Results for "Cotton Gin"

Early US Politics and Economy

TIMELINE ### Early History Transatlantic Slave Trade: Millions of Africans enslaved; built US economy, fueled racial hierarchy. ### 18th Century 1790: 6 slave states. 1794: Cotton gin invented. ### 19th Century 1818: Frederick Douglass born. 1865: Slavery ended (13th Amend.); "evolved" into Black Codes. Reconstruction: 14th (citizenship), 15th (voting) Amends. Lynching Era: Widespread racial terror. ### Early 20th Century 1926: Pacific Beach Club for Black Americans burned by white opposition. 1930s: Redlining denied loans to Black neighborhoods. ### Mid-20th Century Post-WWII: White suburbanization/GI Bill excluded Black families. OC/Little Texas: Housing discrimination segregated communities. Blockbusting: Exploited racism for real estate. ### Civil Rights Era 1950s-70s: Movement fought segregation, secured rights. 1960s-70s: "Culture of Poverty" myth blamed Black individuals. 1964: California Prop 14 legalized housing discrimination. 1967: Reitman v. Mulkey struck down Prop 14. Leaders: MLK (nonviolence), Malcolm X (self-defense). Black Power: Self-determination (Black Panthers, community programs)

Native Americans Organized by tribe. Geography influences culture for various groups. Northwest Coast Pacific ocean, whales, totem poles, log homes. Southwest Desert and canyons, cliff homes. Great Plains Buffalo, teepee homes made of animal hide. Eastern Woodland Long houses or other wood homes, Iroquois nation, 5 civilized tribes. Farmed the Three Sisters - beans, corn and squash. Animism Religious belief that there are spirits in inanimate objects (mountains, rivers, animals). Columbian Exchange Transfer of biological material (animals, plants and disease) between the New World and Europe during the age of exploration. Jamestown Settled by businessmen from England who sought to make money by growing and selling tobacco. Massachusetts Bay Settled by Puritans from England who were seeking religious freedom for themselves. New England Colonies Influenced by good harbors, abundant forests, rocky soil, and a short growing season. Middle Colonies Culturally diverse, bread-basket because of grain farming. Southern Colonies Provided agricultural products that were processed in the North and in Europe. Triangular Trade Led directly to the increased importation of enslaved Africans to the Western Hemisphere. Middle Passage The journey of slaves from Africa to the new world. British Mercantilism Economic policy used by the British in which the American Colonies served as a source of raw materials and a market to sell goods. French and Indian War Caused by disputed land claims in the Ohio River valley between the French and the British. Virginia House of Burgesses Early colonial efforts in self-government contributing to the development of representative democracy. Mayflower Compact Early colonial efforts in self-government contributing to the development of representative democracy. Town Hall Meetings Early colonial efforts in self-government contributing to the development of representative democracy. Albany Plan of Union Early attempt to unify American colonies but under British rule. Declaration of Independence States the colonial grievances against British rule and was written by Thomas Jefferson. John Locke's theory of natural rights Power to govern belongs to the people ('consent of the governed'). Bill of Rights Both documents support limitations on governmental power and stress the importance of individual liberty. NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION Many colonists believed they could not be taxed by the British because they had no representatives in the British government, which means that the British did not have the consent of the governed. Thomas Paine Published Common Sense which was influential in persuading American colonists to support colonial independence from Britain. Convinced many Americans who had been undecided about declaring independence from Britain. Response to Mercantilist Policies Committees of Correspondence/Non-importation Agreements/Boston Tea Party First Continental Congress. Sugar and Stamp Acts Tax foreign molasses and printed material. Quartering Act Requires colonists to house and feed British soldiers. Townshend Acts Taxes imported goods and tea. Boston Massacre Five people killed by British soldiers. Revolutionary War Begins shortly after the signing of the Declaration of Independence. American Colonies Win the war and independence with the help of familiar land and foreign aid from France. Mississippi River Became the western boundary of the U.S. at the end of the Revolutionary War. Articles of Confederation First form of government used by the U.S. after independence from Britain. The first plan of union for the original 13 states. Decentralized Political System Power is broken up and divided among many groups, not unified. Problems and Weaknesses of Articles Largely unsuccessful at solving many major problems because most powers remained with the state governments. Congress Depended on the states for men and money to support an army. The federal government could not enforce its laws. States' Powers Had the power to collect taxes, coin money, and control trade. Success of the Articles Provided a system for governing the Western territories and a process for admitting new states to the union. Constitutional Convention (1787) Major American delegates meet in Philadelphia to correct the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. Shays' Rebellion (1786) Significant because it convinced many Americans of the need for a stronger national government. Exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. Bicameral Legislature Created a legislature with two houses that write and vote on laws. Three-Fifths Compromise Determined that 3/5 of the slave population would be counted for representation in the House. U.S. Constitution A statement of rules and procedures for governing the U.S. Sovereignty Derived from the consent of the governed (only the citizens give the government the power to rule). Democracy A government for the people by the people. A democracy must have citizen participation in government. Democratic Government A government characterized by a free and open election process. Republican Government A government in which representatives are elected by the people. Division of Power The concept included in the Constitution to prevent unlimited government power through federalism, checks & balances, and separation of powers. Federalism The division of powers between the national and state government. Legislative Branch The branch of government that includes Congress (House of Representatives and Senate) which proposes, writes, votes on laws, and approves treaties. Executive Branch The branch of government that includes the President of the U.S. and his cabinet. Judicial Branch The branch of government that includes federal courts and the Supreme Court. Marbury v. Madison A landmark case that established judicial review and strengthened the Judiciary branch of the U.S. Checks & Balances A system where each branch of government checks the others to ensure no one branch has too much power. Impeachment The process by which the President can be removed from office by trial conducted by Congress. Veto The power of the President to reject a bill passed by Congress. Override of Veto The process by which Congress can pass a bill despite a presidential veto, requiring a two-thirds vote of both houses. Elastic Clause A clause that allows Congress to pass laws necessary and proper to fulfill its duties, broadening its power. Judicial Review The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional. Electoral College The body that elects the President of the U.S. based on electoral votes from each state, not a popular vote. George Washington The first President of the U.S. who set precedents for future presidents and issued the Proclamation of Neutrality. Whiskey Rebellion A rebellion in western Pennsylvania against a new excise tax, which Washington suppressed using state militia. Farewell Address A speech by Washington urging the U.S. to avoid European conflicts and alliances. Louisiana Purchase (1803) The acquisition of the Louisiana Territory by Thomas Jefferson, which contradicted his strict interpretation of the Constitution. Mississippi River Control The goal of the Louisiana Purchase to secure U.S. control of the Mississippi River for trade. Ohio River Valley The region whose farmers gained the greatest economic benefit from the Louisiana Purchase. Westward Expansion The focus of the U.S. following the Louisiana Purchase, promoting settlement and development of western territories. Articles of Confederation The first constitution of the United States, which established a weak federal government. Washington's Precedents The traditions and practices established by George Washington during his presidency. Constitutional Convention The 1787 meeting in Philadelphia where the U.S. Constitution was created. Shays Rebellion An armed uprising in 1786-1787 by farmers in Massachusetts protesting economic injustices. US Constitution The supreme law of the United States, establishing the framework of government. Great Compromise The agreement that established a bicameral legislature in the U.S. Congress; Settled a dispute over state representation in national Congress. ⅗ compromise The agreement that slaves would count as three-fifths of a person for representation purposes. Commerce Compromise The agreement that allowed Congress to regulate commerce but prohibited export taxes. Bill of Rights The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution that guarantee individual liberties. Federalists/Antifederalists Federalists supported the Constitution; Antifederalists opposed it, fearing too much central power. 3 branches of government The division of government into the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Checks and Balances A system that ensures no one branch of government becomes too powerful. Louisiana Purchase The 1803 acquisition of territory from France that doubled the size of the United States. Loose/strict constructionists Loose constructionists interpret the Constitution broadly; strict constructionists interpret it narrowly. Indian Removal The policy of relocating Native American tribes to lands west of the Mississippi River. Civilization The process of assimilating Native Americans into American culture. Trail of Tears The forced relocation of Native Americans from their homelands, resulting in thousands of deaths. Worcester v. Georgia A Supreme Court case that ruled in favor of Native Americans but was not enforced by Jackson. Andrew Jackson The seventh President of the United States known for his populist policies and Indian removal. Manifest Destiny The belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent. Cotton Gin A machine that quickly and efficiently removes seeds from cotton fibers. Missouri Compromise An agreement passed in 1820 that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Compromise of 1850 A package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress to defuse a political confrontation between slave and free states. Abolitionists Individuals who advocated for the immediate end of slavery in the United States. Kansas Nebraska Act A law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery, effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise. Dred Scott v Sanford An 1857 Supreme Court case that ruled that African Americans could not be American citizens and that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. Bleeding Kansas A series of violent political confrontations in the United States involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery elements in Kansas. Uncle Tom's Cabin An anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe published in 1852 that depicted the harsh realities of slavery. Underground Railroad A network of secret routes and safe houses used by enslaved African Americans to escape to free states and Canada. Horace Mann An American educational reformer who promoted public education and is known as the 'Father of the American Public School System.' Seneca Falls Convention The first women's rights convention held in 1848, which launched the women's suffrage movement in the United States. 2nd Great Awakening A Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States that emphasized individual piety and a personal relationship with God. Temperance A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Civil War A conflict from 1861 to 1865 between the Northern states (Union) and Southern states (Confederate States) over issues including states' rights and slavery. Abraham Lincoln The 16th President of the United States who led the country during the Civil War and worked to end slavery. Emancipation Proclamation An executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1862 that declared the freedom of all slaves in Confederate-held territory. Reasons for North (Union) Victory The North was better prepared economically, had more human resources, and superior war material. Reconstruction Era The period following the Civil War during which the Southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union. Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction Aimed to restore Southern representation in Congress and offered amnesty to Confederates who swore allegiance to the U.S. Radical Republicans A faction of the Republican Party that sought to impose harsh penalties on the Southern states and promote civil rights for freed slaves. Andrew Johnson The 17th President of the United States who succeeded Abraham Lincoln and oversaw the early years of Reconstruction. Reconstruction A policy supported by Lincoln to allow Southern States to reenter the nation as quickly as possible. Radical Republicans Members of Congress who disagreed with Johnson about how to handle Reconstruction, leading to Johnson's impeachment. Impeachment of Johnson Johnson was impeached for firing Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton without Senate approval, but the impeachment failed. 13th Amendment Law that formally abolished slavery in the U.S. in 1865. 14th Amendment Law that officially gave citizenship to African Americans and legally protected them under the Bill of Rights and U.S. Constitution. 15th Amendment Law that granted African Americans voting rights. Poll Taxes Fees collected by Southern States to restrict African Americans from exercising their voting rights. Literacy Tests Requirements imposed by Southern States to limit African Americans' voting rights. Jim Crow Laws Laws enacted in the 1870s and 1880s to restrict the freedoms of African Americans after the Civil War. Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case in 1896 that upheld Jim Crow Laws based on 'separate but equal' public facilities for African Americans. Black Codes Laws aimed at restricting the rights of former slaves and limiting the effectiveness of the 14th and 15th amendments. Ku Klux Klan Group that attempted to restrict the rights of former slaves. Sharecropping System of farming in Southern States after the Civil War that kept former slaves economically dependent on farms. New South Term describing changes in the Southern economy, including industrial development and agricultural diversification. Sectionalism The division between the North and South that contributed to tensions leading up to the Civil War. Gilded Age Period marked by economic growth and industrialization in the U.S. Industrial Revolution Causes Factors such as capital, labor supply, Erie Canal, and transcontinental railroads that contributed to industrial growth. Mechanization of Agriculture The use of machines in farming that led to an increase in production. Effects of Industrial Revolution Challenges for smaller industries, development of monopolies, widening economic gap, and increased immigration. Social Darwinism Theory which believed that the growth of large business at the expense of others was merely survival of the fittest (the stronger businesses will succeed and the weaker one will fail). Laissez-faire Capitalism Economic policy which argues that government should limit any interference in the economy (the government should leave the economy alone). Rise of Big Business (1865-1900) Federal Government followed laissez-faire economic policy. Trusts and monopolies were created by entrepreneurs to maintain control of the market. Robber Baron Term used during the Gilded Age to characterize leaders of big business who used ruthless tactics when dealing with competitors. Gilded Age Mark Twain labeled the late 1800's ________ to describe the extremes of wealth and poverty (big differences between the rich and the poor). Urbanization Rural (countryside) residents move to urban (inner city) areas in search of jobs. Size of cities increase. How the Other Half Lives Book by Jacob Riis that exposed the living conditions of urban slums (working-class, inner-city neighborhoods). Working Conditions Rapid industrial growth leads to shift from rural to urban lifestyle, widespread use of child labor, and growth of tenements & slums. Immigration Many immigrants traveling to the U.S. settled in urban areas in the North because rapid industrialization created many job opportunities. New Immigrants Came primarily from southern and eastern Europe (Ex: Italy & Russia) between 1890-1915. Were culturally different from the earlier immigrants. