contagious - parasites q.29-39

Cross Contamination of PPE

AQA GCSE Physics Paper 1

[MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY] Oxidizing Agent and Halogen Containing Compounds

I contain multitudes

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Containers and Medicine Containers Vocabulary

Contagious state - bacteria + mycosis (q1-12)

The Giver * Jonas feels frightened after seeing an aircraft fly over the community. * The community has very strict rules. * Families share feelings every day. * Jonas lives with Mother, Father, and Lily. * We learn about the “Ceremony of Twelve.” Chapter 2 * Parents explain the Ceremony of Twelve to Jonas. * At age 12, children receive their life assignments. * Jonas worries about what assignment he will get. * Father works with newborn babies. * The community values sameness and order. Chapter 3 * Jonas notices something strange about Gabriel’s eyes — they are pale like his own. * Jonas briefly sees an apple change color. * Father secretly brings Gabriel home for extra care. * Jonas begins noticing differences others do not. Chapter 4 * Jonas volunteers at the House of the Old. * He helps bathe an elderly woman named Larissa. * Larissa talks happily about “release.” * Jonas thinks release is a positive ceremony. Chapter 5 * Families discuss dreams in the morning. * Jonas has a dream about Fiona and realizes he is having “Stirrings.” * His mother gives him pills to stop these feelings. * The community controls emotions and attraction. Chapter 6 * The Ceremony begins. * Different age groups receive new responsibilities. * Children move to new stages of life. * Jonas becomes nervous waiting for his assignment. Chapter 7 * The Chief Elder skips Jonas during the Ceremony of Twelve. * Jonas feels embarrassed and afraid. * The community reacts silently. * The Chief Elder says Jonas was not forgotten. Chapter 8 * Jonas is selected as the new Receiver of Memory. * The Receiver is the most honored role in the community. * Jonas is told he has intelligence, integrity, courage, and wisdom. * Previous Receiver-in-training failed 10 years earlier. Chapter 9 * Jonas receives special rules: * He may lie. * He is exempt from rudeness rules. * He cannot discuss training. * He may ask any question. * Jonas becomes frightened by the power of his role. Chapter 10 * Jonas goes to the Annex behind the House of the Old. * He meets the Receiver, who asks Jonas to call him “The Giver.” * The room contains books, unlike the rest of the community. * Jonas begins his training. Chapter 11 * The Giver gives Jonas his first memory: snow and sledding. * Jonas experiences real pain and pleasure for the first time. * He learns his community removed memories to avoid suffering. * Jonas now understands snow, hills, and sunshine are real things from the past

T - Pliny pg. 16 (hoc certamine...audire narrare)

V - pliny pg. 16 (hoc certamine...audire narrare)

biology unit 6(nitrogen cyle) new The Nitrogen Cycle Higher Tier Only Nitrogen is present as N2 gas in the atmosphere and within biological molecules, e.g. proteins, in the tissues of living organisms Nitrogen is cycled through ecosystems by the processes of the nitrogen cycle Uptake of nitrogen by living organisms N2 in the atmosphere is made available to living organisms by the process of nitrogen fixation Nitrogen fixation is carried out by nitrogen-fixing bacteria which convert N2 gas into ammonium compounds; these compounds are converted into nitrates in the soil Nitrogen-fixing bacteria can be free-living in the soil or they can live within root nodules of legume plants, e.g. peas, beans and clover Nitrogen gas can also be fixed by lightning when it strikes the earth, or during the production of chemical fertilisers After nitrogen fixation has occurred plants absorb the nitrates in the soil and use the nitrogen to build plant proteins Transfer of nitrogen between living organisms Animals feed on plants and digest the proteins in the plant tissues, providing nitrogen to build animal proteins Nitrogen may then be passed from one consumer to another up the food chain in the same way Release of nitrogen from living tissues Nitrogen from living organisms is returned to the soil in the form of ammonia by the action of decomposers such as bacteria and fungi When animals and plants die the proteins inside their tissues are broken down by the action of decomposers and returned to the soil in the form of ammonia Waste, i.e. urine and faeces, from animals contains urea, which is converted into ammonia by the action of the bacterial enzyme urease The plants can’t absorb ammonia so nitrifying bacteria convert the ammonia to nitrates which can then be taken up again by plants The conversion of ammonium compounds to nitrates is known as nitrification Returning nitrogen to the atmosphere Nitrates in the soil can be converted back into nitrogen gas (N2) by the action of denitrifying bacteria This process is known as denitrification Denitrifying bacteria are active in anaerobic conditions, e.g. in waterlogged or compacted soil Farmers can decrease the activity of denitrifying bacteria by ploughing the soil to increase aeration Nitrogen cycle diagram nitrogen-cycle-gcse The nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen fixation, decomposition, nitrification and denitrification Factors affecting the nitrogen cycle Because so many processes within the nitrogen cycle are carried out by microorganisms the cycle can be affected by factors that affect microorganism activity, e.g. Temperature This affects the rate at which enzyme-controlled reactions can occur Oxygen availability Aerobic bacteria rely on oxygen for respiration Low oxygen availability may lead to an increase in the activity of anaerobic bacteria, e.g. denitrifying bacteria pH This affects the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions as extreme pH levels can cause denaturation Water Water is needed by living organisms, so the rate of microbial activity increases in soil where moisture is present The presence of heavy metals in the soil Heavy metals, e.g. mercury and lead, can be toxic to the metabolism of microorganisms These factors are known to influence the rate at which decomposition occurs in compost heaps and landfill sites

