Microbiology — Important Test Questions 1. What are microorganisms? Organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye/ Human eye. 2. What are the major types of microbes? Bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. 3. Are all microbes harmful? No. Most are helpful or harmless; only some are pathogenic. (Disease causing) 4. What are some important benefits of microbes? They decompose waste, produce oxygen, make foods and chemicals, and produce useful products such as insulin. (Medicine) Naming Microorganisms 5. What are the two parts of a scientific name? Genus and specific epithet. 6. How are scientific names written? The genus is capitalized, the specific epithet is lowercase, and both are italicized or underlined. 7. How is a scientific name abbreviated? The genus is shortened to its first letter. Example: Escherichia coli → E. coli. Bacteria -single cell 8. Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Prokaryotic. 9. Do bacteria have a nucleus? No. 10. What is found in bacterial cell walls? Peptidoglycan cell wall 11. How do bacteria reproduce? Binary fission. 12. How can bacteria obtain nutrition? From organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis. Archaea- single cell 13. Are archaea prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Prokaryotic. 14. Do archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls? No. 15. Where are many archaea found?c Extreme environments. 16. What are the three major groups of archaea mentioned? Methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles. Fungi - can be mult 17. Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Eukaryotic. 18. What is found in fungal cell walls? Chitin. 19. How do fungi obtain energy? They absorb organic chemicals. 20. What is the difference between yeast and molds? Yeasts are unicellular; molds are multicellular. 21. What are hyphae? Filaments that make up fungal mycelia. Protozoa- single cell 22. Are protozoa prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Eukaryotic. 23. How do protozoa obtain nutrients? They absorb or ingest organic chemicals. 24. How can protozoa move? Using pseudopods, cilia, or flagella. 25. Can protozoa be parasitic? Yes. Algae -can be mult 26. Are algae prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Eukaryotic. 27. What is found in algal cell walls? Cellulose. 28. How do algae obtain energy? Photosynthesis. 29. What do algae produce through photosynthesis? Oxygen and carbohydrates. Viruses- not living 30. Are viruses cellular? No. They are acellular. 31. What genetic material do viruses contain? DNA or RNA. 32. What surrounds the viral genetic material? A protein coat. 33. Can viruses reproduce on their own? No. They replicate only inside living host cells. Can only be seen in microsocp 34. What are viruses like outside a living host cell? They are inert. Classification 35. What are the three domains? Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. 36. Who developed the three-domain system? Carl Woese. History of Microbiology 37. Who first observed microorganisms? Anton van Leeuwenhoek. 38. Who helped establish the idea that living things are made of cells? Robert Hooke. 39. What is cell theory? All living things are composed of cells. Pasteur & Fermentation 40. What did Pasteur show about fermentation? Microorganisms are responsible for fermentation. 41. What is fermentation? The microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air. 42. What is pasteurization? Using high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages. 43. Why is pasteurization important? It helps prevent microbial spoilage and kills harmful bacteria. Major Fields 47. What is bacteriology? Study of bacteria. 48. What is mycology? Study of fungi. 49. What is parasitology? Study of protozoa and parasitic worms. 50. What is immunology? Study of immunity. 51. What is virology? Study of viruses. Penicillin 44. Who discovered penicillin? Alexander Fleming. 45. What organism produced penicillin? The fungus Penicillium. 46. What type of microorganism did penicillin kill in Fleming's observation? Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Genetics & Biotechnology 52. What is microbial genetics? Study of how microbes inherit traits. 53. What is molecular biology? How DNA directs protein synthesis. 54. What is genomics? Study of an organism's genes. 55. What is recombinant DNA? . DNA made from two different sources. 56. What is gene therapy? Replacing missing or defective genes in human cells Microbial Ecology & Biotechnology 57. What is microbial ecology? Study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment. 58. What is bioremediation? Using microorganisms to clean up or detoxify pollutants. 59. How can bacteria help the environment? They can break down sewage and pollutants such as oil. 60. What is biotechnology? Using microorganisms for practical purposes, such as producing foods, chemicals, proteins, vaccines, and enzymes. Microbiota & Biofilms 61. What is microbiota? The microorganisms normally present in or on the body. 62. What is a biofilm? A mass of microorganisms attached to a solid surface. 63. Why are biofilms important medically? They can cause infections and are often resistant to antibiotics. 64. What does “pathogenic” mean? Disease-producing; capable of causing disease. 65. What is binary fission? A process in which one bacterial cell divides into two cells. 71. What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek call the microorganisms he observed? “Animalcules.” 74. Why is Bacillus thuringiensis useful in agriculture? It kills many harmful insects but is harmless to animals and plants, making it an alternative to chemical pesticides. All microorganisms that regularly populate the human body are referred to as the human microbiome

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