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Limited the number of Chinese immigrants entering the U.S. An example of Nativism. Nativists Group of Americans who were angry about Immigrants taking jobs from Americans and working for cheaper wages. Trust Titans Business leaders who controlled large monopolies and trusts. Philanthropy The desire to promote the welfare of others, expressed especially by the donation of money to good causes. Gospel of Wealth Philosophy that wealthy individuals have a responsibility to use their wealth for the greater good of society. Industrial Revolution Period of major industrialization that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Monopolies/trusts Entities that dominate a market and restrict competition. Gentlemen's Agreement Informal agreement between the U.S. and Japan that restricted Japanese immigration. America Expands Between the 1890's and the start of World War I (1914), the U.S. expanded its access to overseas markets and raw materials through the policy of imperialism. Reasons for Imperialism Due to the expansion of American industry during the 1800's, the U.S. needed to obtain raw materials and new markets. Dollar Diplomacy Attempted to increase the U.S. power in Latin America, indicating a U.S. desire to interact with foreign countries in ways that were profitable to U.S. corporations. Economic Nationalism U.S. practices economic nationalism by implementing protective tariffs to help American industry. Protective Tariff A tax on foreign products making them more expensive so people will buy American products instead. Open Door Policy (1899-1900) Issued in order to secure equal trade opportunities in China and guarantee access to its markets. Annexation of Hawaii U.S. annexes (takes over) Hawaii and the Philippines. Spanish American War A conflict in 1898 that resulted in the U.S. obtaining overseas colonies and being recognized as a world power. Yellow Journalism Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst used yellow journalism to generate public support for the Spanish American War. Panama Canal Built as a result of the Spanish American War to allow quicker movement between oceans for trade and military security. Progressive Movement A movement to correct the economic and social abuses of industrial society, supporting consumer protection, women's suffrage, and other reforms. Progressives Believed the government needs to regulate big business to protect consumers and workers, opposing the Laissez-faire attitude. Jane Adams A prominent social reformer and activist during progressive era, who established settlement houses that provided assistance to the poor. W.E.B. Du Bois Formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to end segregation and win equal rights. Booker T. Washington Believed that African Americans should pursue education as the key to improving social status and founded a vocational training institution. Labor Union An organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer for better working conditions, benefits, and pay. Clayton Antitrust Act Made unions legal, allowing them to organize and improve conditions. Collective Bargaining Discussions between labor union leaders and management to agree on a contract for workers. Wagner Act (1935) Legalized collective bargaining. Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire A tragedy where many women workers were killed in a factory fire, drawing national attention to worker safety. Samuel Gompers The person who founded the AFL; Organized workers into unions to strive for better conditions and pay. American Federation of Labor The first long-lasting, successful labor union in the U.S., focusing on the rights of skilled workers. Pure Food & Drug Act (1906) Law that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade unsafe food products and poisonous medicines. Meat Inspection Act Created sanitary standards established for slaughterhouses and meat processing plants. Muckraker Writers during the progressive era that exposed social ills of inner cities, factory conditions, and political corruption. The Jungle A publication by Upton Sinclair that led Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act. Upton Sinclair An author known for his muckraking work, particularly The Jungle. Ida M Tarbell A muckraker who focused on issues including the monopoly of Standard Oil. Lincoln Steffens A muckraker who exposed political corruption in cities. Jacob Riis A muckraker known for his work How the Other Half Lives. Booker T Washington An African American educator and leader who advocated for vocational training. WEB Dubois An African American sociologist and civil rights activist who co-founded the NAACP. Nativism A political policy favoring the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants. Labor Unions Organizations formed by workers to advocate for better working conditions and wages. Collective bargaining The negotiation process between employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching agreements. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire A tragic industrial disaster that highlighted the need for better workplace safety regulations. AFL The American Federation of Labor, a national federation of labor unions in the United States. Plessy v Fergusun A landmark Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine. Woodrow Wilson The 28th President of the United States who led the nation during World War I. Neutrality A policy of not taking sides in a conflict, adopted by Wilson at the beginning of World War I. Unrestricted submarine warfare A type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels without warning. Espionage Act A law enacted in 1917 to prohibit interference with military operations or support for U.S. enemies. Sedition Act A law that made it a crime to criticize the government during World War I. Schenck v. U.S. A Supreme Court case that ruled that freedom of speech could be limited during wartime. Fourteen Points A statement of principles proposed by President Wilson to govern the postwar world. League of Nations An international organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation. Isolationism A foreign policy of avoiding involvement in international conflicts, followed by the U.S. in the 1920s and 30s. Treaty of Versailles Congress refuses to sign the Treaty of Versailles because many Senators objected to the U.S. membership in the League of Nations, fearing that it would pull the U.S. into another major war. Washington Naval Conferences Attempts by the U.S. to achieve peace and arms control in the decade after WWI. Kellog-Briand Pact Attempts by the U.S. to achieve peace and arms control in the decade after WWI. Bolshevik Revolution Communist takeover of Russia in 1917 increased nativism leading to the Red Scare (fear of Communism in the U.S. following WWI). Immigration quota acts of 1921 & 1924 Restricted the number of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe due to a recurrence of nativist attitudes following WWI. 19th Amendment Women were granted the right to vote during the Progressive Era (1917). Women's suffrage The national effort to ratify women's suffrage was strengthened by the economic opportunities created by World War I. Major female leaders of the women's rights movement Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucretia Mott. Roaring Twenties The 1920's are called the 'Roaring Twenties' because of widespread social and economic change and changing cultural values. Prohibition Law authorized by the 18th Amendment that banned the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. Sacco and Vanzetti Two immigrant anarchists who were convicted of murder and executed with very little evidence during the height of the Red Scare. Scopes Trial John Scopes was convicted in 1925 for teaching about evolution, illustrating a conflict concerning religious beliefs and scientific theories. Harlem Renaissance African American authors and artists used literature and art to celebrate the richness of their heritage. Flappers Women during the 1920's that rejected traditional feminine roles and refused to conform to society's expectations. Henry Ford Use of the assembly line in the production of automobiles led directly to a decrease in the cost of automobiles. Economic growth during the 1920's Development of many new consumer goods led to rapid economic growth. Automobiles, radio, and motion pictures Standardized American culture and influenced what people considered to be 'American culture'. Red Scare A period of intense fear of Communism in the U.S. following WWI. Cultural conflict in the 1920s Illustrated by the Scopes Trial and the Harlem Renaissance, reflecting tensions between traditional values and modern ideas. Consumer Culture Emergence of a culture where buying is encouraged by advertising and installment payments. Installment Buying Paying for something a little at a time rather than all at once. Stock Speculation Heavy increases in stock investments driven by a belief in never-ending prosperity. Government's Role in the Economy (1920s) Prevailing view that the government should interfere as little as possible. Warren G. Harding President who called for 'a return to normalcy' and advocated for reduced international involvement and less government regulation of business. Calvin Coolidge President who believed the economy functions best if government allows business to operate freely. Overproduction of Farm Crops Demand for American farm goods dropped dramatically during the 1920s due to decreased European need for imports. Dust Bowl Environmental disaster caused by over-farming and severe drought, leading to increased westward migration. Stock Market Crash of 1929 Considered the start of the Great Depression, largely caused by speculators buying stocks on margin. Decline in Farm Prosperity A significant decrease in the economic well-being of farmers during the Great Depression. Overproduction and Underconsumption Situation where U.S. businesses produced more products than the population could buy, leading to low consumer demand. Global Financial Interdependence Evidence that economies worldwide are interconnected; if one falls, they all fall. Herbert Hoover President of the U.S. at the start of the Great Depression, whose policies favored big business. Hoovervilles Nickname for poor communities due to Hoover's refusal to provide direct federal aid to the homeless. Bonus Army WWI veterans who marched on Washington demanding payment for their services. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) President who won an easy victory over Hoover in 1932, advocating for government intervention in economic problems. Court Packing FDR's proposal to increase the size of the Supreme Court to make it favorable to New Deal laws. Deficit Spending Used by FDR to stimulate economic growth. FDR Reelected to 3rd Term Controversial event in 1940 as it challenged the tradition of presidents stepping down after two terms. FDR's reelection to 3rd term Eventually led to the establishment of presidential term limits. New Deal Most immediate goal was to provide work for the unemployed. Public works jobs Tried to stimulate economic recovery by creating public works jobs. Social welfare programs Were expanded during the New Deal. Government involvement Increased government involvement with both business and labor. Agricultural Adjustment Acts Designed to increase prices of farm products by reducing farm output. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Created in 1933 to improve economic conditions in a poor rural region. Social Security Act 1935 Considered an important program because it extended support to elderly/retired citizens. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Tried to restore public confidence in banks by safeguarding savings. Bank holiday (1933) Declared to restore confidence in the nation's banks. WPA Intended to help unemployed workers. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Intended to help unemployed workers. National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) Strengthened labor unions by legalizing collective bargaining. Opposition to New Deal The strongest opposition came from business leaders. Laissez-Faire The tradition that government shouldn't interfere with the economy. Critics of the New Deal Claimed the TVA and Social Security System threatened the U.S. economy by applying socialist principles. Impact of New Deal Raised national debt and expanded the power of the Federal Government. Political thinking change Supported the idea that the government should become more involved in the social and economic life of the people. WWII start Started when Germany invaded Poland in 1939. U.S. Neutrality In the 1930's, the primary objective was to avoid involvement in Asian and European conflicts. Neutrality Acts Passed in mid 1930's to avoid mistakes that led to WWI. Lend-Lease Act Efforts to help the Allies without formally declaring war. Bombing of Pearl Harbor Brought the U.S. directly into World War II. Totalitarian aggression The U.S. became involved to fight totalitarian aggression from Germany, Italy, and Japan. D-Day Invasion June 1944- Important to the outcome of WWII because it opened a new Allied front in Europe (Germany had to fight enemies from the East and West instead of just the East). Key challenge faced by the U.S. during WWII Fighting the war on several fronts (Europe and Asia). U.S. and Soviet Union cooperation during WWII Supports the idea that alliances are built upon mutual self-interest (the U.S. and Soviet Union were enemies but formed an alliance because they were both enemies with Germany). 1944 election of FDR Can be attributed to the unwillingness of voters to change leadership during a major crisis. FDR's personal diplomacy during WWII Strengthened the President's role in shaping U.S. foreign policy. Women in wartime industries Women replaced men in essential wartime industries. Economic opportunities for women during WWII Expanded for women. Post-war job situation for women Many working women left their factory jobs because they were forced to give up their jobs to returning war veterans. Migration of African Americans during WWII More African Americans migrated to large cities because industry was expanding. GI Bill (1944) Extended educational and housing opportunities to war veterans. Provided federal funds for veterans to attend college. Rationing during WWII Ordered by the U.S. government to conserve raw materials for the war effort. Funding WWII The U.S. government relied heavily on the sale of war bonds (lends from citizens to help fund the war. Also contributed to the national debt). Economic impact of WWII on the U.S. Accelerated its recovery from the Great Depression. Korematsu v. U.S. The U.S. government considered Japanese Americans a threat to national security during WWII, causing them to place Japanese Americans in confinement in internment camps. Supreme Court ruling on Japanese internment Said that the removal of Japanese Americans from their homes was constitutional because this type of action was necessary during a national emergency. Wartime conditions and civil liberties Supreme Court ruled that wartime conditions justified limitations being placed on civil liberties. Impact of WWII on Japanese Americans Many Japanese lost their homes and businesses. President Harry Truman's decision on atomic bombs Decided to drop atomic bombs on Japan (Hiroshima & Nagasaki). Truman's use of atomic weapons Decided to use atomic weapons against Japan in order to end the war while limiting the loss of American lives. Truman's impact on civil rights Advanced the cause of civil rights for African Americans by ordering the desegregation of the Armed Forces (Black and White troops fight together and are no longer separated). Truman Doctrine Originally designed to contain communism by giving aid to Greece and Turkey (later expanded by Eisenhower). Truman and General MacArthur Relieved General Douglas MacArthur of his command in the Korean conflict because General MacArthur challenged the concept of civilian control over the military. Loyalty checks during Truman's presidency Required loyalty checks due to the fear of communist influence in government. Nuremberg Trials Held to make German leaders accountable for the Holocaust (mass genocide against Jews and other minorities). Established the principle that leaders of a nation may be held accountable (put on trial) for crimes against humanity/ war crimes. United Nations Replaced the League of Nations in order to prevent international disputes from escalating into major wars. Marshall Plan (1948-1952) U.S. provided economic aid in order to help Europe's economic recovery after WWII. U.S. foreign policy after WWII Changed as the U.S. became more involved in world affairs. Eleanor Roosevelt's contribution Helped create the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Post-WWII economic growth In the decade after WWII, rapid growth in personal income contributed to the expansion of the middle class. Appeasement A diplomatic policy aimed at avoiding conflict by making concessions to an aggressor. African Americans in WW2 Refers to the contributions and experiences of African Americans during World War II. Rosie the Riveter A cultural icon representing women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II; used as a poster in order to recruit women Japanese Internment The forced relocation and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. Rationing The controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, or services during wartime. Pearl Harbor The site of the surprise military attack by the Japanese on December 7, 1941, leading the U.S. to enter WWII. War Bonds Debt securities issued by a government to finance military operations during times of war. Manhattan Project A secret U.S. project during World War II that developed the first nuclear weapons. Desegregation of the Military The process of eliminating racial segregation within the United States Armed Forces. United Nations (UN) An international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among countries. Selective Service The system by which men are registered for military conscription in the United States. Lend Lease A U.S. program during WWII that supplied Allied nations with vast amounts of war material. