Results for "Flat Bones"

1. Functions of Muscles: • Movement: Muscles contract to produce movement in the body, such as walking, running, or even facial expressions. • Posture and Stability: Muscles help maintain posture and stabilize joints, preventing falls or loss of balance. • Heat Production: Muscle contractions generate heat, which is vital for maintaining body temperature. • Protection of Internal Organs: Muscles, particularly in the abdominal region, protect internal organs from injury. • Circulation of Blood and Lymph: Cardiac and smooth muscles play roles in circulating blood and lymph throughout the body. 2. Characteristics of Muscles: • Excitability (Responsiveness): Muscles can respond to stimuli (like nerve signals). • Contractility: Muscles can contract or shorten when stimulated. • Extensibility: Muscles can be stretched without damage. • Elasticity: Muscles can return to their original shape after being stretched or contracted. 3. Locations of Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal Muscle: • Smooth Muscle: Found in walls of internal organs (e.g., stomach, intestines, blood vessels). • Cardiac Muscle: Found only in the heart. • Skeletal Muscle: Attached to bones and responsible for voluntary movements. 4. Events of Skeletal Muscle Contraction: 1. Nerve Impulse: A signal is sent from a motor neuron to the muscle. 2. Release of Acetylcholine: The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released into the neuromuscular junction. 3. Muscle Fiber Activation: Acetylcholine stimulates muscle fibers, causing an action potential. 4. Calcium Release: The action potential triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 5. Cross-Bridge Formation: Calcium binds to troponin, moving tropomyosin, which allows myosin heads to attach to actin. 6. Power Stroke: Myosin heads pull actin filaments inward, causing the muscle to contract. 7. Relaxation: ATP breaks the cross-bridge, and the muscle relaxes when calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 5. Isometric vs. Isotonic Contractions: • Isometric Contraction: The muscle generates tension without changing its length (e.g., holding a weight in a fixed position). • Isotonic Contraction: The muscle changes length while generating tension (e.g., lifting a weight). 6. Primary Functions of the Skeletal System: • Support: Provides structural support for the body. • Protection: Shields vital organs (e.g., brain, heart, lungs). • Movement: Works with muscles to allow movement. • Mineral Storage: Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus. • Blood Cell Production: Bone marrow produces blood cells. • Energy Storage: Fat is stored in bone cavities. 7. Parts of a Long Bone: • Diaphysis: The shaft of the bone. • Epiphysis: The ends of the bone. • Metaphysis: Region between the diaphysis and epiphysis. • Medullary Cavity: Hollow cavity inside the diaphysis, containing bone marrow. • Periosteum: Outer membrane covering the bone. • Endosteum: Inner lining of the medullary cavity. 8. Inner and Outer Connective Tissue Linings of a Bone: • Outer: Periosteum. • Inner: Endosteum. 9. Structure of a Flat Bone: • Compact Bone: Dense bone found on the outside. • Spongy Bone: Lighter, less dense bone found inside, filled with red or yellow marrow. • No medullary cavity (unlike long bones). 10. Parts of the Osteon: • Central Canal (Haversian Canal): Contains blood vessels and nerves. • Lamellae: Concentric layers of bone matrix surrounding the central canal. • Lacunae: Small spaces containing osteocytes (bone cells). • Canaliculi: Small channels that connect lacunae and allow for nutrient exchange. 11. How Calcitonin, Calcitriol, and PTH Affect Blood Calcium: • Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity (bone resorption). • Calcitriol: Increases blood calcium by promoting calcium absorption in the intestines and bone resorption. • PTH (Parathyroid Hormone): Raises blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium. 12. Two Forms of Ossification: • Intramembranous Ossification: Bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue (e.g., flat bones of the skull). • Endochondral Ossification: Bone replaces a cartilage model (e.g., long bones). 13. Difference Between Appositional and Interstitial Growth: • Appositional Growth: Increase in bone diameter (growth at the surface). • Interstitial Growth: Increase in bone length (growth from within). 14. Different Joint Types: • Fibrous Joints: Connected by fibrous tissue (e.g., sutures of the skull). • Cartilaginous Joints: Connected by cartilage (e.g., intervertebral discs). • Synovial Joints: Have a fluid-filled joint cavity (e.g., knee, elbow). 15. Components of a Synovial Joint: • Articular Cartilage: Covers the ends of bones. • Synovial Membrane: Lines the joint capsule and produces synovial fluid. • Joint Capsule: Surrounds the joint, providing stability. • Ligaments: Connect bones to other bones. • Synovial Fluid: Lubricates the joint. 16. Hinge Joint Location: • Found in the elbow and knee. 17. Pivot Joint Location: • Found between the first and second cervical vertebrae (atlantoaxial joint). 18. Difference Between a Tendon and a Ligament: • Tendon: Connects muscle to bone. • Ligament: Connects bone to bone. 19. What is a Bursa? • A fluid-filled sac that reduces friction and cushions pressure points between the skin and bones or muscles and bones. 20. Three Types of Arthritis: • Osteoarthritis: Degeneration of joint cartilage and underlying bone, often due to wear and tear. • Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune disease causing inflammation in joints. • Gout: Caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints. 21. Strain vs. Sprain: • A strain is damage to a muscle or tendon, whereas a sprain is damage to a ligament

Flat Bones

BSC1085C: EXAM 2 (CHAPTER 6 & 7)

