To fall down= a cădea de pe ceva” sau „a scădea a se diminua

PUSH DOWN AUTOMATA

Why pagodas don't fall down

Tile/paper the walls - położyć kafelki/ tapetę na sciane Give sb notice to quit their flat- wręczyć komuś nakaz opuszczenia mieszkania Lease runs for / runs out in - najem jest ważny przez / kończy się w Let out a house / flat - wynająć komuś dom/ mieszkanie Provide a guarantor/ references - wskazać poręczyciela/ dostarczyć referencje Sign a lease - podpisać umowę najmu Sublet - podnajmować Take (in) a lodger - przyjac sublokatora Take on a high rent - wziąć na siebie płacenie wysokiego czynszu Tenant - lokator Terminate a contract - rozwiązać umowę Terms of a lease - warunki umowy najmu Apply for/ take out/ secure a mortgage - ubiegać się o / wziąć/ zapewnić sobie kredyt hipoteczny Be gazumped- zostać przebitym Close the deal on sth - zawrzeć umowę czegoś Exchange contracts - sfinalizować umowę kupna sprzedaży nieruchomości Factor in the full / additional costs - uwzględnić wszystkie / dodatkowe koszty Get a survey done - zamówić ekspertyzę Go/ fall through - dojść/ nie dojść do skutku High demand for properties - duży popyt na nieruchomości Housing association - wspólnota mieszkaniowa Pay stamp duty - zapłacić opłatę skarbową Repossess a house - odebrać dom osobie nie spłacającej rat kredytu hipotecznego The property is under offer - ktoś złożył ofertę na zakup tej nieruchomości Declutter - pozbyć się nie potrzebnych rzeczy Dismantle the furniture - demontować meble Fixtures and fittings- osprzęt i wyposażenie Fragile/ breakable items - delikatne - kruche przedmioty Housewarming (Party) - parapetówka Lug boxes up and down the stairs - wnosić pudła w górę / dół po schodach Redirect your mail - przekierować pocztę Sturdy/ heavy-duty moving boxes - wytrzymałe kartony do przeprowadzki Use a (long term ) storage facility- korzystać z przechowywani (długoterminowej) Concrete - beton Cornerstone- kamień węgielny Draw up plans - sporządzać plany Flagstone - płyta chodnikowa Flight on stairs/ steps - kondygnacja schodów Insulation - izolacja/ ocieplenie budynku Landscape architecture - architektura krajobrazu Lay the foundations - kłaść fundamenty Marble- marmur Oversee a project - nadzorować projekt Planning permission / consent - pozwolenie na budowę Plot (of land ) - działka Sewage system - kanalizacja Slate / roof tile - dachówka Stairway - klatka schodowa Timber / lumber - drewno Under construction - w budowie Wiring - instalacja elektryczna Chamber - Komnata Dome - kopuła Edifice - gmach Passage - korytarz Post - słup Temple - świątynia Walkway - Kładka Dimensions - wymiary Cracked plaster - pęknięty tynk ill- fitting shutters/ windows frame - źle dopasowane okiennice / ramy okienne Leaky pipe - nieszczelna rura Rising damp - wilgoć podciągająca od ziemi

Phrasal verb THPT Look Look after: chăm sóc Look at: nhìn vào Look back on : hồi tưởng Look into : điều tra,xem xét Look up : tra cứu Look for : tìm kiếm Look up to : tôn trọng,ngưỡng mộ Look down on: coi thường Look on : đứng xem,quan sát Look around: nhìn xung quanh Look ahead : nhìn về tương la Look through: xem lướt qua Look over: xem qua,kiểm tra nhanh Look out : cẩn thận Look out for: cảnh giác,để MAKE Make up : trang điểm,bịa chuyện,chiếm,làm hoà Make up for: đền bù Make out : hiểu ra