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed in 1949 for mutual defense against aggression. Cold War An era of political tension and military rivalry between the U.S. and Soviet Union from 1946 to 1989. Baby Boom A significant increase in the birth rate following WWII, particularly in the 1950s and 1960s. Iron Curtain The boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas of political influence during the Cold War. Sputnik Launch The 1957 launch of the first artificial satellite by the Soviet Union, marking the start of the space race. Containment A U.S. policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism during the Cold War. Berlin Airlift The U.S. operation to supply West Berlin after the Soviet blockade in 1948-1949. McCarthy Era A period of intense anti-communist suspicion in the U.S. during the early 1950s. Senator Joseph McCarthy A U.S. senator known for leading the anti-communist witch hunts during the McCarthy Era. McCarthyism The practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper evidence. Korean War A conflict from 1950 to 1953 between Communist North Korea and South Korea, supported by the U.S. and UN. United Nations military force First time the United Nations used military force to oppose aggression. General Douglas MacArthur Relieved of command in the Korean War for threatening civilian control of the military. Presidential wartime powers Expanded during the Korean War. Outcome of the Korean War Korea continued to be a divided nation. Vietnam War Civil war between Communist North Vietnam and U.S.-backed South Vietnam. Domino Theory Idea that if one country falls to communism, others around it will as well. Vietnam War protests Significant protests in the U.S. including Berkeley demonstrations and Kent State protest. 26th Amendment Lowered the voting age to 18 as a result of U.S. participation in the Vietnam War. War Powers Act 1973 Limited the president's ability to send troops into combat abroad. Public opinion on foreign policy Showed that foreign policy can be altered by public opinion. Trust in government Greater public distrust of governmental policies post-Vietnam War. Military technology and victory U.S. experience in the Vietnam War showed that superior military technology does not guarantee victory. Peace Corps Established by President John F. Kennedy to support developing nations. Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 Kennedy's effort to remove Fidel Castro from power in Cuba, considered his most significant foreign policy failure. Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Soviet Union placed nuclear weapons in Cuba; Kennedy imposed a naval blockade. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Negotiated by Kennedy to limit nuclear testing following the Cuban Missile Crisis. New Frontier Kennedy's program that expanded the U.S. space program. Détente Policy to ease tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union. Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) Part of the presidential policy of détente aimed at reducing world tensions. Nixon's visit to China 1972 Attempt to reduce tensions between the U.S. and Communist China. Watergate Scandal Break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters leading to Nixon's resignation. Trust in elected officials Undermined as a lasting effect of the Watergate scandal. Executive privilege Weakened as a result of the Watergate scandal. Nixon (1974) Supreme Court case that directly limited the president's power of executive. Civil Rights Movement Movement to end segregation based on race during the 1960's. Civil Disobedience Nonviolent attempts to oppose segregation, such as lunch counter sit-ins and freedom riders. Jackie Robinson Broke color barrier in Major League Baseball. President Truman's Executive Order Desegregated armed forces. NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, focused on higher education, full political participation, and continued support for civil rights. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Required the integration (desegregation) of all public schools in the U.S. and overturned Plessy v. Ferguson ruling. Eisenhower's Federal Troops Sent into Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957 to enforce a Supreme Court decision to desegregate public schools. Martin Luther King Jr. Leader of the civil rights movement during the 1960's, advocated for nonviolent protest. Malcolm X Civil rights leader during 1950's and 60's that advocated black separatism. Rosa Parks Practiced civil disobedience by refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama. Civil Rights Act 1964 Passed to correct racial and gender discrimination and ended Jim Crow laws. Voting Rights Act 1965 Removed the literacy test as a voting qualification to eliminate racial barriers within voting. Affirmative Action Programs Main goal is to promote economic gains for minorities and women. Fair Housing Act Government efforts to end discrimination against various groups. Americans with Disabilities Act Government efforts to end discrimination against individuals with disabilities. Chief Justice Earl Warren Followed a policy of judicial activism and expanded individual rights in criminal cases. Supply-Side Economics Lowered tax rates on personal and business income and supported economic changes favoring big business. Trickle Down Economics Believed that economic growth depends on making increased amounts of capital available to business. National Debt in the 1980s Increased greatly due to the Federal Government's reliance on deficit spending. Reagan's Federal Budget Proposals Came under criticism for including very large deficits. Involvement in World Affairs in the 1980s Based on a concern for advancing the nation's self-interest. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Increased commerce and eliminated tariffs. Encouraged countries to participate in the global economy. Reflected the U.S. commitment to globalization. Persian Gulf War A direct result was that the U.S. liberated Kuwait from Iraqi control. Election of 2000 George Bush won even though Al Gore received more popular votes, because of the way the Electoral College votes came out. USA Patriot Act Increased government surveillance of citizens, increased cooperation between law enforcement and intelligence. War on Terror War in Afghanistan against Taliban and Al Qaeda. War in Iraq Saddam Hussein accused of having WMD's and wouldn't allow inspection. Barrack Obama First African-American elected to the Presidency. Obamacare Passed major health insurance reform package. September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks Attacks on World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Rise of the Tea Party Extreme right wing conservatives opposed to most government spending. Supply-side economics Economic theory that advocates reducing taxes and decreasing regulation to stimulate economic growth. George Bush Committed U.S. troops to the Persian Gulf War to assure the flow of Middle East oil to the U.S. and its allies. Bill Clinton Supported NAFTA because it would stimulate economic growth in the U.S. U.S. troops in Haiti and Bosnia Sent during the 1990's to stop conflicts within those nations. Bombing of Kosovo Participated in 1999 because of human rights violations. Economic stimulus package Passed by Barrack Obama to prop up the economy. Withdrawal of American troops Began from Iraq and Afghanistan under Barrack Obama. Mission to find Osama bin Laden Ordered by Barrack Obama that resulted in the killing of Al Qaeda leader.

Cotton Gin (HISTORY)

Key Terms and Events • Laissez-Faire – French for “Leave it alone,” a theory promoting minimal government intervention in the economy. • Impressment – Forcing individuals into public service, especially into the navy. • Embargo – A government order stopping trade with other countries. • Industry – The production of goods by businesses and factories. • Interchangeable Parts – Standardized parts that can be replaced in manufactured products. • Mass Production – A method of producing goods quickly and cheaply in large quantities. • Cotton Gin – A machine that separates cotton fibers from their seeds. • Eli Whitney – Inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts. • Electoral College – A system in which electors choose the president and vice president. • Louisiana Purchase – Land deal under Thomas Jefferson in which the U.S. bought territory from France, doubling its size. • Tecumseh – Shawnee leader who allied with the British and fought against U.S. settlers in the west. • Sacagawea – A Shoshone woman who guided Lewis and Clark on their expedition to the Pacific Ocean. • Steam Engine – A machine powered by coal-heated steam, allowing factories to be built away from water sources. The Election of 1800 • John Adams, Aaron Burr, and Thomas Jefferson faced off. • Jefferson and Burr tied. • Alexander Hamilton convinced a congressman to break the tie in favor of Jefferson. • The 12th Amendment was created to prevent future electoral tie issues. Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency • Focused on: • Limiting government intervention (Laissez-Faire approach). • Promoting agriculture. • Encouraging self-sufficiency. • Introduced judicial review, strengthening the judicial branch with checks and balances. • Encouraged western expansion and trade along the Mississippi River. The Louisiana Purchase and Westward Exploration • With U.S. expansion, Congress organized an expedition. • Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were chosen to explore the new territory. • Along the way, they met Sacagawea, who served as an interpreter and guide. Tensions with Britain and France • Both nations attempted to block U.S. trade. • The U.S. imposed an embargo on both, which backfired and hurt American merchants. • In 1808, James Madison was elected president. • The Star-Spangled Banner was written during this period and later became the national anthem. • Dolly Madison saved a famous portrait of George Washington during the War of 1812. Industrialization and Economic Shifts • As the U.S. expanded, industry grew, especially in the North. • Early factories were powered by watermills; later, steam, oil, and gas were used. • The textile industry became the dominant industry in the North. • Francis Lowell built a major textile factory in Boston. • Eli Whitney’s contributions: • Interchangeable parts – Allowed for standardized gun manufacturing. • Cotton gin – Sped up the cotton cleaning process. The South and the Rise of Cotton • Cotton became highly profitable, increasing demand for enslaved labor. • The cotton gin made cotton processing more efficient. • In 1808, the international slave trade was banned, but enslaved labor remained crucial to the Southern economy. Life of Enslaved Workers • Men worked as blacksmiths, carpenters, and painters. • Women worked as maids, cooks, and childcare workers. • Children served as household servants and field laborers. • Some enslaved individuals were rented out to work in factories. • Most had little to no education. • Forms of resistance included breaking tools and equipment. • Harsh punishments were given for defiance or escape attempts. • Many families were separated through slave auctions. Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831) • Nat Turner and his followers attacked and killed several Virginia plantation owners and their families. • Turner was captured two months later, tried, and executed. • The rebellion led to even harsher conditions for enslaved people in the South in

Unit 1 Mercantilism -Economic relationship where the mother country has tight economic control -England's goal was to maximize wealth and power Navigation Acts -Laws that prevent colonies from trading/selling or buying from other countries Salutary neglect -Good neglect -GB was backing off the colonies - Not military or trade Middle Passage -2-3 month voyage -15% died on the ship -slaves are captured and chained together Enlightenment - A movement started in Europe by a small group of intellectuals -discussed thoughts, wrote books, and sent them to America. -Influenced America -believed there was a natural solution to every problem54rat vc Diests -Not a religious group -Believed there was a creator -Believed the creator was gone now, standing outside human experience, or just gone -Therefore, there is no reason to pray or go to church John Locke -English Philosopher -Believe every person has natural rights -Life liberty and property -Believed if the government wasn’t respecting these rights, the people could overthrow it Benjamin Franklin -Liked John Locke's Ideas -Freed slaves because of Lockes’ ideas -Referred to America as slaves to GB that should be freed Great Awakening/Pietism -A Christian movement stressed individual connection to god -didn’t like the king being the head of American churches -people required by law to attend church and pay taxes to the church -The revival movement started with thousands of people outside of the church -rejected English church system French and Indian War (including impacts on revolution) -Conflict between France and England -native american tribes helped both sides -Colonies were on the coast, french was on the inland -Settlers tried to move west and ran into french -France had a fur trading empire Sugar Act -Not the amount that mattered, it was the principal -A small tax on sugar -Re-enactment of molasses tax -People couldn't protest because they would be caught illegally trading it Stamp Act Tax on anything sold that was made out of paper It is not a huge amount but it affects a lot of people Stamp Act Congress Group of middle-aged educated men -made legal arguments -no tax w/o representation -No jury trial = not right -very respectful Sons of Liberty -young, violent, rowdy people, -South out by Stamp Act -bullies, terrorist-esk -Paid to do the calm group dirty work Declaratory Act -said that GB had the right to tax the colonies -warning official statement -one year after the Stamp Act was repealed Townshend Acts -taxed people on four things -paper -paint -glass -tea -GB argued they needed the money -affected virtually every American Non-Importation -Didn’t buy or use anything British -Loyalists were targeted with violence -Idea to shut British down economically Daughters of liberty -used gender-based skills -Women made their clothes and clothes and made others if they couldn’t Boston Massacre -Lots of British soldiers + SOL on streets -Soldiers surrounded and attacked with snowballs, rocks, bottles, pavement -A gun raised in the air to shoot, the smoke clears and 5 dead -exaggerated the event to send a message, made into propaganda -made out to be a completely random attack on Americans Tea Act -Lowered the tax on tea -GB had an economic problem with the British East India Tea Company -Made British tea the cheapest tea Committees of Correspondence -Properganda and social media -Coordinated the riders to spread the propaganda to other areas -the message was to not fall for the British tea -many SOLs took part in this -made physical threats to British ship captains. Boston tea Party -Ships in Boston harbor waiting for soldier escort -SOL disguised themselves as Native Americans -At night dumped a lot of pales of tea into the harbor -342 chests of tea destroyed, major financial loss for GB Coercive (Intolerable) Acts -Nicknamed intolerable acts by patriots -Boston Port Act (shut down harbor) -Ma. Gov. Act (shut down all colonial gov) -New Quartering Act (sent more soldiers, colonists had to house them) -Administration of Justice Act (soldiers who committed a capital crime would go to GB for trial) 1st Continental Congress -hoped to go to war but not independence. -rep from every colony except Georgia -3 things were decided -organize militias -keep boycotting -meet again in spring Loyalists (Tories) -Completely loyal to GB -snitch on patriots -⅓ of colonists Paul Revere -Rode from Boston to Concord -warned British soldiers were coming (bc patriots were gathering weapons) -Soldiers were going to break up the weapon-gathering Minutemen -Middle-aged men + teenage sons w/o military experience -said they'd be ready in a minute if needed Lexington and Concord -Militia started shooting soldiers who were taken by surprise -Casualties on both sides (273 GB) (95 Patriots) -The British retreated to Boston, and people shot them along the way 2nd Continental Congress -Met in May 1775 -Decided three things -no more militias, make a continental army -Continue boycotting -2 groups would send letters to the king -The” Olive Branch Petition” asked the king to step in, no war, but reverse British policy -” Declaration of causes of taking up arms” reasons why they’d fight -The King messaged both groups “I will crush you” (basically), which united both groups. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense -50 page pamphlet convincing the middle group to join the patriot cause - Is it in the interest of a man to be a boy all his life? -A gov. Of our own is our natural right ‘tis time to part. -Question, why do you obey the king? Thomas Jefferson/ Declaration of Independence -Jefferson wrote it with help from Franklin and Adams -Gave a list of reasons for independence -used “he” to target people's anger towards the king -” life liberty and the pursuit of happiness” -Helped more colonists to join the patriots. War of Attrition/George Washington -Not play by rules -make it difficult for the enemy - make the British think the war is stupid and give up Battle of Trenton/Battle of Princeton -British in NYC, Americans in Pennsylvania -On Christmas night patriots crossed the Delaware River, a surprise attack. -Heschians surrendered. Battle of Saratoga/General John Burgoyne - Burgoyne was overconfident in himself and told soldiers to bring family and friends -Got ambushed by minutemen at Saratoga, minutemen attacked the back of the basic parade situation happening. -John Burgoyne escaped, not defeated. Funding the Continental Army -borrowed money from France and other British enemies -borrowed gold and silver but they were afraid to raise taxes -printed money, not worth face value causing insane inflation Treaty of Paris (1783) -Treaty negotiation took 2 years Formally recognize that GB no longer had claims in North America, and USA is not a country All land won in french- Indian War was now American American fishing ships were allowed to fish in GB waters off the coast of Canada If GB Freed slaves they had to give them back Both countries had access to the Mississippi River America agreed to not persecute or bother loyalists (agreed to but not followed) Loyalists after the war -A lot of them left -Many went to Canada - A small group went to England -Few went to the British West Indies -Some stayed, had to keep their mouths shut, and live American Established churches after the war -Freedom of religion was prominent -Religion was big -Church of England turned into Episcopalion Chuch Unit 2 Mixed Government -people feared too much democracy -elect people to represent them, a democratic republic System of checks and balances Articles of Confederation -first constitution -four things, Power to form army and navy Power to declare independence and war Power to establish diplomatic relationships between nations Right to handle sidputs against the states. -did not include the right to tax Northwest Ordinance of 1787 -Procedure on how territories would become states The adult white male population of 5,000 in the territory could send a non-voting rep to Congress Could become a state when the adult white male population is 60,000 Write the state constitution and apply for statehood Shays’ Rebellion -Daniel was the leader -farmers fed up after fighting in the war, and the debt wasn't their fault -tried to overthrow the Ma. state government -4,000 state soldiers fought the farmers, they won after months Virginia Plan -James Madison's plan at the Constitutional Convention -congress with two parts upper/lower house -reps depended on the state's population New Jersey Plan -William Patterson plan -Single-house legislature -equal representation Connecticut Compromise -take both ideas and mush them together -Senate, equal representation -house of reps, based on population -electoral college ⅗ Compromise -Decided after the electoral college system was decided -Southern states wanted slaves to count towards pop, the North did not -a slave counted as ⅗ of a person for electoral college + house of reps Difference between Federalists and Anti-Federalists -Federalists wanted to ratify the constitution and have a strong central government -Anti-federalists had two problems with the constitution Wanted states rights Wanted individual rights Federalist Papers -Hamilton, Jay, and Madison wrote anonymous essays -Convince people to approve the constitution -Helped to gain support Bill of rights -wrote to please the anti-federalists -includes the first ten amendments -worked, and it was ratified Thomas Jefferson vs. Hamilton on the Constitution -Jefferson had a strict interpretation, this meant following it to a t. -Jefferson meant this to limit the power of the constitution -Hamilton had a loose interpretation, which meant unless the constitution says no, they can do it -This meant to stretch the power of the constitution Hamilton's financial plan 1. Report on Public Credit, This addressed all levels of debt People could give paper money to the government and they'd redeem it at face value. Or people could give loan certificates back and provide a new one with interest. 2. Report on a national bank Established a national bank that held money at taxes Should be a large government institution 3. Report on manufactures Not adopted Use money to get new manufacturing businesses going Jay's Treaty -George Washington sent John Jay to negotiate for a stop to the bullying of ships at sea -A last resort, ended with GB saying they’ll stop and start trading with the USA Whiskey Rebellion -Corn farmers in Pa. angry because of corn prices and attempt to overthrow the state government -Washington sent 15,000 federal troops and he led them himself to send a message XYZ Affair - Adams tried to make a treaty for American ships being bullied, sent a rep to France -Prime minister rep refuses to meet with our rep -Adams tried again and sent three more reps who again denied - Democrats in Congress accused Adams of never trying to negotiate -Adams told them what happened and replaced their names with XYZ Aliens and sedition acts 1. Naturalization act, had to live in us for 14 years to apply for citizenship (previously 4) 2. Alien Act On suspension, non-citizens could be deported to their country of origin 3. Alien EnemiesAct If at war, us could deport migrants without suspension 4. Sedition Act. Made sedition a crime, if convicted $2,000 or two years in jail Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions/ Nullification -Declared states had fundamental rights that the federal government could not infringe -Stated that states could nullify laws that they viewed as unconstitutional Revolution of 1800 -Think about Hamilton's musical. -Adams and Jefferson run again, Burr comes in third, and Jefferson (after a tie) wins. - Adams did not put up a fight when leaving before the inauguration. Louisiana Purchase -Louisiana territory purchased from France for $ 15 million -Neoplean realized he didn’t care about the western hemisphere, and sold it to make a profit Lewis and Clack Expedition -An expedition to explore the Louisiana territory -Wanted to learn about the weather, terrain, native Americans, etc. -Ended on the Oregon coast at Fort Clatsop. -A very peaceful trip they brought presents for tribes, brought Sacagawea 2 Reasons Burr became infamous -Challenged and killed Hamilton in a dual -Fled to the Mississippi River area -plotted to overthrow that area and become dictators with James Wilkonson Troubles with Britain and France at Sea -GB had impressed 8,000 American sailors -Jefferson enacted the Embargo Act of 1808 which halted trade with the countries but backfired. War Hawks and their goals -Young men who wanted to expand US land -Get Canada and Florida -they were very aggressive and would go to war for this -Jefferson's party. Causes of the Way of 1812 The -US gov said it was the bullying of ships at sea and native americans -Historians say it was the war hawks wanting to expand land. Treaty of Ghent -Established in 1815 for the War of 1812 -established no real winner or loser and everything would go back to normal. -historians think this is why GB stopped bullying our ships. Hartford Convention -Federalists met up during the war to discuss secession -made them look like traitors after the war -capitalized on the unpopularity of the war Eli Whitney -Creator of the cotton gin -made it when American cotton and slavery were declining -caused both those things to expand exponentially Missouri Compromise -Henry Clay -Union had a perfect balance of slave and not slave states -Missouri would be upset about this -had Missouri join as a slave state -Main break off from Ma. and become a free state In the long term, any state joining below the 36, 30 would be a slave state Rush-Bagot Treaty -By John Quincy Adams -Established the north border of the US after Canada and the states expanded fully Adams-Onis Treaty -John Quincy Adams -treaty with Spain -US bought Florida Monroe Doctrine -Established European countries had to stay out of the western hemisphere -No new countries -Helped GB by letting them have land uncontested -in return, GB would protect the us Election of 1824 (corrupt bargain) -3 presidential candidates none had the majority but Jackson had the most -Clay had the least about of votes but was the speaker of the house -made a deal with Adams that if Clay endorsed him Clay could be Sec of State. -Made Adamss an unpopular president John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and the “American System” 1. Protective Tariff 2. Internal improvements (roads canals etc.) 3. A national bank Andrew Jackson's views of the American System 1. the tariff was a conspiracy against the South because they were more agricultural 2. the roads and canals were fine but he’d rather the states fund them 3 . The national bank was corrupt and run by wealthy people to stuff their own pockets Tariff of Abominations -Jackson had lost an election and wanted to win this one had Southern support but not northern -gained support by making a tariff (helped him gain support in the north) Kitchen Cabinet -Jackson did not trust his cabinet -never held a cabinet meeting -Held meetings with friends around the kitchen table instead Spoils System -Fired everyone -put his followers in government positions -no one was qualified for the positions they gained Second Part system (democrats vs. Whigs) -emerged in the 1830’s -whigs: - Less extreme federalists -anti-andrew Jackson -more elitist party (educated + wealthy) -democrats stayed the same (party of the south) Panic of 1837 -An economic depression caused by Jackson partially when he removed all the money from the national bank -Also by the tariff of 1828 -made it harder for GB and USA to do business they pulled out of investments and business Election of 1840/ Williams Henry Harrison -Whigs finally only ran one person who was a war hero to draw more people in -Harrison won but got pneumonia and died a month into his presidency John Tyler’s Presidency -VP to William Henry Harrison -hated by both parties -he was a Democrat but ran as a Whig because he got screwed over by Jackson -Whigs hated him because he was a Democrat and vice versa American Colonization society -Abolitionist movement -thought that they would buy slaves off their owners and return them to Africa -only 6,000 slaves were freed and they founded Liberia Though blacks and whites couldn’t or shouldn’t live together Nat Tuener’s Rebellion -Nat Turner is a slave who never did anything wrong to his master -had a vision from god -several plantations revolted at the same time -made plantation owners paranoid and more strict -All escaped slaves were eventually killed or returned to their plantations Theodore Dwight Weld/ Angelina Grimke #powercouple -Theodore was a minister abolitionist and had an audience because of that -Angelina was born and raised on a plantation but moved to the north to be an outspoken abolitionist Manifest DestinyNorthernersrs and Southerners agreed on this -Assumption that the US would expand to the [acific and central land -seen as good and pure Fifty-Four fort or fight -A line of latitude -Wanted all of Oregon country and they would fight for it James Polk -A president from Tenesse that no one knew -Ran on getting Texas and Oregon -Said he would and only served on term General Winfield Scott -General in the Mexican-American war -Had a secret amphibious operation that they went from Vera Cruz to Mexico City -took over Mexico City and Mexico surrendered Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo -Polk could have taken all of Mexico and had pressure from Southerners to do so -He only took Texas Election of 1848 -Polk didn’t rerun -the whig Zachery Taylor won, he was a southern slave owner who was a general -Democrats ran Lewis Cass who was a northerner and not pro-slavery. Popular sovereignty -Lewis Cass’s view on slavery and expansion -Appealed to the people in the middle -When a state entered the union they would vote on being a slave or free state California Gold Rush -Gold was found in California in 1848 and many people moved there -California didn’t agree with the Missouri compromise Gadsden Purchase -bought the southern part of Arizona -originally wanted more but the Mexican government talked them down Compromise of 1850 -5 parts -only two important -the admission of California as a free state -passage of the fugitive slave act Unit 3 Election of 1852 -Pierce was the democratic candidate who won because Whigs were divided over slavery -Whigs won General Winfield Scott who was anti-slavery which some whigs didn’t like Kansas-Nebraska Act/Stephen A. Douglas -Stephen was trying to be a great compromise like Clay -Proposed that Kansas and Nebraska become states and use popular sovereignty -The South was happy because those states never had a chance to be slave states and now they did -The North was worried about the South and formed a new political party to replace the Whigs (republicans) American (know nothing) Party -3rd party who was anti-immigrant and anti-catholic -Thought the Irish were going to try to take over America as Catholics -leaders told them to respond with “know nothing” when asked about what their party was about Bleeding Kansas -Lawrence Kansas was a free town -Slavery supporters attacked Lawrence, killed, burned buildings, raped people. -the goal was to terrify the anti-slavery side John Brown –A very serious abolitionist who thought god was using him to end slavery -Took four of his sons and two other men to get revenge for Lawrence Kansas -Went to pro-slavery people houses who had nothing to do with the attacks -Dragged the men of the families onto the lawn and killed them The caning of the summer (Charles Sumner) -An abolitionist senator who gave a speech on the Senate floor –called out important people like President Pierce and SC Senator Andrew Butler (old guy) -Butler’s relative Preston Brookes got revenge for Butler by caning Charles Sumner Election of 1856 (Buchanan vs. Fremont) -Buchanan (D) was northern but pro-south -Fremont was the other candidate -Buchanan was a dough face who got all of the South and some of the North so he won -Fremont was a free soiler Lecompton Constitution -Pro-slavery people met in Lecompton to write a state constitution or Kansas -Sent to DC House of reps and President Buchanan publicly endorses it anyways –House people didn’t endorse it because it was completely fraud. Dred Scott -Scott was a slave taken from south to north and argued he could be free -The Supreme Court was dominated by Southerners and decided against Scott -implied slavery could be taken anywhere. Lincoln-Douglas Debates -Debated slavery in the Senate race. -Lincoln from Illinois condemned slavery but his priority was the union -Douglas was a moderate, liked popular sovereignty - Lincoln thought slaves should have rights in the Constitution, and Douglas fell back on popular sovereignty and he won Election of 1860 -Abraham Lincoln won - beat out Douglass Secession -SC started secession and the deep South followed -Feb. 1862 all southern states succeeded -The South considered themselves a new country, but Lincoln did not. Crittenden Plan -Buchanan supports this -Congress tried to stop secession by: -Extend Missouri compromise line -never try to abolish slavery -North rejected it Fort Sumter -Lincoln is the president -Confederates said if the US didn’t evacuate by a certain time they would attack it -kicked off the Civil War, confederacy got control of the fort -no deaths or injuries -April 12, 1861 Jefferson Davis -President of the Confederate States of America -War of attrition with an underdog mentality -related the confederacy to the US and the US to Britain First Battle of Bull Run (Manasses) -Virginia in July 1961 first major battle -north was confident but had to run away because they lost -Disaster for the north Antietam -On northern territory -24000 died in one day -both sides lost -Lincoln