HELPPP

Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?

cytoplasm

During glycolysis, what molecule loses electrons and becomes oxidized?

glucose

The electrons from glucose are picked up by an electron acceptor called NAD+, which becomes an electron carrier called

NADH

During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into what molecule?

pyruvic acid

How many molecules of ATP are made in glycolysis?

A net of 2 ATPs, because 2 ATPs are used and 4 ATPs are made

If oxygen is present, what step comes after glycolysis?

Krebs Cycle

If oxygen is not present, what step comes after glycolysis?

Fermentation

Before pyruvic acid enters the Krebs Cycle, what does it turn into?

acetyl CoA

Where in the mitochondria does the Krebs Cycle take place?

mitochondrial matrix

How many times does the Krebs Cycle turn for one glucose molecule?

2

What product of cellular respiration is produced in the Krebs Cycle?

carbon dioxide

How many carbon dioxide molecules are made for one turn of the Krebs Cycle?

2

How many ATPs are made for one turn of the Krebs Cycle?

1

What are the names of the 2 electron carriers made in the Krebs Cycle?

NADH and FADH2

all the things that are made in the Krebs Cycle

electron carriers

CO2

ATP

Where in the mitochondria does the electron transport chain occur?

inner membrane (cristae)

NADH and ___ pass their electrons down an electron transport chain

FADH2

Where did the electrons that enter the electron transport chain originally come from?

glucose

What molecule is the final acceptor of the electrons?

oxygen

Oxygen accepts the electrons and combines with H+ ions to become what molecule?

water

As electrons are being passed down, what is being pumped across the membrane to where there is more of them?

protons

This proton gradient is created by what ion being actively transported across the membrane?

H+

The increase in protons (H+) causes them to diffuse down what enzyme?

ATP synthase

This flow of hydrogen ions into ATP synthase is known as

chemiosmosis

all the things that ATP synthase does when hydrogen ions diffuse into it.

phosphorylates ADP

creates ATP

attaches a phosphate to ADP

what happens when attaches a phosphate to ADP?

Forms ATP

What is the name of the process where NADH & FADH2 loses their electrons (and becomes oxidized) and passes them along the chain, ultimately causing a phosphate to be added to ADP to create ATP (phosphorylation)?

oxidative phosphorylation

When your muscles don't get enough oxygen, what process do they do?

lactic acid fermentation

What are the 2 Types of Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration)

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcohol Fermentation

What does Fermentatation do?

Produce ATP

Anarobic

no oxygen needed

arobic

Oxygen needed

Yeast are facultative anaerobes. When oxygen is present, they do cellular respiration. When oxygen is not present, they do

alcohol fermentation

type of fermentation that recycle their NADH to NAD+ while converting pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

Alcohol Fermentation

Fermentation that regenerate NAD+, as pyruvate is converted to lactic acid.

Lactic Acid Fermentation.

What is the name of the structure that is beige?

inner membrane (cristae)

What is the name of the structure that is blue?

mitochondrial matrix

What is the name of the structure that is dark brown?

outer membrane

When a chemical reaction releases energy, it is an reaction

exergonic

reactions, energy is absorbed

endergonic

What type of reaction is photosynthesis? (exergonic/endergonic)

Endergonic

what type of reaction is when woodf is burning and releases energy as heat and light? (exergonic/endergonic)

exergonic

ATP hydrolysis is an exergonic reaction because

the 3rd phosphate breaks off, releasing energy

The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called

activation energy

All the things that enzymes do

-speed up chemical reactions

-lower the activation energy

-bind substrates to its active site

-turn substrates into products

What part of the enzyme causes it to have a specific shape that only binds to a specific substrate?

the R groups of the amino acids of the enzyme

What happen when a substrate binds to an enzyme?

-it binds at the enzyme's active site.

-the substrate turns into a product.

-the active site changes shape slightly to make it a more snug fit (induced fit).

-it form a substrate-enzyme complex

When an enzyme is exposed to extreme temperature or pH changes, it

Denatured

True or False:

During feedback inhibition, the product becomes a non-competitive inhibitor and changes the shape of the enzyme so that it doesn't produce more products

True

Do plants use cellular respiration?

Yes, Plants need ATP to do work and grow

During cellular respiration, electrons from glucose are transferred to oxygen as bonds break and form

The movement of electrons from one molecule to another

oxidation-reduction reaction

The lost of electrons is called?

oxidation

the gaining of electrons is called?

reduction

Three main propcess of Cellular respiration in order

glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

How many ATP does glycolysis produce?

2 ATP

How many ATP does the Krebs cycle produce?

2 ATP

How many ATP does the electron transport chain produce?

34 ATP

A compound called coenzyme A attaches to the 2 carbons, forming a molecule called

acetyl-Coenzyme A.

In every energy transfer/chemical reaction, some amount of energy is lost as heat and not usable

Energy input must be higher than energy loss in order to maintain order and perform cellular processes

Second Law of Thermodynamics

a measure of disorder, and high entropy means high disorder and low energy

Entropy