4- Down Syndrome

Stats to have down ch. 8

About Mercury: Founded in 1961, Mercury Insurance is a leading provider of auto, home, renters, and business insurance, serving California and several other states. Renowned for its competitive rates and exceptional customer service, Mercury has earned multiple accolades, including recognition as one of “America’s Best Midsize Employers” by Forbes and one of “America’s Greatest Workplaces for Mental Wellbeing” by Newsweek. The company partners with independent agents and offers a range of discounts for policy bundling, safe driving, and vehicle safety features. Mercury's Core Values: We do the Right Thing – We put people first. We treat people the way we want to be treated. We Own It – We act with initiative and passion, balancing decisiveness, and attention to detail to drive results. We Seek a Better Way – We are explorers discovering new paths forward. We overcome challenges with bold and creative solutions and learn from every step. We Move Quickly – We move with Mercurian speed. We swiftly put ideas into action and rapidly adapt in a changing world. Here are some quick, fun facts about Mercury Insurance: The "Mercurian" Name Origin: The company was named after the Roman god Mercury, the swift-footed messenger of the gods. This is exactly where their core value of "Mercurian speed" comes from—meaning they take pride in moving fast, adapting quickly, and putting ideas into action smoothly. A True California Pioneer: Founded in 1961 by a man named George Joseph, Mercury started as a tiny operation in California. Today, it is one of the most dominant, leading providers of auto and home insurance in the entire state, alongside its expansion into several other states. The $1,000 Start: Legend has it that the founder, George Joseph, started the company with just six employees and about $1,000 of his own savings. He went on to lead the company for decades, becoming one of the oldest and longest-serving CEOs in corporate history before passing away recently. Double-Award Winner: They aren't just an insurance powerhouse; they are officially recognized as a top-tier place to work. They hold titles as one of "America’s Best Midsize Employers" by Forbes and one of "America’s Greatest Workplaces for Mental Wellbeing" by Newsweek. The Independent Agent Champions: While many massive carriers have shifted completely to automated, direct-to-consumer online selling, Mercury has fiercely championed the human element. They partner heavily with independent agents and brokers, believing that local, expert relationships are the best way to write smart, personal business. Here are the direct duties and responsibilities for a Commercial Auto & Fleet Underwriter broken down into simple, real-world terms: Evaluating "MVRs" (Motor Vehicle Reports): You pull and analyze the driving records of all the employees listed on the business policy. You are looking for red flags like DUIs, reckless driving, or too many speeding tickets to ensure the drivers are safe to be on the road. Analyzing Vehicle Use and Radius: You determine exactly how the vehicles are being used and where they are going. For example, a local plumber driving a pickup truck within a 15-mile radius is a much lower risk than a delivery van driving hundreds of miles a day in heavy stop-and-go city traffic. Assessing Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW): You look at the size and weight of the business vehicles. A massive, heavy-duty dump truck or a semi-truck can cause significantly more damage in an accident than a standard sedan, meaning it requires higher coverage limits and precise pricing. Reviewing Fleet Loss Runs: For businesses with multiple vehicles (a fleet), you look at their multi-year claims history. You