decides to fire McClellan (northerners didn’t understand why) How the Union and Lincoln Prepared for War -Held a draft halfway through the war -Many rich people hired other people to serve for them -made income taxes -sold bonds, tariffs, borrowed money from money from other countries How the Confederacy and Davis prepared for war -South doesn’t have a strong gov -Davis struggles to get buy-in -Wealthy people didn’t want to contribute so most of the taxes fell on the middle class -Had to seize things from plantations by force -economy struggled Emancipation Proclamation -Abraham Lincoln did this to end slavery and save the union -slaves started escaping and joining Union troops when they were near -So many slaves were freed that the Union didn’t know what to do Battle of Vicksburg/General Ulysses S. Grant -Grant was not the general yet -Grant took Union ships and covered them in iron which worked -allowed grant to move eastward Significance of the Battle of Gettysburg -Took place in Gettysburg Pa. -As far as the North as the South ever got -The confederacy started to get pushed backward after this -end of the Confederate success Role of African American Soldiers At the start of the war, they were not allowed to help -end of the war became 10% of Union troops -Fought in segregated units but were enthusiastic about fighting -paid less than white soldiers Ulysses S. Grant’s War Strategies -Considered controversial techniques -Total war strategy -Willing to lose his own men's lives, throw them at the enemy -Since the North had more soldiers than the South he could do that Shenandoah CampaignThe goal was to not kill civilians but destroy everything but life -Sunandoah was close to N+S border -found civilians who were helping confederates ride into the north and did this to them. Election of 1864 -Lincoln didn’t think/wasn’t expected to win -switched his VP to a Southerner who was pro-union -George McClellan ran against him for revenge -General William Sherman captured Atlanta and burned it to the ground which was a positive surprise and led to lincolns reelection William T. Sherman’s March to the Sea -After burning down Atlanta he marched to the Atlantic and destroyed everything they came across -Didn’t destroy Savannah because it was too beautiful -After getting to the Atlantic they marched north to SC after still no surrender Appomattox Court House -Lee was still fighting with few soldiers and Grant sent him a message to surrender to save lives -They surrendered in the biggest house in town and Grant was very gracious during it -Grant was a little star-struck Lincolns Reconstriction Plan -General Ambassy (forgiveness) except for high-ranking officers -If 10% of the white men in the states took an oath of elegance the state could write a new state constitution and rejoin the union -Required the abolition of slavery Radical republicans -Republicans had a large amount of power -The” Wade-Davis Bill” included no Confederate unions that could return to power, in the state got. Couldn’t have anyone who rebelled in any way, the Republic Party would establish itself as a strong party in the South, protect former slaves -Lincoln pocket vetoes this, just ignored it Andrew Johnson Reconstriction Plan -VP to Lincoln and became president when Lincoln was assassinated -Oath of allegiance to return to the union -no high-ranking officials or wealthy plantation owners could become citizens -Would have to ratify the 13th to be reinstated -All property taken during the war would be returned, except for the slaves Black Codes -Discriminatory laws keeping AA’s in an inferior position -Couldn’t have slavery but could keep them incredibly low Freedmen's Bureau Bill -A bill Johnson Vetoed -Attempt to give land in the South to freed slaves 14th Amendment -Vetoed this civil rights bill -Gave African Americans citizenship -Johnson encouraged the South to not ratify it but it passed -South argued it didn’t mean African Americans could vote. Reconstriction of Act 1867 -Republicans had a 3/1 majority in the senate -Johnson vetoed but congress overode it -Troops to protect African Americans and enforce laws 1. Divide south into military districts 2.” supervise” new states constitution writing 3. Protect black men's right to vote Tenure of Office Act/Johnson impeachment -Congress passed this act to make it easier to impeach Johnson -Made it so the President couldn’t fire cabinet members without congressional approval -Johnson went to fire Edwin Stanton and many reporters were there so there was evidence -used to impeach Johnson, but he was not removed Election of 1868 -Ulysses S. Grant was a Republican with no political experience but was popular because of the war -Surrounded himself by good advisors -Ran under the “National Union Republican Party” -Wanted to help African Americans -Did not want to treat Confederate leaders harshly 15th Amendment -Gave African American men the right to vote -Congress made this a requirement to rejoin the union -Women thought they be included but they weren’t Sharecropping -Freed slaves would rent farming spots on plantations -Plantation owners loaned out supplies and animals and took advantage of their inability to read -Slaves had to spend all they made on rent and since they still had a loan with the supplies and animals they couldn’t leave legally Ku Klux Klan -Not allowed to be in the open so they wore sheets to conceal their identity -They tried to scare African Americans into what they believed to be their place -Other groups like this existed too Election of 1876/ Rutherford B. Hayes -Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Samuel Tildon (D) -Neither candidate got the majority but Tildon was one vote short -Republicans set up Bipartisan committee ti find election fraud -Decided there was fraud in SC, LA, and FL and gave those votes to Hayes who then won Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) Booker T. Washington's views on segregation (Accommodationists; Atlanta Compromise Adress) W.E.B Dubois’ views that disagreed with Washington

To Kill a Mockingbird Ch 1 Make a note of how this chapter starts (with what story and about whom). With the story of how Jem broke his arm. Describe the town of Maycomb and Southern Towns in general (what kinds of customs are normal in the south)? What time period is this if there are “Hoover carts” (Lee 6)? The time of this story is set during the Great Depression of the 1930´s. Maycomb is old, run down, and slow. Women were supposed to act dainty and men were dressed up as well. A hoover cart was the horse and buggies used to get around town during the Great Depression. Explain how Atticus became a lawyer (is he any good), your first impressions of the relationship he has with his children, and the Finch family history. (How does Atticus stand out, and what is important about families in the south?) The Finch family was all farmers and slave owners which makes Atticus Finch stand out by becoming a lawyer to defend a black man. Atticus seems like a brave leader who is kind to defend justice for everyone. Describe Boo Radley, his house, and a little of his past and family. Are Jem’s descriptions of Boo accurate (Lee 16)? Why do Scout, Jem, and Dill want to make him “come out” (Lee 10)? He describes the house as old and sick just like Mr. Radley. The house seemed very still and didn’t move like no one lived there. They want him to come outside so they can see who he is and what he is like from the multiple rumors they’ve heard. Based on who Atticus hires to work in his house, infer what Atticus’s feelings are about African Americans. What is important about this perspective when considering the time period? During the time, the town seemed segregated between African Americans and white people. Hiring an African American in his home shows how Atticus sees Calpurnia as equal and doesn’t care about the way she looks based on society's assumptions. Ch 2 Explain the differences in opinion and understanding that Scout and Miss Caroline have. Give at least two examples and explain why those differences exist. Scout is more traditional and understands the people of Maycomb while Miss Caroline is stricter and follows newer ideas. For example, Miss Fisher teaches through her experiences of college from a different city while Scout follows her fathers reading techniques. In addition, Scout offers money to Walter for lunch while Miss Fisher disapproves of her donation because of Walter's reputation. This shows how Scout has a more empathetic personality while Miss Fisher wants to stick to rules and societal expectations. Explain the upbringing that Walter Cunningham comes from. Who is he? What does his family do? Why does Cunningham pay Atticus with an entailment and not money? The Cunninghams are hardworking farmers that are also very poor. When Scout gives him money, he denies it because the Cunninghams have a reputation for paying for what they need and not taking donations or pity. Atticus allows Mr. Cunningham to pay in nuts and other crops because he is too poor to pay in money. What is Miss Caroline’s tone at the end of Ch 2? Explain. Miss Caroline’s tone at the end of chapter 2 is frustrated and angry with Scout because of their opposing viewpoints in learning. She doesn’t approve of Scout’s smart reading habits with Atticus compared to her new and conventional ways of teaching. Ch 3 Explain the foil between Jem and Scout’s personalities at the beginning of Ch 3 (Lee 30-31). At the beginning of Chapter 3, it’s clear to tell that Jem is more mature than Scout. Scout is immature to take her frustration out on Walter while Jem is mature enough to invite him to dinner and feel him welcomed. Explain the different kinds of education Atticus possesses as evidenced by his profession and his conversation with Walter at lunch (Lee 32). Which do you think is more valuable? Explain Atticus talks to Walter about the crops and makes him feel at home. The author writes that Walter didn’t feel like Cunningham, which assumes that Atticus doesn’t go to judge people based on their reputations or societal expectations. This is valuable to Atticus’ profession because he is able to defend people based on their true actions and self without having any bias or assumptions based on their appearance or background. What lesson does Calpurnia attempt to teach Scout at lunch time? What does this tell you about Calpurnia’s role in the house? Calpurnia teaches the importance of manners and respecting company. She wants Scout to treat Walter with kindness and respect besides him being a cunningham. This shows Calpurnia is like a mother to Scout and Jem while trying to teach them valuable life lessons in order for them to have a positive attitude. Describe Burris Ewell and the kind of kid he is based on his interaction with Miss Caroline. The Ewells and Cunninghams are both very poor families; based on Burris and Walter’s differences, though, what can you assume about each family’s integrity? Burris Ewell is a mean and rotten kid that treats Miss Caroline with no respect. The Ewells are poor and rude but the Cunninghams are poor, hard working and kept to themselves. Why do the Ewells have a different set of rules than Scout? Explain what the differences are (Lee 40-41). Scout prioritizes school while the Ewells do not. Burris quit after the first day of school and never came back. On the other hand, while Scout was still upset, she still came back to school. This quote from Atticus is perhaps the most important in the entire book: ‘If you can learn a simple trick, Scout, you’ll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his points of view--until you climb into his skin and walk around in it’ (Lee 39). Explain this quote and to whom Atticus hopes Scout will apply the lesson. Atticus wants her to not judge people based on what they look like or are expected of. This may apply to Scout’s perception of Boo Radley. Ch 4 Now that you’ve know Jem and Scout for a few days, describe their relationship as brother and sister. Think of the different ways they talk to each other and interact. Give at least two details to prove your opinion about them. Jem is very protective of Scout and he tries to teach her lessons to be mature as well. Jem shares his knowledge with Scout of the Radleys and Jem lets Scout stay back when they go to the Radley’s house. Who do you think is hiding gum and pennies in the tree. Why do you think he/she would be doing so? I think Boo Radley is hiding things in the tree because he wants to connect and give gifts to the kids in order to gain their trust and correct his false accusations. What game do the children play in Ch 4, and what are the two reasons Scout wants to quit playing it? They play the game Boo Radley. They pretend to be the Radley’s and act out the different rumors they’ve heard. Scout wants to stop playing because she thinks Atticus will get upset with her and she thinks the Radley’s will find out. Name: _______________________ Ch 5 Scout is starting to feel out of place with Dill and her brother, Jem in both Ch 4 and 5. Provide a quote that proves this idea. What does this tell you about her character, especially considering the time period of the novel? "Dill and Jem were simply going to peep in the window with the loose shutter to see if they could get a look at Boo Radley, and if I didn't want to go with them I could go straight home and keep my fat flopping mouth shut, that was all" this quote shows how Scout wants to stay out of trouble like other Southern woman at the time. Miss Maudie is a major character in the book; what is the APS for not introducing Miss Maudie until Ch 5? As Scout grows older, she begins to learn more. Miss Maudie is shown only later because she teaches Scout that the rumors aren’t all true about the Radley’s and learning this, Scout gradually learns more as the story progresses. Miss Maudie and Scout discuss the Radley family at length. What new information does Miss Maudie share that would encourage the reader to feel sorry for Boo? Which of Atticus’s lessons is Miss Maudie reiterating? Miss Maudie informs Scout that Mr. Radley was a foot washing baptist and that his strong religious beliefs may cause Arthur to stay inside to obey his father’s rules. Explain how the conversation and behavior on page 62 and 63 demonstrate Jem, Dill, and Scout’s innocence as children. Jem, Scoot and Dill’s conversation about Boo Radley shows their innocence and immaturity considering they’re scared of a man that they don’t even know and that they’ll listen to every rumor that they’ve heard. Ch 6 How does Jem lose his pants, and how does he get them back? Jem loses his pants while trespassing through the Radley’s house. He gets them back in the middle of the night by himself and he sees that they are sewn back together by somebody. (That somebody is Arthur Radley but he doesn’t really know that). What does the connotation of the word “fatal” tell us about Southern culture during this time (Lee 73)? The connotation of fatal represents the seriousness and grim reality of southern culture. There are many harsh social and racial division in the town. Why is Jem willing to risk being shot on page 75? Use a quote from 75 to prove your point. Jem is willing the risk of being shot because of his strong sense of pride and doesn’t want to let down Atticus so he goes to retrieve his pants. The quote, “Atticus ain’t ever whipped me since I can remember. I wanta keep it that way.” This shows how he doesn’t want to lose his respect from Atticus and dares to keep his strong reputation. Ch 7 What evidence is there that Scout is applying the moral lessons Atticus is teaching her? Atticus teaches them to see things from other people’s point of view. This is applied when Scout receives the gifts from Boo and she starts to realize that he is more kind and thoughtful compared to the rumors. Why does the author choose to put the conversation about Jem’s pants being sewn and folding on the same page with the conversation about the items being left in the tree? What does this relationship suggest (APS)? These two kind acts of Boo Radley goes to show just how much he is a Jesus Christ Figure by being kind to the kids and he is very protective and loyal. This character development shows the kids new understanding of Boo and that the rumors may not all be true. Immediately after the gray twine, what do Jem and Scout find in the tree, and what does this tell the reader about whom the items are being left for? Jem and Scout find two cravings of soap that represent two children. This gift shows how Boo has an affection and kindness to the kids and their friendship begins to grow. Describe the quality of the items left in the tree and what this suggests about the secret admirer’s purpose in leaving them. The gifts include gum, ball of twines, 2 special pennies, spelling bee medal, a pocket watch and two soap carvings. These all represent the general thoughtfulness and generosity of Boo and the trust that he gives to the kids. After the children talk to both Mr. Radley and Atticus, what can the reader infer about the hole being plugged up? The plugged up tree represents Mr. radley’s continued mistreatment of Boo and also his loneliness and isolation for the real world. He is unable to make further connections with the kids. What does Jem understand at the end of Ch 