Chapter 6: Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System

epiphysis

epiphysis

Each ________ meets the diaphysis at the metaphysis, the narrow area that contains the epiphyseal plate (growth plate), a layer of hyaline (transparent) cartilage in a growing bone.

somemotion

Provide stability, support, while allowing for ________.

nutrient foramen

The arteries enter through the ________ (plural= foramina), small openings in the diaphysis.

long cytoplasmic processes

They can communicate with each other and receive nutrients via ________ that extend through canaliculi (singular= canaliculus), channels within the bone matrix.

Blood vessels

________ and nerves enter the bone through the nutrient foramen.

proliferation

Stimulates osteoclast ________ and resorption of bone by osteoclasts; promotesreabsorption of calcium by kidney tubules; indirectly increases calcium absorption by small intestine.

inflammation

Reduces ________ that may interfere with osteoblast function.

synthesis of bone

Stimulates bone growth and promotes ________ matrix.

Increases length of long bones

________, enhances mineralization, and improves bone density.

hard compact bone

The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and ________.

Bone

or osseous tissue, is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the support structure of the body.

skeletal system

is the body system composed of bones and cartilage

Yellow marrow

contains adipose tissue; the triglycerides stored in the adipocytes of the tissue can serve as a source of energy.

Red marrow

is where hematopoiesis—the production of blood cells—takes place.

A long bone has two parts

the diaphysis and the epiphysis

The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the periosteum (peri

= "around" or "surrounding")

Fractures

Bone Repair

Calcium Homeostasis

Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems

Hypo

or hypercalcemia occurs when this level is not maintained

long bone

is one that is cylindrical in shape, being longer than it is wide.

short bone

is one that is cube-like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness.

flat bone

• is somewhat of a misnomer because, although a flat bone is typically thin, it is also often curved.

irregular bone

is one that does not have any easily characterized shape and therefore does not fit any other classification.

sesamoid bone

is a small, round bone that, as the name suggests, is shaped like a sesame seed.

diaphysis and epiphysis

A long bone has two parts

medullary cavity

The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the ___ which is filled with yellow marrow.

compact bone

• The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard

endosteum

The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the

articulation

is where two bone surfaces come together (articulus = “joint”).

projection

is an area of a bone that projects above the surface of the bone.

hole

is an opening or groove in the bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter the bone.

osteoblast

is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone and is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and endosteum.

lacuna

Each osteocyte is located in a space called a

osteocyte

the primary cell of mature bone and the most common type of bone cell.

osteon

The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an

spongy bone

also known as cancellous bone

trabeculae

the lacunae and osteocytes are found in a lattice-like network of matrix spikes called__ (singular = trabecula).

nutrient foramen

The arteries enter through the ___ (plural = foramina), small openings in the diaphysis.

intramembranous ossification

, compact and spongy bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue.

ossification center

Although they will ultimately be spread out by the formation of bone tissue, early osteoblasts appear in a cluster called an

reserve zone

is the region closest to the epiphyseal end of the plate and contains small chondrocytes within the matrix.

proliferative zone

is the next layer toward the diaphysis and contains stacks of slightly larger chondrocytes.

zone of calcified matrix

Most of the chondrocytes in the ___ the zone closest to the diaphysis, are dead because the matrix around them has calcified.

epiphyseal line

All that remains of the epiphyseal plate is the

fracture

is a broken bone

closed reduction

When a broken bone is manipulated and set into its natural position without surgery, the procedure is called a

Open reduction

requires surgery to expose the fracture and reset the bone.

fracture hematoma

The blood begins to clot, and about six to eight hours after the fracture, the clotting blood has formed a

Hypocalcemia

a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium, can have an adverse effect on a number of different body systems including circulation, muscles, nerves, and bone.

hypercalcemia

a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium, the nervous system is underactive, which results in lethargy, sluggish reflexes, constipation and loss of appetite, confusion, and in severe cases, coma.