calculate the "frequency" (how often they get into accidents) versus the "severity" (how expensive the accidents are) to see if the business has a safe driving culture. Verifying Business Classification: You make sure the business is classified correctly under company guidelines. Insuring a catering van is a completely different risk level than insuring a vehicle used for emergency towing services. How to say this naturally on Monday Commercial Underwriting (Auto & Fleet): "At GEICO, my commercial focus was specifically on Commercial Auto and Fleet underwriting. On a daily basis, I was responsible for looking at driver MVRs, evaluating how far and how often these business vehicles were traveling, and analyzing their multi-year loss runs. My goal was to make sure that the premium we charged accurately matched the real-world risk of those vehicles being out on the road." What Does a Commercial Underwriter Do? In short, a commercial underwriter evaluates the risk of insuring businesses rather than individuals. They protect the insurance company's financial bottom line by deciding which businesses are safe to insure and how much those businesses should pay for their policies. Their day-to-day responsibilities include: Analyzing Business Operations: They review what a company actually does (e.g., Is it a restaurant? A construction company? A retail store?) to understand the unique safety hazards involved. Reviewing Financial Statements: They look at a business’s balance sheets, revenue, and financial health to ensure the company is stable and not a moral hazard or a bankruptcy risk. Analyzing Loss Runs (Claims History): They look at a company's past insurance claims to see if there is a pattern of frequent accidents, lawsuits, or safety issues. Pricing and Guidelines: They apply corporate and state guidelines to calculate appropriate premiums, set coverage limits, or add specific exclusions to a policy. What is a Broker: Their main job is to shop around the entire market to find the best coverage and pricing for their client's specific risk profile. Here is a quick, conversational breakdown of what they do, their responsibilities, and how they interact with you as an underwriter: Core Responsibilities of a Broker Shopping the Market: They analyze their client's needs and gather quotes from multiple different insurance carriers to compare coverages and rates. Risk Assessment & Consultation: They review a client’s assets or business operations to figure out what kind of exposures they have and advise them on how much coverage they actually need. Policy Management: They help clients fill out applications, handle policy renewals, process endorsements (changes to the policy), and sometimes help navigate the claims process if something goes wrong. Fiduciary Duty: Because they represent the client, they have a legal and ethical duty to act in the client's best interest, not the insurance company's. Why do you feel you're a great candidate for Mercury Insurance and why? "I’m a great candidate because I already understand the day-to-day rhythm of managing a profitable personal lines book and partnering with independent agents. My time at State Farm and GEICO taught me how to balance sharp attention to detail with the data-driven decisiveness needed to truly own it when making risk decisions. Because of my fast-paced background, I naturally operate with that Mercurian speed, making accurate choices without sacrificing quality. At the same time, my communication background ensures I always do the right thing by putting people first and maintaining diplomatic relationships with our agents. Ultimately, you’re getting someone who can step into this remote role on day one, align with your values, and immediately help drive results