7--which leads to him crying--that Scout does not understand? Jem makes connections and alludes to the idea that Boo Radley was the one putting gifts in the tree and fixing the pants. Jem has empathy for Boo and his loneliness and isolation that he suffers. Is he a good father ? YES NO Atticus Teaches his kids many lessons He is honest and respects Teaches Scout many different lessons and helps her reading. - - Dad from “Distillation” He may subject his kids to hatred from the town. Neglects social norms for kids to “fit in” - - Atticus - - - Dad from “Distillation” - - - Ch 8 It hasn’t snowed since 1885. What is the APS for having snow in Ch 8? Foreshadows change to come in Maycomb. Sybolizes new opportunity for Jem and Scout since they never experienced snow. Explain the foil of the children and Miss Maudie’s reactions to the snow. The Children are more excited for the snow to come while Miss Maudie is concerned and worried about its danger to her flowers and garden. How does Harper Lee attempt to lighten the mood for her readers in contrast with what is happening to Miss Maudie in this chapter (APS)? Give two examples. Despite the sadness of Miss Maudie losing her home, her witty remarks like saying she always wanted a smaller house and already planning for her future brings light to the dark situation. The behavior and words Atticus and Jem use in this chapter provide some detailed characterization. Provide two indirect characterizations about Atticus and two about Jem. Atticus is wise and protective. He is also thoughtful and an effective parent. He shows concern for Boo. Jem is maturing and developing more empathy when offering Miss Maudie help and he is protective of others feelings. He has concerns for Boo’s privacy and any of his potential consequences. What risk does Boo take during the fire, and why does he take that risk? Boo takes the risk of leaving his own house, drawing attention to himself and getting in trouble with Mr. Radley when he goes to put a blanket over Scout because he cares about the kids and wants to protect them. Give indirect characterization for Miss Maudie at the end of Ch 8. Miss Maudie is resilient and focuses on positive things even when her house has just burned down. Miss Maudie is humorous when she makes witty comments. Ch 9 Why does Scout get in a fight with Cecil Jacobs? Scout fights Cecil because he insults Atticus. Cecil Jacob makes fun of Atticus because Atticus is defending a black man. What evidence is there that Scout is good at arguing? Use a quote from page 99-100 or 113-114. The quote “Then why-” on pages 99-100 shows how Scout wants to challenge Atticus on his decisions. This shows how Scout is good at arguing with her curious mind and interest in complex issues. Why does Atticus agree to defend Tom, and how does this add to the reader’s understanding of moral education? Atticus agrees to defend Tom because of his own personal values. He wants to keep equality and justice for all, regardless of race. Defending him will prove this to the town. What is Scout’s tone toward Aunt Alexandra and that branch of the family tree? Provide a quote to support your answer. “Somewhere, I had received the impression that Fine Folks were people who did the best they could with the sense they had, but Aunt Alexandra was of the opinion, obliquely expressed, that the longer a family had been squatting on one patch of land the finer it was." This quote shows how Scout thinks Aunt Alexandra has a very traditional mindset and wants to maintain her reputation and family name like everyone else at the time. Explain how Aunt Alexandra and Uncle Jack differ from Atticus. Provide a quote for each character. Aunt Alexandra and Uncle jack are more focused on their social status and class while Atticus focuses on moral principles rather than his social status. There is a lot in this chapter about Atticus as a father. Provide two examples of indirect characterization for Atticus as a father using quotes. "When a child asks you something, answer him, for goodness' sake. But don't make a production of it. Children are children, but they can spot an evasion quicker than adults, and evasion simply muddles 'em." This shows how Atticus respects the kids and shows his general respect for all people. "But I never figured out how Atticus knew I was listening, and it was not until many years later that I realized he wanted me to hear every word he said." This quote shows how Atticus has a deep care for the kids and wants to hear out for what they have to say. What occurs between Jack and Scout? Is it appropriate? Why or why not? Jack punishes Scout for fighting with Francis without hearing her side of the story. This is inappropriate because it goes against her own father’s morals and doesn’t allow for Scout to be heard. What is ‘“in store for her these next few months’”? Increased racial tensions, potential harassment, and exposure to racist language and opinions. Explain the court case between Tom Robinson and the Ewells. How did it come to Atticus that he is Tom’s lawyer? Tom is accused of raping Mayella. Atticus was appointed by the court to defend him and Atticus willingly takes it. What is ‘“Maycomb’s usual disease’”? Racism and prejudice. Ch 10 On page 119, Atticus tells Scout ‘Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit'em, but remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird’ (Lee 119). What is Miss Maudie’s explanation about Atticus's comment. Miss Maudie emphasizes the innocence and harmlessness of the birds. Explain the incident with Tim Johnson, the rabid dog. Make sure to include Atticus’s role with the rabid dog and how Jem is impacted by this event. A rabid dog raises danger in Maycomb. Heck Tate is too scared to shoot the dog so Atticus shoots it for him. This makes Jem learn how Atticus is a brave hero and he gains more respect for him. Ch 11 The kids have been insulted by others before; why is the comment Mrs. Dubose makes the one that Jem loses control over? Mrs. Dubose says, "Your father's no better than the [black people] and trash he works for!" Do you agree or disagree with Jem’s punishment? Explain why. I agree with Jem’s punishment because in the end it eventually helps Mrs. Dubose heals from her morphine addiction. This punishment teaches Jem to care for people who may think differently than him. What lesson is Atticus trying to teach Scout on page 139-140? What might this foreshadow? Atticus teaches Scout the importance of empathy and understanding. He teaches her to look at others from their point of view and take thought of their backgrounds and situations. Give 2 examples of connotation from page 142 and explain them. “Old hell-devil” carries a negative connotation to Mrs. Dubose’s personality. This shows how Scout and Jem don’t like Mrs. Dubose. “Bravest person” is used as a positive connotation to describe Atticus’s point of view on Mrs. Maudie and he has empathy for her struggles and appreciates her willingness to battle and get away from her troubles. What is the description of Mrs. Dubose? What is your mood when reading it? Mrs. Dubose is seen as sick, mean and racist. The descriptions of her drools and gross sickness makes me cringe alongside her racist comments and hate towards the kids. This makes me have little to no empathy for Mrs. Dubose even when Atticus does. What is Scout’s tone throughout chapter 11? Throughout chapter 11, Scout is constantly anxious and fearful with Mrs. Dubose’s unpredictable behavior. She is also frustrated that she has to care for his racist remarks as punishment. At the end of the chapter, the reader understands why the kids read to her. Explain why, what happened to Mrs. Dubose at the end, and Jem’s reaction to it. At the end, Mrs. Dubose dies after a long morphine addiction. Jem is frustrated because he didn’t like her but the flower Mrs. Dubose gives symbolizes the respect she had for Jem. PART TWO Ch 12 Describe the changes Jem is experiencing in chapter 12. What can account for these changes? He is growing and becoming more mature by taking some control over protecting Scout. He spends less time with Scout and even tells her to act more like a lady which may come from Aunt Alexandra’s beliefs rubbing off onto him. Why is Calpurnia fussing over the kids before church, and what is Calpurnia worried about? Calpurnia is protective over the kids and concerned for them. She is aware of the racial tensions in Maycomb and bringing the children to a black church would bring negative reactions. She wants Jem and Scout to act appropriately to not cause any problems. Discuss Calpurnia’s dialect change (how she talks), and how does she explain it? Calpurnia’s two different dialects show how she is in 2 different universes and she must live with them in separation. Discuss how First Purchase is different from Scout and Jem’s church. Give at least 3 ways it is different. The first purchase church is different in the ideas that it is less furnished, different worship style and strong community connections. What is the Tom Robinson case about that Atticus is trying to win? Atticus wants to prove that Tom Robinson is innocent. He wants justice and equality for Tom. List at least three things the children learn about Calpurnia that day. The kids learn that Calpurnia seems to have two different identities, she has a deep connection with the community at church and that Calpurnia taught her son Zeebo to read. Ch 13 Who has come to live with Finch family, whose idea was it, and why is she there? Aunt Alexandra thought it was a good idea for her to come live with the Finch’s while Atticus is on trail. She wants to teach the kids lessons and promote feminine influence on scout. What is the tone concerning this visitor? Explain your answer using a quote. "Put my bag in the front bedroom, Calpurnia," was the first thing Aunt Alexandra said. "Jean Louise, stop scratching your head," was the second thing she said. These quotes show how she is very strict, racist and bossy to the people that welcome her into their house. Explain the double meaning behind this phrase by Atticus, “‘I can’t stay here all day with you, and the summer’s going to be a hot one.’” This quote describes the rising tension in Maycomb as well as Jem and Scouts growing maturity as they grow older and need to become more independent. How is Aunt Alexandra received by the town? Give a quote to support your answer. "Aunt Alexandra gets a warm welcome into Maycomb from everyone in the neighborhood; people make her cakes, she goes on coffee excursions with them, and has already established herself as a fixture of the town's social society". Aunt Alexandra is already accepted into their society and gets along well with all the southern women that gossip. Characterize Aunt Alexandra. Aunt Alexandra is racist, feminine, likes to gossip, has strong family reputations and is very bossy. Atticus, Jem, and Scout oppose Aunt Alexandra’s idea of heredity. Explain how all three of them think differently than she does. Remember how important ancestry is in the South (and even how important it was at the beginning of the book when we were introduced to Maycomb). While Atticus, Jem and Scout believe they can live in a different universe than everyone else and sees people for who they are, Aunt Alexandra believes in strong family reputations and believe their background goes with how they are expected to act and be received in society. What does Aunt Alexandra think of how Atticus is raising Jem and Scout? Aunt Alexandra is bossier than Atticus. Atticus lets the kids explore and think freely while Aunt Alexandra wants them to conform to society's expectations and grow up to be what she wants them to be. What is Atticus trying to get across to Jem and Scout at the end of the chapter, and what evidence is there that he doesn’t believe the point he is trying to make? Atticus tries to teach the kids of determination and courage. Though Atticus takes a case on a black an, he is determined in winning and defending him even when the whole town may be against him. If Aunt Alexandra fits in with Maycomb better than Atticus, could her positive connection influence the case? Explain your opinion. Aunt Alexandra's social standings in Maycomb’s society may be helpful for her to influence or sway opinions for them to side with Tom Robinson. Ch 14 Does Scout know what rape is? In your opinion, does Atticus tell her? Explain your answer. "carnal knowledge of a female by force and without consent" is what Atticus tells scout when she doesn’t know what rape is. Although Scout is curious, Atticus know that he wants her to protect her innocence and keep the information appropriate. In the beginning of chapter 14, Atticus and Aunt Alexandra have a disagreement. Explain the two things they disagreed about, and how it ended. What do you learn from this discussion regarding the difference in beliefs between Atticus and Aunt Alexandra? They argue about Cal’s role in the family and whether she should leave or not. They also argue about the children's exposure to racial issues, whether Atticus is sharing too much or not. They differ from beliefs or racial equality and social norms of different universes. Has the relationship between Jem and Scout changed or not since the beginning of the story? Explain your answer. While Jem is still very protective of Scout, Jem and Scout start to distance themselves from each other because Jem is growing more mature than her. Jem going through puberty, he becomes more moody and responsible for his actions. He doesn’t want to play childish games with Scout anymore. Explain the reason Dill gives for running away, and then explain why he really left. How is the relationship Jem and Scout have with Atticus and Calpurnia different than Dill’s experience? Dill claims his stepfather locked him in a basement but he later confesses that he felt neglected and unloved by his mother and stepfather. Jem and Scout seem to have more care from Atticus and Cal than does Dill with his parents. What seems to separate Jem from Dill and Scout? (Jem “broke the remaining code of our childhood” (Lee 187-188). Jem seemed to grow more mature and responsible. Jem tells Atticus about Dill running away because he feels it his responsibility to. His morals start to grow as he decides to do what is right. Explain Atticus’s reaction when he finds out Dill is in his house. Is it good parenting? Explain your answer. Atticus allows Dill to stay and makes him feel comfortable. This shows Atticus’ empathy for Dill and need to protect people, making them feel safe. Ch 15 Who shows up at their house Saturday night, and what is the point of their visit (what are they worried about)? A group of the police and Sheriff Heck Tate show up to let know Atticus that they are bringing Tom into the jail in town and that there will grow more tension in town including the mob that comes to the jail. The men are concerned and want to help Atticus with protecting Tom. What evidence is there that Atticus’s opinion is different than even these “good” guys? Atticus is committed to defending Tom and defending the truth. His opinions also show is empathy for tom. What does Scout notice in town that indicates tension is building? There are a few examples; give one. Scout notices the mob around the building like a gala occasion. She notices how there is growing tension in the town and their prejudiced attitudes. Why is Atticus sitting in front of the jail? To protect Tom Robinson from the mobs of society. Describe the events with the mob the night before the trial. What are the mob’s goals? Who stopped them from happening? Make a connection and write a quote on your theme sheet. Mr. Cunningham, the Ewells, old sarum (white trash neighborhood) all meet by the jail in the motives to either kill Tom or Atticus. Scout talks to Mr. Cunningham about what he is interested in and talks about Walter. She says, “We brought him home for dinner one time.” Which shows the communion and trust that she brings to people that she may not get along with. She wants to gain the mobs trust as well instead of fighting. What evidence is there that Scout is maturing? While talking to Mr. Cunningham uses Atticus’ lesson of talking to people about what they were interested in, not about what you were interested in. Ch 16 In the morning, the Finch family has different reactions to last night’s events. Explain the tone of at least three characters. Scout was very upset about the night before and started crying. Aunt Alexandra was disappointed with the kids for sneaking out at night. Atticus is concerned for the kids and worried that the mob could’ve caused danger to them last night. Provide one sentence that has negative connotation and one sentence that has positive connotation both cited correctly in the space below. Underline the connotative words. “...the night’s events hit me and I began crying.” Shows a negative connotation and impacts of the town’s racism on an innocent and free mind. “Jem was awfully nice about it…” Shows that Jem is always by her side and wants to help protect her. How does Atticus explain Mr. Cunningham and the others’ behavior to Scout, so she can understand it? How does Atticus feel toward these men? Explain your answer. Atticus explains to the children that they are still human and it doesn't change the fact if they're in a mob or