Cold War Key Concepts: Containment, Proxy Wars, and Global Impact

Geography Final Study Guide: Continents, Oceans, and Countries

Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics/Earthquakes and Seismic Waves/Drifting Continents

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Ch10: N- and P-Containing Compounds

The 7 Continents

Containers

What are the two religions born in the 5th century BCE? / Jainism and Buddhism What was the Vedic Era known for? / The beginning of Vedic religious beliefs and rituals recorded in the Vedas What were the Vedas? / Sacred Sanskrit scriptures and collections of hymns considered sources of knowledge Who were the Vedic people? / Pastoral people living in the Punjab region What materials did Vedic people mainly use? / Wood, clay, bamboo, and other temporary materials What was yajna? / A fire sacrifice ritual performed to please natural deities Did Vedic religion require temples or idols? / No, rituals were performed without temples or iconography What type of religion was early Vedic faith? / A naturalistic polytheistic religion Why were there many gods in Vedic religion? / Because each natural phenomenon had its own deity Who performed yajna rituals? / Priests called yajaka Who was the yajmana? / The patron or benefactor for whom the yajna was performed What was Varna? / The caste system in Vedic society What does Varna mean? / Color or kind Why is Vedic religion also called Brahmanism? / Because Brahmin priests held great importance What is Hinduism described as in the notes? / A broad term covering many religious systems, sects, and cults Which Veda is considered the oldest? / Rig Veda How were the Vedas passed down originally? / Through oral tradition What problem occurred because of oral transmission of the Vedas? / Chronological and dating errors What did the later Vedas mainly contain? / Sacrificial instructions, magic formulas, and spells What was the Shramanic tradition? / A movement opposing Vedic beliefs and Brahmanism Who were the Shramanas? / Ascetics and wanderers searching for ultimate truth What does Shramana mean? / Striving and working hard through austerity Why did Shramanas leave their homes? / To search for truth about life and the universe Which Shramanic traditions survived into modern times? / Buddhism and Jainism What does Jainism believe in? / Eternal souls and extreme austerities for liberation What does Buddhism believe in? / Impermanence, nonexistence of soul, and the middle path What is the Buddhist middle path? / A moderate path avoiding extremes to achieve Nirvana Why did Buddhism spread more widely than Jainism? / Buddhism became missionary and spread across Asia Why did Jainism remain limited mainly to India? / Because it lacked missionary expansion What political factor helped Buddhism rise? / Changing political conditions in South Asia What material change occurred during the Mauryan period? / A shift from perishable materials to stone and durable materials How did Alexander’s invasion affect South Asia? / It introduced foreign artistic and cultural influences Who founded the Maurya Empire? / Chandragupta Maurya Who was Seleucus Nicator? / A Greek general of Alexander the Great Who was Megasthenes? / A Greek ambassador to the Mauryan court Who expanded the Mauryan Empire into the Deccan? / Bindusara Who was Ashoka? / The grandson of Chandragupta Maurya and a major Buddhist ruler What event changed Ashoka’s attitude toward violence? / The War of Kalinga How did Ashoka react after the Kalinga War? / He felt deep regret for violence What did Ashoka reportedly build after embracing Buddhism? / Thousands of stupas What were Ashoka’s edicts? / Inscriptions spread across his empire promoting moral teachings What is the Lion Capital of Sarnath? / A famous Mauryan sculpture and symbol of authority Which foreign styles influenced Mauryan art? / Achaemenid Persian and Greek styles What is Mauryan polish? / A smooth, shiny finish used on Mauryan sculptures and pillars Why do some Mauryan sculptures appear highly developed? / Because Persian or Persian-trained craftsmen likely worked on them What medium remained continuously used in South Asia since Harappan times? / Terracotta What kinds of objects were commonly made from terracotta? / Sculpture, pottery, toys, and ornaments What are Yakshas and Yakshis? / Nature spirits associated with fertility and prosperity What issue exists with dating Mauryan sculptures? / Many sculptures are difficult to date accurately What do Mauryan male statues resemble stylistically? / Wood carving traditions What architectural tradition began with rock-cut caves? / The long tradition of rock-cut architecture in South Asia What inspired early rock-cut caves? / Persian cave traditions and wooden architecture What was special about the Sanchi Stupa during the Shunga period? / Decorative yakshi carvings and mature relief work were added What were yakshis associated with? / Fertility and nature worship What artistic style characterized Shunga reliefs? / Shallow relief inspired by wood carving What are Jataka tales? / Stories about the previous lives of the Buddha What symbols represented Buddha before his human image appeared? / Wheels, Bodhi trees, footprints, and empty thrones What does the term “Early Classic” describe? / The artistic maturity of Shunga and Andh