LECTURE EXAM 2 HELPPPP

alveoli

where does air stop

conducting zone

nostrils through major bronchioles, no gas exchange, only airflow

nasal fossae

right and left halves of nasal cavity

nasal conchae

chamber behind vestibule

nasopharynx

can pass only air, ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

oropharynx

pass air, food, and drink, stratified squamous epithelium

trachea

lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, contains mucociliary escalator

mediastinal surface of lung

faces medially towards heart

respiratory bronchioles

where respiratory zone starts

alveolar sacs

where respiratory zone ends

alveolar sacs

where most gas exchange occurs

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

bronchi are lined with…

bronchioles

ciliated cuboidal, no mucous or goblet cells, have cilia that drain into mucociliary escalator

carbonic acid

how 90% of co2 is transported

ambient po2

active tissues have less po2 causing o2 to be released from hemoglobin

hypoxia

deficiency/inability to use oxygen

ischemic hypoxia

inadequate circulation of blood

draws lymph in

rapidly flowing blood in subclavian

lymphoid tissue

found in areas that are exposed to outer environment (tonsils, intestines)

diffuse lymphatic tissue

found in body passages open to exterior (respiratory, urinal, reproductive tracts)

spleen

monitors for foreign antigens and stabilizes blood volume through plasma transfers

palatine tonsils

most often infected

neutrophils

cause respiratory burst, wander in connective tissue

eosinophils

found especially in mucous membranes

neutrophils

first to arrive to infection site

helper t cells

involved in adaptive and innate systems

nk cells

secrete perforins and granzymes

wandering macrophages

widely distributed in loose connective tissue

interferons and complement system

2 families of antimicrobial proteins

interferons

alert neighboring cells of infection

cytokines

small proteins, different than interferons because they are released by leukocytes, not the damaged cell

epitope

certain region of antigen molecule that simulate immune respone

igA

provides passive immunity to newborns through breastfeeding (secretions)

MHC complex

label every cell as belonging to you

interleukins

coordinate the activities of APCs

cellular immunity

mediated by t lymphocytes that directly attack and destroy a diseased cell

cytotoxic, helper, regulatory, and memory

what types of t cells are used in cellular immunity?

helper t cells

recognize Ag-MHC proteins and attract neutrophils

humoral immunity

mediated by b cells, produce antibodies that bind to antigens and tag them for destruction by other means

alveolar wall

where gases exchange with the bloodstream

mucous membrane

what is the conducting zone lined with?

vestibule

beginning of nasal cavity, stratified squamous epithelium

goblet cells

secrete mucous in respiratory epithelium

muscles of pharynx

assist in swallowing and speech

thyroid cartilage

largest cartilage of larynx

inner lining of trachea

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, contains mucociliary escalator

primary bronchi

supported by c shaped hyaline cartilage rings

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

all bronchi are lined with….

alveolar macrophages

keep alveoli free from debris, ride up mucociliary escalator and die containing their debris

great alveolar cells

pulmonary surfactant is produced by…..

bisphosphoglycerate

promotes o2 unloading

hypoventilation

corrective homeostatic response to alkalosis

hypoxemic hypoxia

state of low arterial po2, due to inadequate pulmonary gas exchange

lymphatic nodules

dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens

thymus

produces signaling molecules that regulate immune function

germinal center of lymph node

where b cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies

interferons

activate nk cells and macrophages

cytokines

secreted by leukocytes, alter physiology of receiving cell

igG

complement fixation, secondary immune response

igA

secretions, provides passive immunity to newborns through breastfeeding

igE

attracts eosinophils to parasitic infections

igM

pentamer, agglutination, primary immune response

igD

involved with b cell activation

interleukins

attract neutrophils, macrophages, nk cells, stimulate t and b cell maturation and mitosis