Everything! Topics 1-6 cut down

LESSON 3. LATE BLOOMERS LET THEIR HAIR DOWN

Unit 12: Relationships: ups and downs

forensic psychology top down bottom up

Drohne

chuỗi 10 🏆🏆🏆 Halfway down the road

Study Guide Module 2 MODULE 2 STUDY GUIDE The Integumentary System ⸻ CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Components of the Integumentary System The integumentary system consists of: * Skin * Hair * Nails * Sweat glands * Sebaceous glands The skin is the largest organ in the body. Functions of the Integumentary System 1. Protection 2. Sensation 3. Thermoregulation 4. Vitamin D synthesis 5. Communication ⸻ CHAPTER 2: LAYERS OF THE SKIN The skin has two major layers: Epidermis * Superficial layer * Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium * Avascular Dermis * Deeper layer * Connective tissue * Contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles Hypodermis * Not technically part of the skin * Also called subcutaneous layer * Contains adipose tissue Functions: * Energy storage * Cushioning * Insulation * Anchoring skin ⸻ CHAPTER 3: EPIDERMIS Cell Types Keratinocytes * Most abundant cells * Produce keratin Melanocytes * Produce melanin * Protect against UV radiation Tactile (Merkel) Cells * Touch receptors Dendritic Cells * Immune defense * Phagocytize pathogens ⸻ EPIDERMAL LAYERS Deep → Superficial Stratum Basale * Deepest layer * Single layer of cuboidal cells * Contains stem cells * Contains melanocytes * Contains tactile cells * Site of mitosis Stratum Spinosum * 8–10 layers thick * Contains dendritic cells * Connected by desmosomes Stratum Granulosum * 3–5 layers * Keratinization begins * Cells flatten * Organelles begin breaking down Stratum Lucidum * Only in thick skin * Palms and soles * Dead transparent cells Stratum Corneum * 15–30 layers * Dead keratinized cells * Protection from abrasion * Prevents dehydration ⸻ THICK VS THIN SKIN Thick Skin Found on: * Palms * Soles Contains: * Stratum lucidum Thin Skin Found everywhere else Does not contain: * Stratum lucidum ⸻ EPIDERMAL WATER BARRIER Located between: * Stratum spinosum * Stratum granulosum Functions: * Waterproofing * Prevents dehydration * Prevents excess water entry Components: 1. Filaggrin 2. Lamellar proteins 3. Lamellar lipids 4. Tight junction proteins ⸻ CHAPTER 4: DERMIS Made of connective tissue. Papillary Layer Contains: * Areolar connective tissue * Dermal papillae * Capillaries * Tactile corpuscles (Meissner corpuscles) Function: * Light touch sensation Reticular Layer Contains: * Dense irregular connective tissue * Hair follicles * Sweat glands * Sebaceous glands * Arrector pili muscles * Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles Function: * Deep pressure * Vibration sensation ⸻ DERMAL FIBERS Collagen Provides: * Strength * Support * Water retention Elastin Provides: * Elasticity * Stretching ability ⸻ CHAPTER 5: PIGMENTATION Melanin Produced by: * Melanocytes Functions: * Skin color * UV protection Effects of UV Exposure UV stimulates: * Keratinocytes * Melanocytes Result: * Increased melanin production * Tanning ⸻ Disorders of Pigmentation Albinism Cause: * Lack of melanin production Effects: * Pale skin * Light sensitivity * Increased skin cancer risk Vitiligo Cause: * Loss of melanocyte activity Effects: * White patches on skin ⸻ CHAPTER 6: FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN Protection Protects against: * Microorganisms * Chemicals * UV radiation * Water loss * Physical trauma Dermicidin: * Antimicrobial substance in sweat ⸻ Sensory Function Skin detects: * Touch * Pain * Temperature * Pressure * Vibration Receptors Meissner Corpuscles * Light touch Pacinian Corpuscles * Deep pressure * Vibration Tactile Cells * Touch Hair Root Plexus * Detects hair movement ⸻ Thermoregulation When Body Is Hot Blood vessels: * Dilate Sweat glands: * Increase secretion Result: * Cooling When Body Is Cold Blood vessels: * Constrict Result: * Conserves heat Can lead to: * Frostbite ⸻ Vitamin D Synthesis UV exposure stimulates vitamin D production. Vitamin D helps: * Calcium absorption * Bone health * Immune function Deficiency causes: Rickets Children Osteomalacia Adults ⸻ Communication Examples: * Facial expressions * Goosebumps * Sweating * Hair patterns ⸻ CHAPTER 7: HAIR Hair Structure Hair Shaft Visible portion Hair Root Embedded portion Hair Follicle Surrounds root Hair Bulb Growth region Hair Matrix Mitotic cells Hair Papilla Blood supply ⸻ Hair Layers 1. Medulla 2. Cortex 3. Cuticle ⸻ Hair Functions * Protection * Thermoregulation * Sensation * Communication ⸻ Hair Growth Average: * 0.3 mm/day Normal loss: * About 50 hairs/day ⸻ Hair Color Determined by: * Melanin Gray hair: * Reduced melanin production ⸻ Arrector Pili Muscle Functions: * Causes goosebumps * Helps retain heat Controlled by: * Sympathetic nervous system ⸻ Alopecia Definition: * Hair loss Pattern baldness: * Hormonal and genetic ⸻ CHAPTER 8: NAILS Functions: * Protection * Support for grasping Structures: * Nail body * Nail root * Nail matrix * Nail bed * Lunula * Cuticle (eponychium) * Hyponychium ⸻ CHAPTER 9: GLANDS Eccrine Sweat Glands Location: * Most of body Functions: * Thermoregulation Secrete: * Water * Salt * Waste products ⸻ Apocrine Sweat Glands Location: * Armpits * Genital regions Characteristics: * Empty into hair follicles * Produce odor after bacterial breakdown ⸻ Sebaceous Glands Produce: * Sebum Functions: * Lubricates skin * Waterproofs skin * Prevents drying * Antibacterial effects ⸻ CHAPTER 10: SKIN CANCER Basal Cell Carcinoma Origin: * Stratum basale Characteristics: * Most common * Least likely to metastasize ⸻ Squamous Cell Carcinoma Origin: * Stratum spinosum Characteristics: * More aggressive * Can metastasize ⸻ Melanoma Origin: * Melanocytes Characteristics: * Most deadly * Highly metastatic ABCDE Rule A = Asymmetry B = Border irregularity C = Color variation D = Diameter > 6 mm E = Evolving ⸻ CHAPTER 11: SKIN DISORDERS Eczema Symptoms: * Dry skin * Itching * Rash * Inflammation Treatment: * Moisturizers * Corticosteroids ⸻ Acne Cause: * Excess sebum * Keratin buildup * Bacterial infection Common locations: * Face * Chest * Back ⸻ CHAPTER 12: WOUND HEALING Steps: 1. Clot Formation Stops bleeding 2. Scab Formation 3. Fibroblast Activity Produces collagen 4. Capillary Growth 5. Epidermal Repair ⸻ CHAPTER 13: BURNS First-Degree Burn Damage: * Epidermis only Symptoms: * Redness * Pain ⸻ Second-Degree Burn Damage: * Epidermis + part of dermis Symptoms: * Blisters * Swelling * Pain ⸻ Third-Degree Burn Damage: * Epidermis * Dermis * Hypodermis Characteristics: * Nerve destruction * Often painless initially * Requires grafting ⸻ Rule of Nines Head and neck = 9% Each arm = 9% Each leg = 18% Trunk = 36% Genitalia = 1% ⸻ CHAPTER 14: SCARS Scar Tissue Produced by: * Fibroblasts Contains: * Collagen Lacks: * Hair follicles * Sweat glands * Sebaceous glands ⸻ Keloid Raised scar due to excessive collagen Atrophic Scar Sunken scar Examples: * Acne scars * Chickenpox scars ⸻ CHAPTER 15: PRESSURE AND FRICTION INJURIES Bedsores Cause: * Prolonged pressure Result: * Reduced blood flow * Tissue death ⸻ Stretch Marks Cause: * Rapid growth * Pregnancy * Weight gain ⸻ Calluses Cause: * Repeated friction Result: * Thickened epidermis ⸻ Corns Specialized calluses ⸻ Blisters Cause: * Friction Result: * Fluid accumulation between skin layers ⸻ CHAPTER 16: AGING AND THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Changes: Epidermis * Thinner * Slower cell division Dermis * Less collagen * Less elastin * Slower healing Hypodermis * Fat redistribution * Less cushioning Hair * Thinner * Grayer Nails * Slower growth * More brittle Glands * Less sweat * Less sebum Skin * Wrinkles * Sagging * Dryness ⸻ HIGH-YIELD EXAM FACTS Epidermal Layers Basale → Spinosum → Granulosum → Lucidum → Corneum Touch Receptors * Meissner = Light touch * Pacinian = Pressure/Vibration Pigment Cell * Melanocyte Immune Cell * Dendritic Cell Touch Cell * Merkel (Tactile) Cell Cancer Origins * Basal Cell Carcinoma = Stratum Basale * Squamous Cell Carcinoma = Stratum Spinosum * Melanoma = Melanocytes Sweat Glands * Eccrine = Cooling * Apocrine = Odor Burn Depths * 1st = Epidermis * 2nd = Epidermis + Dermis * 3rd = Epidermis + Dermis + Hypodermis Vitamin D Deficiency * Rickets * Osteomalacia This should cover essentially all of the major concepts from the four readings and is the type of material most likely to appear on a Module 2 Anatomy & Physiology exam

