N. mandibularis šakų blokada: n. alveolaris inferior intraoralinė blokada

N. maxillaris šakų blokada: nn. alveolares superiores posteriores intraoralinė blokada

alcooli si fenoli

DEN: Ch 14 - The Periodontium: Cementum, Alveolar Process & Periodontal Ligament

Exam 1 Concepts: Integumentary System: Know the importance of pressure injury prevention strategies i.e.. Q2 turns (pressure redistribution), moisture barrier cream (reduce moisture), pillows under bony prominences (limits friction/shearing), smooth and wrinkle-free linen (reduce bed irritation), adequate protein intake (improve wound healing) Normal skin findings vs abnormal findings Importance of each skin layer: epidermis (melanin, keratin), dermis (glands, vessels, nerves), hypodermis (fat, anchors skin) How to assess for early signs of pressure injury: redness, blanching, moist vs dry ​Dark skin tones: use palpation to detect tissue consistency Early signs of pressure injury: Q2 turns/repositioning= priority, never massage area, apply heat, or use alcohol Increase protein intake to help wound healing Musculoskeletal System: ROM: active vs passive. Always compare both sides of body for accurate assessment Body mechanics when transferring a patient: bend at knees, not waist, use leg muscles, avoid twisting, stand on patient’s stronger side to optimize support Cane=one point of contact for unilateral weakness; standard walker= four points of contact for bilateral weakness; crutches= three points of contact for non-weight bearing injury (crutches should be 6 inches from sides of feet to ensure stability and prevent tripping) Post-op joint replacement: cold therapy reduces swelling How to prevent contractures (splints, ROM) Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis: encourage ROM after pain medication given, use assistive devices as needed to protect joints, apply warm compress before activity to reduce pain/stiffness, take breaks to conserve energy, perform low impact exercises to maintain mobility and strength, quit smoking Function of bone marrow Neurologic System: Correct sequence of a nerve impulse: action potential moves down axon terminal → neurotransmitter released → neurotransmitter binds to receptor → Sodium and potassium ions move to generate new action potential Cranial nerves: CN III = oculomotor, CN VII = facial, CN IX = glossopharyngeal, CNXII = hypoglossal (know what these 4 cranial nerves control) Cerebellum = coordination. Tested with finger-to-nose test Aphasia = difficulty communicating (receptive or expressive). Provide calm, slow speaking/direction, allow extra time, face patient directly, do not rush, do not ask multiple questions at once, do not talk over them Dysphagia = difficulty swallowing. High risk of aspiration. Stop oral intake and notify provider. If able, proceed with thickened liquids, sit patient up 90 degrees, observe for further signs of choking, monitor weight/hydration/nutrition Autonomic nervous system= involuntary (automatic) functions like digestion and heart rate Stroke prevention: adequate blood pressure control = priority Eye/Ear: Eye structures: cornea-bends light; lens-focuses light; retina-photoreceptors; iris-controls light entry PERRLA = pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation Outer ear = pinna, canal; middle ear = ossicles, ET, tympanic membrane, amplifies sound, equalizes pressure, transmits sound; inner ear = cochlea, vestibular apparatus, converts sound to electrical nerve impulse Tympanic membrane: normal = pearly gray, shiny, translucent, visible cone of light Respiratory System: Abnormal lung sounds: Wheezes =high-pitched, often associated with asthma. Crackles = rattling sound, fluid in alveoli/bronchioles, common in pneumonia and heart failure. Ronchi = low pitched, snoring, caused by airway obstruction, common in COPD. Stridor = high pitched sound in the larynx or trachea, medical emergency, common in foreign body obstruction or anaphylaxis Diaphragm = breathing muscle Alveoli = gas exchange Pleura = serous membrane surrounding lungs and chest cavity; reduces friction, allows smooth expansion and contraction of lungs Incentive spirometry: smoking can affect results Chest Xray: patient should inhale fully and hold breath for best view Pulmonary function test (PFTs): avoid caffeine before test Bronchoscopy: post-op encourage coughing and deep breathing exercises Laryngoscopy: NPO for 8 hours prior ETCO2, capnography monitoring = measurement of CO2 being expired. Gas Exchange: Normal pH= 7.35-7.45; < 7.35 = acidosis, > 7.45 = alkalosis Normal CO2= 35-45; <35 = alkalosis, > 45 = acidosis Normal HCO3= 22-26; <22 = acidosis, >26= alkalosis CO2 = respiratory HCO3 = metabolic Dosage Calculation/Miscellaneous: Nursing process: always assess first before intervention There are 5 mL in 1 teaspoon There are 2.2 lbs per kg. ​Pounds to kilograms: divide by 2.2 ​Kilograms to pounds: multiply by 2.2 Know how to read a 24 hour clock (military time…ex. 2000 hours is 8pm) Fahrenheit to Celsius formula: F = (C x 9/5) + 32…….(9/5 = 1.8 in decimal form) ​Example: convert 38.3 C to F ​F = (38.3 x 9/5) + 32 OR (38.3 x 1.8) + 32 ​F = (68.94) + 32 ​F = 100.94 (round to nearest tenth—100

