples Can you classify the following fruits? Pineapple Magnolia Strawberry ** Strawberries are weird ones! They are technically dry fruits, albeit some Google searches will tell you otherwise. The 'seeds' on the outside of the strawberry are the actual fruits (they're called achenes). They are dry. The other surrounding red, edible tissue is fleshy, but it originates from receptacle tissue, not the ovary (which is why strawberries are accessory fruits). Acorn Maple Tomato Orange Lemon Apple Cucumber Lab 8 - Vascular Plant Anatomy and Physiology What is auxin? What is apical dominance? How are auxin and apical dominance related? What is leaf abscission? How is this related to auxin? What occurs during pruning? Why is pruning beneficial? Can you identify a pruned vs. unpruned plant? Can you identify a Helianthus (sunflower) stem cross section image? Can you identify the epidermis, pith, cortex, vascular bundles, xylem, and phloem? Can you identify a Ligustrum (privet) leaf cross section image? Can you identify a Ranunculus (buttercup) root cross section image? What is a gibberellin and what do they do? How are gibberellins and dwarf mutant plants related? What is etiolation? What are some characteristics of etiolated plants? Non-etiolated plants? Can you identify an etiolated pea plant vs

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Enlightenment & Revolutions - Chapter 21 Study Guide Key Vocabulary 1 philosopher - person who seeks wisdom or enlightenment; a scholar or thinker 1 geocentric - Earth-centered - everything revolves around the Earth 1 sphere - shape of heavenly objects 1 heliocentric - sun-centered - everything revolves around the sun - moon revolves around the earth 1 universal law of gravitation - one of Newton’s three rules of motion - force of gravity exists between all objects in space 1 rationalism - system of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge 1 scientific method - systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence 1 inductive reasoning - type of thinking in which scientists proceed from observation and experimentation(particular thinking) to develop general conclusions 2 philosophe - French term for philosopher - applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment 2 separation of powers - form of government in which the branches of government limit and control each other through a system of check and balances 2 deism - 18th century religious philosophy based on reason and Natural law 2 laissez-faire - let the people do what they want - government stays out of the economy 2 generation - group of people born and living at the same time 2 social contract - entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community 2 arbitrary - at one’s discretion, random 2 salons - elegant drawing rooms where artists, writers, aristocrats, government officials, wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes 2 rococo - artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s - highly secular, emphasizing charm, grace, gentle action 3 enlightened absolutism - a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers 4 federal system - a form of government in which power is shared between the national and state governments 4 amendment - an alteration (change) proposed or effected by parliamentary or constitutional procedure Key People 1 Ptolemy - greatest ancient astronomer - lived in AD 100s - idea of geocentric heavenly bodies 1 Nicolaus Copernicus - mathematician - idea of heliocentric universe 1 Johannes Kepler - mathematician - developed laws of planetary motion - elliptical 1 Galileo Galilei - mathematician - used telescopes to observe the universe - mountains on the moon, moons around Jupiter - planets were not orbs of light - Catholic Church criticized him for moving away from traditional view of people at the center of the universe 1 Isaac Newton - mathematician - greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution - explained laws of motion - gravity 1 Galen - Greek physician in the AD 100s who dissected animals to learn about human anatomy 1 Andres Vesalius - physician in 16th century who dissected humans to study anatomy - organs 1 William Harvey - physician in the 16th century who discovered the heart was the beginning of blood circulation 1 Blaise Pascal - French scientist who discovered how liquids behaved under pressure - syringe 1 Robert Boyle - chemist who studied how pressure affected the volume of gas 1 Margaret Cavendish - philosopher who attempted to explain scientific processes (written works) 1 Maria Winkelmann - most famous female astronomer in Germany - discovered a comet 1 Rene Descartes - “father of modern rationalism” - French philosopher who determined that mind and matter are