not. Atticus puts himself in others' shoes in order to understand how they feel. He shows empathy for others who don’t agree with him. Why does the night’s events provide Atticus with some hope about the trial? After the mobs, Atticus sees that people like Mr. Cunningham is a good person with blind spots and gives him hope to change others' minds in order for them to see reason and fairness for Tom. Why does Harper Lee have Jem describe all the neighbors to Dill as they pass by the house? (What is her APS for doing this)? Jem describes all the neighbors to Dill in order to show around the setting of Maycomb and reveal social dynamics in the town of different social status families. Who is Dolphus Raymond and what is his story? Provide at least two details. Wealthy white man in Maycomb from an old and respected family. He pretends to drink alcohol from a brown paper bag but it’s just coca-cola. His fiancee committed suicide after discovering he was having an affair with a black woman. He chooses to live with the black people and has biracial children. Page 213 is lighthearted with jokes toward the “foot washers” and Miss Stephanie. What would be the APS for these jokes at this point in the story? The joke at the end of the store provides tension relief despite the serious mobs. It shows Miss Stephanie’s humor as well. Explain how citizens of Maycomb think of “mixed children” according to Jem. Since this is a case between a black man and a white man, what is important to remember about race during this time period before the case starts? The citizens of Maycomb think of mixed children as social outcasts which shows the society's racist beliefs and bias. We are reminded again--for the third time--that Atticus was assigned to defend Tom Robinson. We knew this, but Scout didn’t. Why didn’t Atticus tell Scout and Jem this important fact? By taking this case, Atticus is showing the importance of standing up for what is right. He hopes to share these lessons to his kids in hopes they will learn good morals. Who do Jem and Scout sit with in the courtroom, and what is significant about this? Jem and Scout sit with Reverend Sykes on the colored balcony. This shows how the kids have learned some good morals from Atticus. The kids are showing not much racial prejudice the way Atticus wants it to be. Describe Judge Taylor and make a guess as to what kind of judge he will be for this case. Judge Taylor is older, sleepy, attentive, focuses on the facts, smokes cigars. He believes in equality much like Atticus. He appoints Atticus and delays the trail in order to give Tom a fair chance. There’s not much the judge can do about the jury’s opposing opinions. Ch 17 Mr. Heck Tate tells the court about Mayella Ewell’s injuries. What other point does Atticus try to make? What is his goal in pointing out this fact? Heck Tate points out that the injuries are on her right side of her face which suggests the attacker was left handed. Tom Robinson is disabled in his left hand. The Ewell family is what we would call “white trash” today. Describe how the Ewells live and eat as described on page 228. The Ewells live behind the garbage dump in a cabin. The family eats from the town dump daily. They hunt and trap out of season to supplement their little food supply. Draw the foil below between the Ewell house and the African American neighborhoods described on pages 228 and 229. Ewell house African American houses Behind a garbage dump Roof made from tin cans Yard is like the playhouse of an insane child Past the dump yard Neat and snug cabins Delicious smells of cooking Reflects pride beside poverty Review your answers for numbers 95 and 96. Why are the Ewells “better”? The Ewells are depicted as better to society because of the universe that they are in. They are white and they are racist just like the majority of Maycomb which makes them gain the support of others in town. Atticus tries to bring up the fact that nobody called a doctor. What is Atticus trying to say about Mr. Ewell if he didn’t call a doctor and Mayella was beaten up? That Mr. Ewell doesn’t care for Mayella. He’s not concerned for her. The injuries may not be as severe as she claims. What point is Atticus trying to make if Bob Ewell is left-handed, and Mayella was beaten on the right side of her face? Atticus is trying to prove that Bob Ewell beat up Mayella . Ch 18 Characterize Mayella. Give at least three details. Mayella is 19, the oldest of 7 siblings. She is lonely and isolated. She is a victim of poverty and ignorance. Summarize Mayella’s account of the rape. Mayella claims Tom came to chop up the wood and Mayella was going to pay him. She says Tom choked her and she ended up on the floor. Why does Atticus ask Mayella several questions she already went over and pretend to have forgotten her answers? (What is the play he is trying to make?) Atticus is trying to expose Mayella’s inconsistent answers and make her uncomfortable enough to confess the truth. What are readers (and the courtroom) able to determine about Mayella’s homelife? Give at least three details. She is very poor and lives in a run down house, she is very lonely and doesn’t have many people to talk to. She seems to take on a caretaking role in her family, being the oldest in the house with 7 kids and her mother dead, she has to take care of all her siblings. Why does Atticus make such a big deal about Tom beating, choking, and raping Mayella before having him stand up? What point is he trying to make? Atticus makes this point to emphasize Tom’s physical incapability that makes it hard for him to actually beat up Mayella. His damaged arm from the cotton gin leaves him with a left hand that is not able to function properly. What are the flaws in Mayella (and Mr. Ewell’s) testimony if Tom really was the man to beat, choke, and rape Mayella? In other words, why don’t their facts fit with Tom being the one to do it? Give at least two reasons. Mayella gives an inconsistent testimony saying she doesn’t remember if Tom hit her then changes her mind to say that he did. Mayella claims she screamed but none of her siblings heard her. Tom’s testimony claims that Mayella invited him in and tried to seduce him. Additionally during the trail, Mr. Ewell looks at Mayella repeatedly for signs of approval. Which questions does Mayella not have answers for on the bottom on page 250? Why? What point is Atticus trying to make? Mayella doesn’t have answers to why the other children didn’t hear her screams, where the other children were and if they were at the dump. Ch 19 Why does Atticus let Tom admit he has been in trouble with the law before? Admitting Tom has been in trouble with the law before proves Tom’s honesty and willingness to tell the truth. This lets Tom become an open book for the judges and jury to help deepen their understanding of Tom. In what important ways does Tom’s testimony of what he was doing, when he was doing it, and how often he was doing it stand in direct opposition--exact opposite--to Mayella’s? Give three examples. Mayella says that Tom has only visited once while Tom says he has visited numerous times. Mayella says that Tom chopped the chiffarobe on the same day as the assault but Tom says he had chopped up the chiffarobe the previous spring. Lastly, Mayella says she promised Tom a nickel while Tom says she offered him half a nickel that he refused. Describe Scout’s tone toward Mayella on page 256-257, and explain the comparison she makes? Scout realizes Mayella must be very lonely and sad. She thinks that Tom must have been the only person that has ever shown her kindness. Scout is empathetic towards Mayella and this emotion and shows her growing maturity and the ability for her to step inside others shoes. Describe Scout’s tone regarding Tom’s testimony. Scout is empathetic towards Tom and realizes that he is an innocent man. She is realizing the injustice that Maycomb has. When Tom Robinson takes the stand, what is his defense for being on the Ewell’s property to begin with? Explain both his and Mayella’s behavior while he is present on the property. Tom says that he passes the Ewells house on the way to and from work. Mayella asks him for help around the house. On the day of the alleged incident, Mayella had asked him to come inside to fix a door even though there was no door to be fixed. What is the “predicament” that Scout mentions on 261? (We would call this a “double edged sword” or “damned if you do; damned if you don’t.”) Scout mentions Tom’s impossible situation with Mayella. She realizes if Tom physically hurt mayella to defend himself or escape her advances, he would have been killed for the assault of a white woman. If he would have run away instead, he would have appeared guilty and accused of rape. No matter what he does, the outcome would have been negative due to racial prejudices. After listening to both sides of the Tom Robinson’s case, write down the strengths of each lawyer’s arguments (do at least three each): Atticus’s Arguments Mr. Gilmore’s Arguments -He exposes the inconsistencies -Highlights physical evidence and Tom’s impossible actions -He presents an alternative explanation that Bob Ewell would have hurt Mayella -emphasizes toms physical strengths and ability to perform manual labor -Brings up past convictions of Tom’s record. -Use of racial prejudices that agree with the jurys belief as well as the rest of Maycomb. Why do Scout and Dill have to leave the courtroom? What does Dill understand that Scout does not? Scout and Dill have to leave because Dill begins to cry loudly during Mr. Gilmer’s cross-examination of Tom. Dill is upset from Mr. Gilmer’s hate, he notices the disrespect that Mr. Gilmer gives Tom by calling him “boy”. Dill knows Mr. Gilmer will sway the jury. Ch 20 What does Mr. Dolphus Raymond reveal about himself to Scout and Dill? Explain the reasoning behind his revelation. Mr. Dolphus reveals to him that he is not actually alcoholic and he just drinks coca-cola. Why does Mr. Dolphus Raymond think Dill is crying but that in a few years he won’t cry any more? What does Scout have to say on the topic? Mr. Dolphus suggests his instincts have caught up as he gets older. He’ll become desensitized to the racial discrimination. When Scout and Dill return to the courtroom what information does Jem greet them with? Jem lets them know that Atticus has begun his closing remarks. That Atticus has gone over the evidence and that he believes Atticus will win the case. During his closing argument, there are several “firsts” that Atticus does which shock Jem and Scout. List at least 2 and explain why he does them. Atticus removes his coat and unbuttons his collar and vest. He does this to demonstrate the immense pressure he is under. Additionally, Atticus begins to sweat which he usually doesn’t do. This shows the emotional toll the trial takes on Atticus. Quote the part of Atticus’s closing statement that affected you the most and explain why. "In our courts, all men are created equal. I'm no idealist to believe firmly in the integrity of our courts and of our jury system. That's no ideal to me. That is a living, working reality!" This quote emphasizes Atticus’s strong beliefs in justice and equality. Ch 21 How does Atticus find out the children are present at the trial? What does he demand they do when he finds out? Atticus sees the kids sitting in the colored balcony when he turns to leave after his closing statement. He tells them they might as well stay since they already have heard all of the court case so far. What is Jem’s opinion on what he thinks the verdict will be and why? Jem believes that Tom is innocent. Jem is immature to realize that the jury will make Tom innocent as well. Jem trusts Atticus in defending Tom as well. There is a flashback to the shooting of the dog in this chapter. Explain the APS for Harper Lee inserting it while they’re waiting for the verdict (what’s the comparison she’s trying to make for us). The scene of Atticus shooting the dog and now defending Tom Robinson parallels the idea that Atticus is a hero to the town and is able to defend the innocent people of Maycomb. What was the verdict? Who was caught off guard by it? Why? The verdict states that Tom is guilty from an all white jury. Jem was caught off guard because he knew Tom was innocent. Why is the balcony standing when Atticus leaves? The balcony, which is full of African Americans, were required to sit but with the guilty verdict they stood up for Atticus’s commitment to justice for Tom which was rare for a white man. It symbolizes their appreciation for him. Ch 22 It can be argued that one of the children loses his/her innocence at this point in the story. Describe whose loss of Innocence occurs at the end of Ch. 21 and beginning of Ch. 22. Jem loses his innocence at the end of the chapter from the loss of faith in people and determining what is justice. He realizes how people can have racist prejudice. Atticus says, “‘Tell them I’m very grateful,’ he said. ‘Tell them -tell them they must never do this again.’” Explain the context of the quote/why is he saying it? Atticus says this in the response to the gifts of food left by the African Americans. This shows their appreciation for him and the fact that they trust him.He is also concerned for their welfare as well saying he knows times are hard. Describe Miss Maudie’s interactions with the Finch children. Why is she talking with them and caring for them? Summarize what points she is trying to make and what progress she thinks is being made. She invites the kids over to have cake with her. She provides comfort and support for them after the trials. She recognizes Jem’s maturity and helps the children understand the world from a mature perspective. Miss Maudie states that Judge Taylor was one of the people in the town that helped Tom Robinson. Explain why she thinks this. Judge Taylor selected Atticus, knowing he would be the best defender. When judge taylor is usually informal, he was very strict in this case trying to give Tom a fair trial. What is the danger at the end of chapter 22? The danger comes from Bob’s threat against Atticus and his family. Bob spits at Atticus at the post office and says he’ll get him if it takes the rest of his life. Ch 23 129. Describe what happened between Mr. Ewell and Atticus and how Atticus uses it as another opportunity to impress upon the kids his lesson of standing in someone else’s shoes? Bob curses and spits on Atticus. Atticus remains calm because he looks at Bob’s point of view knowing he exposed his lies in court and accused him of beating his daughter. 130. Should Atticus, Aunt Alexandra ,and the children be afraid? Why or why not? Atticus says they shouldn’t be afraid because Bob got it all out of his system but Aunt Alexandra says the children should be protected. 131. What is the status of Tom Robinson’s case in chapter 23, and what is Atticus’s plan moving forward? Tom has been transferred to another prison in another county. An appeal process in underway for Tom’s case. Atticus plans to appeal through the court system. 132. Describe the jury as Atticus sees it (both its pros and cons/the way it works). Why did this jury find Tom guilty, and what are some important details regarding at least one important member of the jury including this quote from Atticus: ‘This may be the shadow of a beginning’ (Lee 297). The jury took a long time to reach a conclusion which may be the beginning of something new in the court but they still are affected by the racial prejudices in society. 133. Write the quote describing Atticus’s lesson regarding cheating a black man. "As you grow older, you'll see white men cheat black men every day of your life, but let me tell you something and don't you forget it - whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash." 134. What is the difference between Aunt Alexandra’s and Atticus’s viewpoint on family that is undesirable? Aunt Alexandra emphasizes family heritage and social status as defining characteristics while Atticus values individual character and actions. 135. Why does Scout think there are different kinds of people in the world; explain her reasoning. Also explain Jem’s explanation for why Boo Radley never comes out of his house? Scout is maturing and realizing there are different types of people in this world. Jem thinks that Boo may simply prefer the safety of his own home instead of the outside world. Ch 24 136. The ladies are having a church-like meeting with Aunt Alexandra. One of the items up for discussion is the Mrunas, an “unfortunate” tribe of people in another country living in ‘poverty….darkness...sin and squalor’ who need the help of the church and Mr. Everett to help them. Scout thinks Mrs. Merriweather is the most devout/holy person in Maycomb. Prove Scout wrong; show the irony of Mrs. Merriweather and most of the ladies at this Bible study. (Pages 308-310) Mrs. Merriweather’s apparent devotion is ironic because of her hypocrisy. She has selected compassion and shows little empathy for African Americans in her community. She has racist ideals and fails to practice the kindness of christ. 137. Give an example of the ugliness of the time period and beliefs of these Southern “ladies” in regards to the Black families that live nearby and even work for them in their kitchens. The ladies during the time have poor treatment towards black families and though they are supposed to be seen as dainty and kind, they are hypocrites to their ideas for not liking everyone. 