Figure 36.4 Alveoli and Pulmonary Capillaries

alveolar

Human Phys Alveoli, COVID-19 and UWI: Lung Anatomy, Ventilation and Perfusion

structure of lungs and alveoli NOT ON DIAGRAM

Edentulous Alveolar Ridge

Alcoli

Alveolar Surface Tension

Human Development II -Final study guide Ovulation discharge slippery and stretchy hormones Sex during menses ​Recommended? Epidural mother’s BP and FHR started when? Nursing interventions before and after Gravida/Para Ectopic pregnancy ​signs/symptoms ​What is it caused by ​What is the treatment/teaching9 Colostrum ​What is it? ​When does it end? Lie ​Parallel ​Perpendicular ​Oblique Attitude ​Vertex ​Military ​Brow ​Face Breech positioning Cholasma Supine hypotension syndrome ​What is it caused by ​What is the treatment Hyperemesis Gravidarum ​What is it caused by ​What is the treatment Nagele’s rule Dietary teaching during pregnancy Calcium rich foods Folic acid prevents what complications Weight gain during pregnancy Snacks high in protein and nutrients Uterine atony ​What is it caused by ​What is the treatment Engorgement ​What is it caused by ​What is the treatment Breastfeeding Involution ​What is it ​How long does it take ​What factors can slow it or cause subinvolution Diaphoresis –early postpartum-excess body fluids Stages of labor ​Stage 1 – Teaching, Dilation, nursing ​​Latent ​​Active ​​​Nursing interventions during labor – pain management ​​Transition ​Stage 2 - teaching, nursing ​Stage 3 - teaching and nursing ​Stage 4 – teaching and nursing TORCH ​Toxoplasmosis ​Other: syphilis, parvovirus B19, Hepatitis B, HIV, varicella ​Rubella ​Cytomegalovirus ​Herpes Amniotic fluid assessment​ Amniotomy – nursing responsibilities Human placental lactogen Testosterone Abruptio placentae ​What is it caused by ​What is the treatment/teaching Placenta previa ​What is it caused by ​What is the treatment/teaching Sitz bath Internal FHR monitor Sperm Hydatidiform mole ​What is it caused by ​What is the treatment/teaching Stages of grief Mucus plug Lochia rubra Lochia Serosa Lochia alba Veal Chop: what do you see on FHR and what is causing it Breast structure ​Tubercles of Montgomery ​Coopers ligaments ​Alveolus ​Lactiferous ducts, sinus Female reproductive organs ​Vagina ​Uterus ​Fallopian tubes ​ovaries Male reproductive organs ​Testes ​Epididymis ​Vas deferens ​Seminal vesicle ​Prostate ​Urethra ​Cowper’s (bulbourethral) glands ​Sertoli cell ​Leydig cell ​Spermatocyte Retained placental fragments Zona pellucida Patient teaching-discharge instructions/return demonstration Cord prolapse ​What is it caused by ​What is the treatment/teaching Newborn Assessment ​Height/weight measurement ​Head circumference ​Caput succedaneum ​Cephalohematoma ​Cold stress ​Ophthalmia neonatorum ​Vitamin K ​Vital signs

ALVEOLI AND GAS EXCHANGE

drawings about dead space and alveoli ventilation

(slides 19-24) | Respiratory Zone, Alveoli, respiratory membrane, and Lungs

Anatomy and Function of the Respiratory System: Trachea, Bronchi, Alveoli, and Pulmonary Processes

Respiratory System Functions and Mechanics: Alveoli, Inspiration, Expiration, and Autonomic Effects

22.3 Alveolar Gas Exchange and Transport

26 - Lung Volumes, Capacities, and Alveolar Ventilation