completely separated 1 Francis Bacon - English philosopher who developed the Scientific Method 2 John Locke - Englishman who believed everyone was born with a blank mind and that people were molded by their experience, their surroundings 2 Charles-Louis de Secondat, the baron of Montesquieu (Montesquieu) - French noble - developed the idea of separation of powers in government using a system of checks and balances to prevent any one group from becoming too powerful 2 Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) - greatest figure of the Enlightenment - criticized christianity - championed the idea of deism - philosophy based on reason and natural law (followed the idea of Newton’s world machine explanation) 2 Denis Diderot - French writer who wrote the Encyclopedia to challenge the general way of thinking - discussed religious superstitions and supported religious toleration - called for social, legal, political reforms Adam Smith - Scottish philosopher who promoted the concept of laissez-faire - gave government 3 duties 2 Jean-Jacques Rousseau - most famous philosopher of the Enlightenment - developed the idea of a social contract (society governed by the will of the people - all forced to abide by it) 2 Mary Wollstonecraft - English writer who championed women’s right in the Enlightenment 2 Henry Fielding - English writer who wrote novels about people Without morals who survive by their wits 2 John Wesley - developed a new religious movement in England (methodism) - idea of conversion which led to doing good works 2 Balthasar Neumann - one of the greatest 18th century architects 2 Antoine Watteau - artist who used the rococo artistic style 2 Franz Joseph Haydn - Enlightenment musical composer - spent time directing music for the wealthy 2 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - child prodigy - seen as the greatest composer known to Haydn. 3 Frederick William I - Prussian king who maintained a highly efficient bureaucracy of civil service workers and doubled the size of the army during his tenure 3 Frederick II Frederick the Great - best educated monarch - increased the size of the army - used Enlightenment ideas to make some changes to torture procedures and limited freedom of speech and press but kept the rigid serfdom and social structure 3 Empress Maria Theresa - Austrian empress who inherited the throne and worked to improve the condition of the serfs - strengthened the state and centralized its governance. 3 Joseph II - son of Maria Theresa - made widespread changes breason - freed serfs, eliminated the death penalty, established equality of all before the law and enacted religious reforms - - His successors undid his changes. 3 Catherine II - Catherine the Great - ruled russisa - halted Rural reform and serfdom was expanded - expanded the territory of Russia - did not undertake Enlightenment ideas - just talked about them Important concepts 3 The Seven Years’ War - global war fought from 1756-1763 - France allies with Austria and Russia against Britain and Prussia - war was fought in 3 locations (Europe,India,North America) - In the end, all occupied territories were returned to their original owners except Silesia - Austria recognized Prussia’s permanent control of Silesia. 4 British - term that came to refer to both the English and the Scots The United Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence in1707 1 Scientific Revolution - a period of European history in which scien and technological changes helped make advancements in European culture. However, this time period also reflected a change in the way that Europeans viewed themselves

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jhjh (ง’̀-‘́)ง (≖_≖ ) o_O (▀̿Ĺ̯▀̿ ̿) Post Aristotelian Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, and Modern Philosophy Plotinus, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Kant Descartes, John Locke The two topical sections - Logic and Possible worlds History Section (~75% of the Test) Matching - Associate the Person with the appropriate Topic, Theory, or Proposition He gives the categories/words and we find who it goes with Categorical imperative - Immanuel Kant Epistemic doubt - Rene Descartes Epistemic Certainty - Rene Descartes Father of Empiricism - Francis Bacon Numeral vs Phenomenal - Immanuel Kant Quinque Viae (The Five ways) - Aquinas Ways of negation vs reality - Baruch Spinoza We use three types of language to describe God, allegorical, equivocal, and univocal - Thomas Aquinas The theory of divine illumination - Augustine Theory of Emanation - Plotinus Wager for God’s existence - Pascal Originator of Ideal Forms - Plato Originator of the Theory of Abstraction - Aristotle Matching - Match the author to the book City of God - Augustine Prosolgian - Anselm of Canterbury Leviathan - Thomas Hobbs Pensées- Pascal The Aeneans - Plotinus Critique of Pure Reason - Kant True False Questions (around 20) Plotinus believed in the eternality of the world, but not the necessity of the world. - False Plotinus’ philosophy was explicitly religious. - True Although not a Christian Plotinus was sympathetic toward Christianity. - False Scholars hold that Thomas Aquinas denied the existence of innate knowledge and even affirmed belief in tabula rasa - True Concerning modern philosophy, empiricism describes the English posture, whereas rationalism describes the continental posture - True The Medieval Period was truly a period of dark ages - False John Locke closely followed the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. - False Whereas we usually associate induction with empiricism, we usually associate deduction with rationalism - True Multiple Choice Questions (Around 15) Which figure articulated man’s inability or ability to commit sins with the phrases posse peccare et posse non peccare, non posse non peccare, and non posse peccare? - Augustine Who ridiculed Anselm's argument for God's existence by saying he conceived the greatest possible Island? - Gaunilo Which figure followed the religion of Manichaeism for a time? - Augustine Albetro Magnus said we call him the dumb ox, but the bellows of that ox will resound throughout the whole world. Of who was he speaking? - Aquinas Which figure boiled anthropology down to emotion? - Hume That than which nothing or none greater can be thought. Is that cosmological, teleological, ontological, anthropological or moral argument? - Ontological Be able to rank Plotinus’ levels of the world The One (or The Good) The Mind The Soul The Body/the Physical Fill in the blank questions What phrase did Augustine use to describe Plato’s ideal forms? They are “divine ideas”? The four cardinal virtues and the three theological virtues - 3 theological virtues: faith, hope, and love 4 cardinal virtues: courage, justice, temperance, prudence Have a good working knowledge of the double theory of truth and whether it's a good or bad thing. This is a Bad thing Averröes proposed that the truth relating to philosophy can be different than in religion. For example, much of Aristotelian philosophy contradicts Muslim/Christian theocracy. Averröes proposes that this doesn’t matter. Short Answer (Four of Six Questions) The respective relationships of faith and reason and how they engage those between Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Augustine - I believe in order to understand (credo ut intelligam) Basically, faith has priority over reason. We only learn because God reveals it to us through Divine Illumination Faith is the foundation; reason is its servant and helper. Aquinas - Natural truths - known by reason Revealed truths - known only by faith Preliminary truths - reason can demonstrate them, but revelation also teaches them. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas and Abraham Piper believed certain things regarding the church state relationship. Augustine: Two cities; separate but related. Restrain sin, maintain order. Aquinas: Distinct but complementary; harmony. Promote common good, natural law. The state should be subject to moral law and that the Church should be free from political interference. Piper: Rejection of religious influence in politics. Secular, non-religious governance. The question about the City of God and The City of Man City of God: is formed by the love of God even to the contempt of self. Spiritual and eternal. The people in this city love God, and put him over every aspect of their life Seeks humility and obedience to God City of Man: Is formed by the love of self even to the contempt of God. They love themselves more than anything else, including God Defined by selfish and worldly desires. Temporary and fleshly They will be united in the judgment Where does evil come from? Why does it exist? Augstine says evil is just a lesser good. For example, choosing something that does less harm is less evil than choosing something worse. Likewise, Aquinas offers his view saying that evil is the perversion of good. Both say it’s the privation of good. Logic and Possible Worlds (~25%) True False Questions (around 10) All descriptions of God are essential properties. - False (He might reword this question) The laws of Logic, which are laws of truth, are a reflection of the Character of the being that is God - True A proposition may be false - True Know the three Laws of Logic Law of Identity - Each thing is identical with itself Law of noncontradictions - The same attribute cannot at the same time and in the same respect belong and not belong to the