Down Syndrome

1. Cell Transport Brownian Movement Definition: Random movement of particles caused by their inherent kinetic energy. Occurs above freezing temperatures. Passive process (requires no energy/ATP). Responsible for constant molecular motion. Diffusion Definition: Movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Passive transport Moves down the concentration gradient No energy required Facilitated Diffusion Definition: Diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane using membrane proteins. Passive transport High → Low concentration Only certain substances can pass Filtration Definition: Movement of water and dissolved substances through a membrane from higher pressure to lower pressure. Driven by pressure differences Dialysis Definition: Separation of small molecules from larger molecules. Used in dialysis machines Not a normal transport process in the body 2. Active Transport Active Transport Definition: Transport requiring cellular energy (ATP). Endocytosis ("Into the Cell") Phagocytosis Cell Eating Engulfs solid particles Example: White blood cells engulfing bacteria Pinocytosis Cell Drinking Engulfs fluids Exocytosis Definition: Movement of substances out of the cell. 3. Epithelial Tissue Characteristics Covers body surfaces Lines organs and cavities Cells are tightly packed High mitotic rate Connected to connective tissue by a basement membrane Classification by Shape Shape Name Flat Squamous Cube-shaped Cuboidal Tall/elongated Columnar Classification by Layers Layers Name One layer Simple Two or more layers Stratified Example: Simple Columnar Epithelium = One layer of elongated cells 4. Connective Tissue Components Connective tissue contains: Cells Fibers Ground substance Fibers + Ground Substance = Matrix Loose Connective Tissue Areolar Tissue Supports organs Widely spaced fibers Adipose Tissue Fat tissue Insulation Energy storage Reticular Tissue Found in lymph nodes and spleen Acts as a filtering framework Dense Connective Tissue Dense Regular Fibers run in one direction Found in: Tendons Ligaments Aponeuroses Dense Irregular Fibers run in multiple directions Found in: Dermis of skin Elastic Connective Tissue Allows stretching Found in: Walls of arteries Elastic structures 5. Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Found in: Articular cartilage (joint surfaces) Costal cartilage (ribs) Fibrocartilage Strongest cartilage Found in: Intervertebral discs Pubic symphysis Meniscus of knee Elastic Cartilage Provides flexibility Found in: External ear 6. Skin (Integumentary System) Epidermal Cells Keratinocytes Produce keratin Waterproofing protein Melanocytes Produce melanin Protect from UV radiation Langerhans Cells Immune defense Fight infection Merkel Cells Touch receptors 7. Layers of the Epidermis Deepest → Most Superficial Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum (only thick skin) Stratum Corneum Thick Skin Found on: Palms Soles Contains: Stratum Lucidum Dead Layers Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum Filled with keratin. 8. Skin Glands Sudoriferous Glands Sweat glands Eccrine glands Apocrine glands Sebaceous Glands Produce sebum (oil) Ceruminous Glands Produce earwax Mammary Glands Modified sweat glands Produce milk 9. Skeletal System Upper Extremity Humerus Arm bone Radius Lateral forearm bone Thumb side Ulna Medial forearm bone Forms elbow joint Carpals Wrist bones 8 bones Metacarpals Hand bones Phalanges Finger bones Thumb: 2 phalanges Other fingers: 3 phalanges Pelvis Ilium Superior portion Pubis Anterior portion Ischium Posterior/inferior portion "Sit bones" Lower Extremity Femur Thigh bone Tibia Shin bone Medial Fibula Lateral lower leg bone Tarsals Ankle bones Metatarsals Foot bones Phalanges Toe bones Big toe: 2 phalanges Other toes: 3 phalanges High-Yield Exam Questions 1. What is Brownian movement? Random movement of particles caused by kinetic energy. 2. Does diffusion require energy? No. It is passive transport. 3. Difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion? Facilitated diffusion requires a selectively permeable membrane protein. 4. What is phagocytosis? Cell eating (engulfing solids). 5. What is pinocytosis? Cell drinking (engulfing fluids). 6. Which epithelial tissue has one layer of column-shaped cells? Simple columnar epithelium. 7. What is the matrix of connective tissue? Fibers + ground substance. 8. Which cartilage is found in intervertebral discs? Fibrocartilage. 9. Which epidermal cells produce melanin? Melanocytes. 10. What are the five epidermal layers? Basale → Spinosum → Granulosum → Lucidum → Corneum. 11. Which bone is on the thumb side of the forearm? Radius. 12. Which bone forms the shin? Tibia. 13. What are the wrist bones called? Carpals. 14. What are the ankle bones called? Tarsals. 15. What are the hand and foot bones called? Metacarpals and Metatarsals. Quick Memorization Tips Pino = Sip → Pinocytosis = cell drinking Phago = Eat → Phagocytosis = cell eating Radius = Radio to Thumb → Radius is lateral Simple = One Layer Stratified = Many Layers Melanocytes = Melanin Keratinocytes = Keratin Sebaceous = Sebum (Oil) Sudoriferous = Sweat Carpals = Wrist Tarsals = Ankle This covers the major concepts your instructor specifically reviewed for the exam

The top-down approach

Phrasal verbs (down)

Break down food