What is the cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed? Osteocytes What is the primary function of osteoblasts? To build bone What do ligaments attach? Bone to bone What is osteomyelitis? Bone inflammation that results from bacterial infection Which bone cells combine hydroxyapatite and collagen to form extracellular bone matrix? Osteoblasts Name two functions of the skeletal system. Support Protection If a person gets hit in the back of the head, then which bone will suffer? Occipital bone Where is the lambdoidal suture located? Parietal and occipital bones What do we call disease in adults characterized by softening of bones? Osteomalacia Your patient is admitted due to stenosis of the foramen magnum what structure is directly affected by this condition? Spinal cord What is primary mineral in bone? Calcium What are the basic units in compact bone tissue? Osteon or haversian system Which bone cell type is responsible type for breaking down bone? Osteoclast Most common bone disease is osteoporosis. what is the most common consequence? Fractures What chemical synthesized or ingested is necessary for calcium absorption through the intestines. Vitamin D What is the purpose of the proteoglycan molecules in the matrix of cartilage? Gives cartilage resilient nature because it holds water. What is the disease in children characterized by soft bone and swollen bones? Rickets What’s a band of connective tissue that connects muscle to the bone? Tendon What is the other name for shoulder blade? Scapula Which type of bone cell have ruffled borders and secrete acids? Osteoclasts Which type of bone cells lie in the lacunae? Osteocytes What is a passageway that connects neighboring osteocytes in osteon? Canaliculi What are the blood vessels that carry blood in the medulla cavity in the periosteum and run perpendicular to the bone? Volkman’s canals What is the carrying out surface of the bone called? Periosteum What type of lamellae are found in osteons? Concentric lamellae What type of bone has trabeculae be present in? Spongy or cancellous bone What is the function of red bone marrow? Blood cell production What is the cite of long terminal growth in long bones? Epiphyseal plates What do we call end of long bone? Epiphysis What does normal bone growth require adequate amounts in the diet? Calcium, phosphate, and vitamin d What is the sequence of events that produces growth in epiphyseal growth? Bone remodeling Where is the sagittal suture found? Between two parietal bones What type of joints is found in the appendicular skeleton? Synovial joints The cubital joint or the elbow is an example of what type of joint? Hinge joint. The knee joint is an example of what type of joint? Complex ellipsoid Questions asking about abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, etc. What results from the failure of the maxillary bones that failed to fuse Cleft palate Which portion of coxal bone does a person sit on? Ischial tuberosity Common name for sternum Breastbone The lateral malleolus is part of which bone Fibula Your patient is an avid runner and they complain about pain on their greater trochanter region. Where is it located? Femur What is the coxal bone known as? Hip bone. Which cranial bone forms eyebrow ridges Frontal What is an exaggerated region of the lumbar region? Lordosis What is an abnormal of lateral curvature of spine? Scoliosis What is the 1st cervical vertebrae? Atlas If your patient presented with a tumor in the posterior orbit what would be affected? Vision Patient that presents with a fractured mandible has a broken what? Lower jaw If new chondrocytes and new matrix is added on outside of tissue, what type of growth is it? Appositional growth Your patient has been diagnosed with a fracture of the dens. Which bone is affected? The axis Which fibers are collagen fibers that connect ligaments and tendons throughout the periosteum of the bone? Sharpey’s fibers What is the bone fracture in which the two bone sections do not separate? Hairline fracture Some flat and irregular bones of the skull have air filled spaces. What are these called? Sinus The flat bones of the skull develop from what type of formation. Intramembranous ossification Bowing your head is an example of what type of movement. Flexion What do we call the articulation of the teeth in the upper and lower jaws. Gomphosis What substance is responsible for slippery synovial fluid? Hyaluronic acid Which ligament is found at the head of the femur? The ligamentum teres Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces posterior? Pronation What’s the most common type of arthritis? Osteoarthritis Which ligaments help keep the head erect? Ligamentum nuchae What’s the condition in which there is failure for vertebral lamellae to fuse? Spina bifida In what way are the thumb and big toe similar? Two phalanges only proximal and distal If your patient present with cerebral spinal fluid draining from ear where is there probably fracture located Temporal What results from damage to a nucleus fibrosus and a release of nucleus pulposus? Herniated discs What do we call the connective tissue sheath of cartilage? Perichondrium What is weight bearing ability of bone matrix due to the presence of Hydroxyapatite crystals In osteogenesis imperfecta the cause would be abnormally formed what Collagen The proportion of what determines the strength of the bone. Collagen to hydroxyapatite What type of bone is organized into thin sheets of tissue? Compact lamellar bones Which kind of bone contains interconnected plates called trabeculae Spongy bone What is the function of yellow bone marrow? Store adipose tissue or fat. What is proper event sequence in bone repair? Hematoma formation Callous formation Callus Ossification Bone remodeling What happens when bones adjust to stress or when bones grow or fractures heal Bone-remodeling You have a young boy as a patient and exhibited advanced development of sexual characteristics and rapid growth. What caused it. Testosterone secretion If an x-ray shows a black area of the epiphyseal plate what has happened Not completely calcified. What do we call the location where ossification begins in intramembranous ossification? Primary centers of ossification In which type of articulation are bones held together by ligaments called interosseous membranes Syndesmosis What is the function of bursa? Minimizes friction and acts as cushion. What provides smooth surface where bones meet? Articular or hyaline cartilage What do we call an abnormal forced extension beyond normal range of movement? Hyperextension Bones and their function Your patient is diagnosed with pituitary tumor. Where is the tumor located? Cella Turcica bone What do we call the junction of two pubic bones? Pubic symphysis What do we call the Olecranon process? Elbow If your patient was rear ended the trauma is what Whiplash Common is the name for patella The kneecap

Chapter 6: Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones

flat bones, compact bones, spongy bones diagrams

Chapter 6: Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System

Flat Bones