same subject. A cannot be both A and not-A at the same time Law of the excluded middle - For any proposition P, either P is true or not-P is true. Multiple Choice Questions Who defines Philosophy as thinking really hard about something? - Alvin Plantinga Four Questions: Identify whether it's formally valid or not formally valid according to Sentential logic? Note that an argument may follow the rules of sentential logic but fail as a good deductive argument. Or it may make a true statement that fails to follow the rules of sentential logic. Ex 1. Premise 1: All people like to read and run Premise 2: You are a person Conclusion: You like to read and run. Ex 2 (This is an example he gave of something that doesn’t follow logic). Premise 1: If you listen to the soundtrack of The Fellowship of the Ring, the first film of The Lord of the Rings series, then you are listening to Howard Shore. Premise 2: You listen to the soundtrack of The Return of the King, the third film of The Lord of the Rings series. Conclusion: You are listening to Howard Shore Sometimes a thing can be true but not follow sentential logic. Post Aristotelian Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, and Modern Philosophy Plotinus, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Kant Descartes, John Locke The two topical sections - Logic and Possible worlds History Section (~75% of the Test) Matching - Associate the Person with the appropriate Topic, Theory, or Proposition He gives the categories/words and we find who it goes with Categorical imperative - Immanuel Kant Epistemic doubt - Rene Descartes Epistemic Certainty - Rene Descartes Father of Empiricism - Francis Bacon Numeral vs Phenomenal - Immanuel Kant Quinque Viae (The Five ways) - Aquinas Ways of negation vs reality - Baruch Spinoza We use three types of language to describe God, allegorical, equivocal, and univocal - Thomas Aquinas The theory of divine illumination - Augustine Theory of Emanation - Plotinus Wager for God’s existence - Pascal Originator of Ideal Forms - Plato Originator of the Theory of Abstraction - Aristotle Matching - Match the author to the book City of God - Augustine Prosolgian - Anselm of Canterbury Leviathan - Thomas Hobbs Pensées- Pascal The Aeneans - Plotinus Critique of Pure Reason - Kant True False Questions (around 20) Plotinus believed in the eternality of the world, but not the necessity of the world. - False Plotinus’ philosophy was explicitly religious. - True Although not a Christian Plotinus was sympathetic toward Christianity. - False Scholars hold that Thomas Aquinas denied the existence of innate knowledge and even affirmed belief in tabula rasa - True Concerning modern philosophy, empiricism describes the English posture, whereas rationalism describes the continental posture - True The Medieval Period was truly a period of dark ages - False John Locke closely followed the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. - False Whereas we usually associate induction with empiricism, we usually associate deduction with rationalism - True Multiple Choice Questions (Around 15) Which figure articulated man’s inability or ability to commit sins with the phrases posse peccare et posse non peccare, non posse non peccare, and non posse peccare? - Augustine Who ridiculed Anselm's argument for God's existence by saying he conceived the greatest possible Island? - Gaunilo Which figure followed the religion of Manichaeism for a time? - Augustine Albetro Magnus said we call him the dumb ox, but the bellows of that ox will resound throughout the whole world. Of who was he speaking? - Aquinas Which figure boiled anthropology down to emotion? - Hume That than which nothing or none greater can be thought. Is that cosmological, teleological, ontological, anthropological or moral argument? - Ontological Be able to rank Plotinus’ levels of the world The One (or The Good) The Mind The Soul The Body/the Physical Fill in the blank questions What phrase did Augustine use to describe Plato’s ideal forms? They are “divine ideas”? The four cardinal virtues and the three theological virtues - 3 theological virtues: faith, hope, and love 4 cardinal virtues: courage, justice, temperance, prudence Have a good working knowledge of the double theory of truth and whether it's a good or bad thing. This is a Bad thing Averröes proposed that the truth relating to philosophy can be different than in religion. For example, much of Aristotelian philosophy contradicts Muslim/Christian theocracy. Averröes proposes that this doesn’t matter. Short Answer (Four of Six Questions) The respective relationships of faith and reason and how they engage those between Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Augustine - I believe in order to understand (credo ut intelligam) Basically, faith has priority over reason. We only learn because God reveals it to us through Divine Illumination Faith is the foundation; reason is its servant and helper. Aquinas - Natural truths - known by reason Revealed truths - known only by faith Preliminary truths - reason can demonstrate them, but revelation also teaches them. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas and Abraham Piper believed certain things regarding the church state relationship. Augustine: Two cities; separate but related. Restrain sin, maintain order. Aquinas: Distinct but complementary; harmony. Promote common good, natural law. The state should be subject to moral law and that the Church should be free from political interference. Piper: Rejection of religious influence in politics. Secular, non-religious governance. The question about the City of God and The City of Man City of God: is formed by the love of God even to the contempt of self. Spiritual and eternal. The people in this city love God, and put him over every aspect of their life Seeks humility and obedience to God City of Man: Is formed by the love of self even to the contempt of God. They love themselves more than anything else, including God Defined by selfish and worldly desires. Temporary and fleshly They will be united in the judgment Where does evil come from? Why does it exist? Augstine says evil is just a lesser good. For example, choosing something that does less harm is less evil than choosing something worse. Likewise, Aquinas offers his view saying that evil is the perversion of good. Both say it’s the privation of good. Logic and Possible Worlds (~25%) True False Questions (around 10) All descriptions of God are essential properties. - False (He might reword this question) The laws of Logic, which are laws of truth, are a reflection of the Character of the being that is God - True A proposition may be false - True Know the three Laws of Logic Law of Identity - Each thing is identical with itself Law of noncontradictions - The same attribute cannot at the same time and in the same respect belong and not belong to the same subject. A cannot be both A and not-A at the same time Law of the excluded middle - For any proposition P, either P is true or not-P is true. Multiple Choice Questions Who defines Philosophy as thinking really hard about something? - Alvin Plantinga Four Questions: Identify whether it's formally valid or not formally valid according to Sentential logic? Note that an argument may follow the rules of sentential logic but fail as a good deductive argument. Or it may make a true statement that fails to follow the rules of sentential logic. Ex 1. Premise 1: All people like to read and run Premise 2: You are a person Conclusion: You like to read and run. Ex 2 (This is an example he gave of something that doesn’t follow logic). Premise 1: If you listen to the soundtrack of The Fellowship of the Ring, the first film of The Lord of the Rings series, then you are listening to Howard Shore. Premise 2: You listen to the soundtrack of The Return of the King, the third film of The Lord of the Rings series. Conclusion: You are listening to Howard Shore Sometimes a thing can be true but not follow sentential logic

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TEST -1700s name sick man or Europe: diversity (africa, balkans, middle east)= nationalist movements- different places wanna break away (indep), struggling to modernize(janassires opposed-take away their power&uluma- muslim scholars) morden ideas instead of religion. -External issues: Britain france and germany are threats to ottomans bc they did modernize(stronger) Mahmud ll- move ottomans foward getting rid of janassires-surprise attack, remove them from power= state sponsored (gov has power) loyal to gov bc gov paid them. BIG CHANGE: Tanizmat reforms(response to all problems 1840s) ottomans try to modernize and westernize w/o loosing culture. Ex: take foreign loans(mainly germany)-build railroads, infrastructure, industry, communication, military and training. Reforming laws not based on religion- try make minority groups to not break off(secular) -OTTOMANS have war with Russia: Russia wanted Red sea= Criemean war, ottomans successful british and france helped- didn't want russia to have ottomans, Extraterritorialty practice of europeans that live in other countries and did not follow ottoman laws but their home country laws, Capitulations: unfair trade agreements that euros made with ottomans(told them ottomans owed them-manipulated and controlled) Egypt Egypt and muhammad ali, rebelled against Ottomans (Mamluks) sent ali to put down rebellion and succeed and so good he stay in egypt making him ruler of egypt and