138. Who is the ‘misguided people in this town’ that Mrs. Merriweather is alluding to (Lee 312)? What are your thoughts on this especially considering where the meeting is taking place? Who stands up to defend these ‘misguided people’? She refers to people who support racial equality as misguided, like Atticus and his family. It’s rude for her to say this is the house of someone related to Atticus. Miss Maudie stands up to defend these people and expresses her belief in equality. 139. What message does Atticus interrupt the women’s meeting to bring to Aunt Alexandra and Calpurnia, and how did it happen? Atticus interrupts the meeting by saying that Tom had been shot and killed while trying to escape from prison. 140. The chapter ends with “After all, If Aunty could be a lady at a time like this, so could I” (Lee 318). What does this show about Scout? Scout is maturing and feels the need to conform to the society that the people around her are in. She is accepting the social expectations of her time. 141. What is the APS behind Harper Lee putting this chapter in the book? OR What is the APS for the ending of the chapter where Scout’s narration is very hard to follow? The author is highlighting the hypocrisy of the town and women specifically. She also wants to point out Scouts perspective of the situation. She is realizing the harsh realities of her society and what she needs to do in order to fit in with the expectations. 142. Is Scout maturing or not? Explain your answer, and record two quotes in your yellow packet. "Aunt Alexandra looked across the room at me and smiled. She looked at a tray of cookies on the table and nodded at them. I carefully picked up the tray and watched myself walk to Mrs. Merriweather. With my very best company manners, I asked her if she would have some." and "After all, if Aunty could be a lady at a time like this, so could I." Shows that Scout is maturing and through the acceptance of her Aunt, she follows with modeling after her. She wants to be like her aunt and the other women she hangs out with. Her changing identity shows her changing maturity and social intelligence. Ch 25 143. What connection is Lee trying to draw between the Mockingbird lesson and the scenario with the bug in chapter 25? How do Scout and Jem respond differently? Which theme sheet page could this scenario be added to? Add it! Scout is about to step on the roly poly but Jem stops her. This symbolizes them both learning to protect innocent beings and both of their individual moral growths. They learn this lesson from Atticus to protect innocent people. 144. Explain how different characters react to the news and details of how it happened. Provide at least three different characters or groups’ reactions. Atticus shows deep sadness and frustration. He wanted Tom to hang on a little longer but he didn’t have as much hope as Atticus. The town of Maycomb only cared about the news for 2 days then moved on showing from their unjust beliefs that they don’t care. Lastly, Mr. Underwood, the newspaper editor reacts with anger and outrage. He writes about the senseless slaughter of songbirds to symbolize that Tom was innocent. Ch 26 145. What evidence is there that Scout is growing up? Provide a quote to support your answer. “I tried to climb into Jem’s skin and walk around in it.” This quote shows how Scout is maturing to look at the perspectives of different people and growing empathy for them. 146. What does Atticus reveal to Scout at the start of ch. 26? (Page 325) Do you agree or disagree with this parenting? Explain. Atticus reveals that he has been re-elected to the state legislature and he was aware of Jem’s invasion of the Radley yard. I like Atticus’s parenting style because he is very open with his kids and encourages their independence to figure out what is right for their own moral well being. He builds trust with his kids. 147. How does the town treat Atticus and the children now that the trial is over? Make a connection to Scout’s comments on the treatment Atticus receives. Many people like Bob disapprove of Atticus’s defense of a black man while the African American community supports and trusts Atticus for acting as a town hero for Tom. Scout is confused why people are so negative towards Atticus. 148. Why is Scout so confused about the explanation Miss Gates gives about the persecution of Jews by Hitler? What are we to understand about Miss Gates, Mrs. Merriweather, other ladies, and the majority of the town in general? Scout is confused why Miss Gates is shaming Hitler for inequality to Jews when she is also showing the same inequality to African Americans. This goes to show Miss Gates and the other women are hypocrites and show selective prejudice. They lack self awareness and the ability to recognize their prejudices. Ch 27 149. List the three strange things that happened in Maycomb that fall. Bob Ewell gets a job but then loses it, Judge Taylor experiences a break in at his home, and Bob harasses Helen Robinson on her way to work. 150. What does Mr. Link Deas do for Helen Robinson? Why? Mr. Link, Helen’s employer, threatens to have Mr. Ewell arrested if he doesn’t leave her alone. 151. What is Atticus’s explanation as to why Mr. Ewell would have a problem with Judge Taylor? Atticus explains that Bob didn’t like Judge Taylor because the Judge saw right through his lies during trial. Judge Taylor additionally pointed out that Bob was left handed which went against his claim. 152. What are the two changes in Maycomb that Halloween and why do they occur. They organize a pageant, fair and they introduce a school play by Mrs. Merriweather. This helps keep the kids occupied and out of trouble as well as to showcase local heritage. 153. Draw a picture of Scout’s costume, and list the discomforts of her costume? Her costume is a ham. There are two peepholes for her eyes but she isn’t able to see much. The costume is hot, tight and restricts her from moving. It is difficult for her to itch. Ch 28 154. Use a quote to give at least one example of foreshadowing that happens at the end of Ch 27 or the beginning of Chapter 28. "High above us in the darkness a solitary mocker poured out his repertoire in blissful unawareness of whose tree he sat in, plunging from the shrill kee, kee of the sunflower bird to the irascible qua-ack of a bluejay, to the sad lament of Poor Will, Poor Will, Poor Will." This shows a foreshadow of the attack there is to come. The blue jay symbolizes Bob. 155. Explain the tone of the pageant and how Scout embarrasses herself. The tone of the pageant is at first festive but then shifts to discomforting. Scout embarrasses herself by falling asleep backstage and missing her cue. She keeps her ham costume on to hide from any shame. 156. Use a quote to show how Harper Lee creates suspense as Jem and Scout are walking home from the school auditorium. (pages 348-349) The quote “solitary mocker” brings a dark mood and suspense as someone is watching the kids as they are walking home. 157. Describe the events that happen between the schoolhouse and Finch home, how the fight went, who did what etc. And why don’t we have clear details as to who did what? (APS) Provide at least 5 details of the play-by-play. Scout and Jem are attacked by Bob while walking home. They hear strange noises, Bob grabs Scout, Jem’s arm breaks, Boo appears to save the children. We don’t have a clear story as to what happened because we are in Scout’s perspective where she isn’t able to see much out of her costume. 158. What comic relief is provided for us between Auntie and Scout on page 354 while they wait for the doctor? Aunt Alexandra helps Scout out of her ham costume. Relieves tension built from the attack, highlights scouts still innocence and shows a soft side of Aunt. Ch 29 159. Find the quote that supports what would have happened to Scout had she not been wearing the pork costume. "As Scout tells everyone what she heard and saw, Heck Tate shows her costume with a mark on it where a knife slashed and was stopped by the wire." Scout would’ve been attacked by a knife and seriously hurt. 160. What is Heck Tate’s opinion of Mr. Ewell? Heck Tate doesn’t like Bob. He thinks he is a coward and crazy to harm children. 161. Describe the man who rescued the children. Who did it turn out to be? The man that saved the kids was Boo Radley. Scout describes him as having pale, colorless eyes and feathery hair. Ch 30 162. Who does Atticus think killed the person who attacked Jem and Scout? Support this idea with a quote. Atticus first thinks that Jem killed Bob. "Atticus was prepared for his son to go to trial. Then Mr. Tate informed him that it was Boo Radley who killed Bob Ewell." Boo was the one that actually killed him. 163. Explain the argument between Atticus and Sheriff Tate and how it ends including the quote, ‘Let the dead bury the dead this time, Mr. Finch. Let the dead bury the dead’ (Lee 369). They try to figure out how they should handle Bob’s death. They want to protect Boo from unwanted attention and allow a form of justice because Mr. Ewell’s bad reputation. The quote suggests that they should let the matter rest and the acts balance eachother out. 164. Who really killed the attacker? Why is Mr. Tate willing to cover this up? Provide two reasons. Boo had killed Bob. They want to protect Boo from any attention and provide justice considering there would be balance from Bob’s past actions. He basically got what he deserved. 165. At the end of chapter 29, Scout is able to apply a lesson Atticus taught her. What is the lesson, and how does she apply it? "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view... Until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it." This quote Atticus taught her to be mindful of others. She applies this when she goes up to Boo friendly. She sees him as a real person and not just a rumor. Ch 31 166. Describe Boo’s personality, the only words he speaks, and what we learn/confirm about him in this chapter. How does Scout respond to him? The only words Boo says is Will you take me home and this shows how he is still shy and wants to stay in the comforts in his own place. He prefers solitude but still has a kind heart. Scout offers to take and walk him back home. 167. At the very end of the book, what makes Scout realize “Atticus was right. One time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them” (Lee 374). Scout is standing on Boo’s porch and sees everything from his point of view. This shifts her perspectives and sees how Boo may view Maycomb as. 168. In chapter 10, Miss Maudie explains that Mockingbirds ‘don’t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us’ (Lee 119). Make a connection between this quote, the title, and the characters in the story who were innocent. This quote is an example of destroying innocence. Tom, Boo, Jem and Scout are seen as innocent like mockingbirds. Society’s prejudices and cruelty threaten or destroy their innocence. 169. Return to the first page of the novel. Revisit why you believe Lee would choose to start the story this way. Also take a look at the dedication page and comment on it here: The mention of Jem’s injury shows as a foreshadow of the physical and emotional challenges he will face. ok

1. Cotton Gin • Definition: A machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that quickly removed seeds from cotton fibers. • Historical Significance: Increased cotton production in the South, making it highly profitable and dramatically increasing the demand for enslaved labor, thus reinforcing slavery. 2. Slave-Owning Society • Definition: A society where the economy, culture, and politics are deeply tied to the institution of slavery. • Historical Significance: The Southern states relied heavily on enslaved labor for their agricultural economy, which led to deep divides between the North and South. 3. Free African Americans • Definition: African Americans who were not enslaved, either by birth, manumission, or escape. • Historical Significance: They faced significant discrimination and had limited rights, but many worked to support abolition and helped others escape slavery via networks like the Underground Railroad. 4. Life of Southern Slaves • Definition: The harsh conditions endured by enslaved people, including forced labor, physical abuse, and lack of freedom. • Historical Significance: Their lives exemplified the brutality of slavery, fueling abolitionist movements in the North. 5. Texas Annexation (1845) • Definition: The incorporation of Texas into the United States. • Historical Significance: Sparked tensions with Mexico, leading to the Mexican-American War, and reignited debates over the expansion of slavery into new territories. 6. Manifest Destiny • Definition: The belief that the United States was destined to expand westward across the continent. • Historical Significance: Justified U.S. territorial expansion, but it also led to conflicts with Native Americans, Mexico, and debates over slavery. 7. Mexican-American War (1846-1848) • Definition: A war between the U.S. and Mexico over territorial disputes, especially Texas. • Historical Significance: Resulted in the U.S. gaining large territories (like California and the Southwest) but intensified debates over slavery. 8. Popular Sovereignty • Definition: The idea that people in a territory should vote to decide whether to allow slavery. • Historical Significance: Tried to resolve the slavery debate but led to violent conflicts, especially in Kansas (“Bleeding Kansas”). 9. California Gold Rush (1848-1855) • Definition: The mass migration to California after gold was discovered. • Historical Significance: Accelerated California’s statehood but raised issues about slavery in new territories. 10. Harriet Tubman • Definition: An escaped enslaved woman who became a conductor on the Underground Railroad. • Historical Significance: Helped hundreds of enslaved people escape to freedom and became a symbol of the abolitionist movement. 11. Compromise of 1850 • Definition: A series of laws meant to balance the interests of free and slave states. • Historical Significance: Included the Fugitive Slave Act, which angered the North and deepened sectional tensions. 12. Free-Soil Party • Definition: A political party opposing the expansion of slavery into new territories. • Historical Significance: Highlighted the growing political divide over slavery. 13. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • Definition: Allowed territories to decide on slavery through popular sovereignty. • Historical Significance: Repealed the Missouri Compromise and led to violent clashes in Kansas. 14. Stephen A. Douglas • Definition: A senator who championed popular sovereignty and debated Lincoln in the 1858 Senate race. • Historical Significance: Played a key role in the Kansas-Nebraska Act and national debates over slavery. 15. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) • Definition: A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe depicting the horrors of slavery. • Historical Significance: Increased anti-slavery sentiment in the North and angered the South. 16. Dred Scott Decision (1857) • Definition: Supreme Court ruling that African Americans were not citizens and that Congress couldn’t ban slavery in territories. • Historical Significance: Infuriated abolitionists and made sectional tensions worse. 17. Bleeding Kansas • Definition: Violent clashes in Kansas over whether the territory would allow slavery. • Historical Significance: Demonstrated the failure of popular sovereignty and escalated tensions leading to the Civil War. 18. Election of 1856 • Definition: James Buchanan (Democrat) won, defeating Republican John C. Frémont. • Historical Significance: Buchanan’s win avoided immediate conflict but failed to prevent the Civil War. 19. Harper’s Ferry/John Brown (1859) • Definition: John Brown’s raid on a federal arsenal to start a slave uprising. • Historical Significance: Polarized the nation and made Brown a martyr for the abolitionist cause. 20. Election of 1860 • Definition: Abraham Lincoln won as the Republican candidate. • Historical Significance: His election prompted Southern states to secede, leading to the Civil War. 21. Abraham Lincoln • Definition: The 16th U.S. president who led the Union during the Civil War. • Historical Significance: Preserved the Union, issued the Emancipation Proclamation, and worked to end slavery. 22. Secession • Definition: The withdrawal of Southern states from the Union after Lincoln’s election. • Historical Significance: Directly led to the Civil War. 23. Confederate States of America • Definition: The government formed by Southern states that seceded. • Historical Significance: Their existence caused the Civil War. 24. Fort Sumter (1861) • Definition: A Union fort in South Carolina where the first shots of the Civil War were fired. • Historical Significance: Marked the official start of the Civil War. 25. Civil War Border States • Definition: Slaveholding states that stayed in the Union (e.g., Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland). • Historical Significance: Their loyalty was crucial to the Union’s strategy.

market revolution and effects (period 4)

The Industrial Revolution