expanding deeper into africa and middle east and his son continued -connected to ottomans but did own thing -Ali known for westernizing and modernizing egypt: ex: Taxed peasant heavily they could not afford their land and it went to gov, gov wants to grow cotton (industrialize) wants to make textiles. He modernizes the military and trains w french leaders, guns, navy and shipyards, starts better irrigation=bettee farming, manufactures armaments:guns and weapons -culturally westernize style education and universities -Downside: build suez canal but needed loans from france and ali descendants are khadives. couldn't pay loans resulted in more foreign influence. And europeans would not buy their textiles and cut egypt to sell goods which resorts to sell raw cotton (struggling w money and paying loans=deeper trouble, sold shares of suez canal to british and british have majority ownership of the canal) another issue: Aramhid arabi revolt: led by egyptians try to overthrow turkish khadives to gain independence. makes it enough of a problem british help crush revolt. Egypt is doubled colonized. China/ QING DYNASTY Qing rule 1644-1911, when they take over they are from Manchuria-foreign Qing takes chinese culture, service exam, scholar gentry, confucianism, Changed intro of Queue. manchu do not footbind, real chienese keep foot binding -believe outsiders inferior of Manchu, Manchu take top job and ethnic chienese have lower jobs (resentment/tension) -economically a continuity- Qing still want silver from british (british has trade deficit- china only buy silver) -Opium british has colony in india, poppy manufacture to opium and sold to china and highly addictive- toll of civilization and social= not working, providing= society falling apart, gov demand british to stop selling opium=trigger opium war 1839-1841-china loses (junk ships/navy destroyed) british ed had steam ships -main effects of opium war-china had to open more ports, britain get complete control of hong kon, extraterritorialty on chinese, spheres of influence (germany, russia, japan etc /indirect control- influence chinas economy) after war triggers taping rebellion 1850s mad about treaty of Man king gave concessions to Qing mad gave rule to foreigners and traditions of china(anti confusion, absurd version of christian's, couldn't pass civil service exam) wanted to make classless society-have to get rid of confucianism and footbing- rebellion for 10 years side effect: Heavy famine, high deaths, bubonic plague) effect many people leave china and find work in US(going as indentured servants) Like US, many weren't happy abt chienese immigration (chienese exclusion)-self strengthening movement same as tanzomat reforms=chinese trying to westernize and modernize, industrializing, military, industries, build infrastructure, more W style education.Not everyone wanted reforms(scholar gentry-hesitant change chinese traditions and take their power) china wanted to get out of forgien debt, europeans could force extraterritorially and capuitualtions -boxer rebellion 1800s protesting against foreign rule similar to armad arabi, europeans stepped in to help and gave Euros more control JAPAN -meiji restoration (1600s japan isolated themself beside allowed dutch to bring education to them at a port) gov was feudalism(weak central gov) big change in 1853: matthew perry demanded to open or they will fight. Japan knows what happend to china so they opened and other nations came to trade with japans (treated them same as china and etc) 1860 force shogun to step down and restore emperor (meiji restoration/new enlightened time) modernizing and westernizing (japan does it best and sends diplomats all over world to learn and bring back to japan, create constitutional monarchy have to rule with diet/ legislative branch) emperor had foreign issues and diet it domestic: taxation and loss, samari are replaced-japan creates W style like navy, guns, education etc. -economic: industrializations; making porcelain, silk, sacci build railroad, navy (succeeding) Japan has capital(state sponsors factories) have money by heavily taxing farming, japan lacks national resources, have to buy natural resources. Then decided to take like europeans and started expanding like creating colonies. War with Russia Tussi-japense war. 1930/ they were westernized and strong WW1 cause MAIN assiantion of AH leader nationalism roles: competing for colonies/tensions grows, serbia assinates AH leader. -trench warefare causes war or triton-to wear each other long, who can last longest= stalemate. -new tech issue: machine guns, poison gas, flame throwers, planes (causes more violence) New invention applied to civilian everyday life

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